著者

長沢 康昭

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.26-49, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The main business of the Mitsubishis in their formative years was shipping business. By 1876 their shipping division had already established as one of the biggest organizations, with the number of employees exceeding 1700 and many branch offices covering the whole country. Thus the company keenly felt the necessity of keeping constant communication among them and issued documents to clarify the structure of authority and communication so as to establish a systematic organization within itself.This is why the Mitsubishis laid down “Mitsubishi Kisen Kaisha Kisoku” (Regulations of the Mitsubishi Steamship Co.), which was intended to systematize the inside operations of the company. But, in addition, there was another reason. At that time the Meiji Government intended to protect the shipping companies in which a systematic and open-system management including the modern accounting and reporting practices was realized. The Mitsubishis needed to work out such an organization in order to put themselves under the Government's protection.After all, the Mitsubishis succeeded in building up an explicitly definited centralized departmental organization. This article is intended to trace the creation and development of this type of administrative structure which was significant not only in the development of the company but also in the more general growth of the modern enterprise in Japan.

著者

ヘルマン ケレンベンツ

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.50-70, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

カーペンター ケネス E

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.71-84, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

ノース ダグラス C

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.93-96, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

小島 男佐夫

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.97-101, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

山口 和雄

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.1-4, 1977-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

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The twelfth annual meeting of the Business History Society of Japan was held on October 23rd and 24th, 1976, at Senshu University in Tokyo. The meeting was organized by Professor S. Yonekawa, Professor K. Sugiyama, and myself on the common subject of “Comparative Studies in the History of Business Finance.” The meeting was arranged to compare and discuss business finance in English and Japanese cotton spinning firms and American and Japanese iron and steel mills. The period before World War I was selected for the study of the cotton industry and the inter-war period for the iron and steel industries. The objective of this commontopic session was to investigate how each firm raised long-term and short-term capital and how it used the capital resources thus obtained. Professor Naosuke Takamura of University of Tokyo examined the financing of the five leading companies in the Japanese cotton spinning industry ; Professor Masaji Arai of Kansai University, Oldham Limited in the Lancashire cotton industry ; Professor Yoshimitsu Imuta of Hosei University, the Japan Steel Tube (Nihon Kokan), the Kobe Steel Works (Kobe Seikosho), and other steel mills ; and Professor Junko Nishikawa of Tokyo Commercial College, the electric-power and the iron and steel industries in the United States. The major conclusions of this commontopic session were as follows : (1) Fixed capital in the cotton spinning firms was raised in Japan by issuing new stocks and bonds whereas in England it was supplied by loan capital borrowed from the working class living in the neighborhood of the mills. A considerable part of the working capital in the Japanese cotton mills was supplied by the Bank of Japan by discounting the promissory notes issued by the mills. (2) The nature of a holding company in Japan and the United States was notably different, and in addition the kind of financial institutions that supplied resources directly to manufacturing firms were also different in the two countries : in Japan it was mainly banks, whereas in the United States it was mostly investment trust companies. The nature and the method of raising working capital in iron and steel mills both in Japan and the United States were left for future examination.

著者

高村 直助

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.5-31, 1977-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

参考文献数

15

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三重紡・大阪紡の合併による一九一四年の東洋紡成立につづいて、一九一八年には尼崎紡が摂津紡と対等合併して大日本紡と改称、その結果鐘淵紡を含めて、日本紡績業における三大紡の支配的地位が確立した。三大紡は同年下期の全国紡績生産量において、綿糸で五一%、綿布で六七%という圧倒的比重を占めた。この三大紡に帰結する五社を取り上げ、第一次大戦前の資金調達のあり方を、設備資金と運転資金とに大別して概括的に明らかにしたい。果すべき課題は国際比較の素材提供にあることを考慮し、五社の相互比較というよりはむしろ、五社の共通点、ないしは日本紡績業の発展的様相を代表する側面に重点を置きたい。

著者

藤井 光男

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.1-27, 1976-10-15 (Released:2010-05-07)

参考文献数

69

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Thirty years have passed since World War II and Japanese capitalism at present has had to make a dramatic shift from a rapid growth period to a stagnation period. During the rapid growth period big business invested heavily on equipment to meet demand. At the same time monopolistic industries ran wild and today, when Japan is facing its most serious depression large firms are under fire and are faced with a need to re-examine their social responsibility.Which it may be said that the present crisis was brought about by the abnormal growth of big industry under the recent government and political guidance, on the other hand the causes can also be seen in the business activities since the Meiji Era. Some of the harmful practices continue to this day. The evidence of this can be seen in the recent Lockeed scandal in which individual influence peddlars spanning politics and business played a regretful part. This is a continuation from the Meiji Era. Also, the recent industrial pollution can be traced to business practices initiated in the Meiji Era and continued at present. Thus, big business at present is facing a trial and faces a historical test for it present social evils which had roots in the Meiji Era.I will therefore try to look into the government business ties in this article.

著者

大場 四千男

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.28-48, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

参考文献数

40

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This paper aims to explain the role of the House of Morgan in the development of American capitalism in the late nineteenth and twentieth century.1. Problems discussed in this paper2. The House of Morgan and the American capitalism a. The Morgans and the industrial organization in New England b. Historical background of the Morgans and their business activities c. Junius Spencer Morgand and his raw cotton business3. Summary and a proposal

著者

山田 正喜子

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.49-69, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

参考文献数

23

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In U. S. A., the big business organization is the most prominent and powerful institution. In fact, big business is so strong that every American feels its influence in everyday life. Also big business itself knows quite well its behavior is observed by public. Accordingly, it has become fashionable for many business leaders to advocate “the social responsibility of business”. However, there is no agreement on a definition or concept of corporate social responsibilities. No one argues that management does not have a direct responsibility to stockholders, or that the corporation is not interested in profits. Debate arises over priorities of obligation to stockholders, workers, and consumers. Should a corporation concern itself with things such as racial porblems, unemployment, city problems (slum or urban ugliness), pollution of water and air, cultural deserts, political life and so on ?For example, Milton Freedman argues that the single task of managers is to employ the capital of their stockholders in the most profitable manner for the benefit of stockholders and not in the service of some public interest ; his main point of view is based on the classical allocation theory that price and marginal cost will tend to be roughly equal, rewards to the factors of production will relate to their respective marginal contribution to production, and resources will be used in the most efficient manner. For him, retaining the competitive market system. insisting on the importance of the profit motive, and giving the generous rein to supply and demand mean greater production.On the other hand, G. K. Galbraith points out that the assumption of classical price theory has lost most of its validity in mid-twentieth century since the modern American capitalist system depends on and revolves around the operations of a relatively few large corporations. That is to say, competition within the system of corporate concentrates produces results quite different from the balanced economy expounded by Adam Smith.However, if we look at historical movements of corporate social responsibilities in U. S. A., we will realize that there has been a great diversity of reactions from business toward them. Eventually, we recognize that any of these arguments on the above discusses only about one aspect of the corporate social responsibility and gives us no definite answer. But if we consider the corporate organization as an open system and also the society as a total open system including a production subsystem, political subsystem, and so on, we will possibly get better explanations on the debate and why American corporations have been extending their range of social responsibilities in a historical process of the growth of the American industry.In this paper, I will discuss why using the open system theory approach can be useful for analysing historical movements of the corporate social responsibility and show an applicability of the theory by analysing three cases in each different phase of the American business history.

著者

ピーター マサィアス

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.74-78, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

フランソワ クルーゼ

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.78-84, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

米川 伸一

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.85-86, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

角山 栄 楊 天〓

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.87-94, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

天川 潤次郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.1-25, 1977-03-15 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The 'economic ethics' or 'business creeds' as evinced in Hunt's “Merchants' Magazine, and Commercial Review”, 51 vols. are so to speak the 'secularized Puritan ethics' themselves, considering from the fact that the editor and proprietor Freeman Hunt was called the 'worthy successor to B. Franklin' by I. G. Wyllie. The motives and causes of secularization of American Puritan ethics are these: the democratic influence derived from the French and American Revolutions, the humanizing influence from the Enlightenment, and the religious influences from the Greating Awakening and especially from the spirit of “Unitarianism”.For instance, many of the writers of the magazine are the Unitarians, such as Edward Everett, Nathan Appleton, Amos Adams Lawrence, T.W. Higginson, G. W. Burnap, Orville Dewey, R.W. Emerson, Theodore Parker, W. E. Channing, James Martineau and B. Bussey. The businessmen whose biographies were inserted, such as Joseph Peabody, Amos and Abbott Lawrences, and the statesmen who were referred to, such as Daniel Webster, are also all Unitarians. Though Transcendentalists like Emerson and Parker took the strong Anti-Mammonistic attitude.In the magazine we also find the detailed explanation of the ideal images of American Businessmen and the 'advantages, benefits and blessings' which accompany their callings. Moreover, this national characteristics were emphasized from the geographical and social standpoints. For instance in vol. 24, Rev. H.W. Beecher, in his article 'the Benefits and Evils of Commerce', argued “the States of North America are to be the Commercial Center of the Globe”, because “both sides of the Globe are ours by our position, and ours is the land of two oceans”. This advantageous position of the U.S. may have given stimulus to the thinking of “Manifest Destiny” in the 'Gilded Age', though T.W. Higginson and G.S. Boutwell, both famous writers, are Anti-Imperialists. As regards to the social characteristics of America, in vol.1, the once Secretary of State, E. Everett, in his article, 'Accumulation, Property, Capital and Credit', asserted that there were “no antagonism between Capital and Labor”, and also the famous Boston cotton manufacturer, Nathan Appleton in his article 'Labor, its Relations, in Europe and the United states, compared' (vol.11) said that “Property or Capital is the accumulated labor of the past”. From these special viewpoints and national traits the American entrepreneurs had the secularized Puritan value systems and the spirit of enterprise and their expansive way of business management, and also their special attitude about labor relations.

著者

井上 忠勝

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.1-6, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

高橋 久一

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.7-33, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

林 善義

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.34-45, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

宇田川 勝

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.46-72, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

衣笠 洋輔

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.72-74, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)