著者

斎藤 憲

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.47-75, 1982-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

渡辺 喜七

出版者

Business History Society of Japan

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.76-88, 1982-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

西川 登

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.64-76, 1981-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

ブラックフォード マンセル G

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.77-81, 1981-07-30 (Released:2010-05-07)

著者

四宮 俊之

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.1-24,i, 1981-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

Japan Paper Association was established in 1880, as a trade association by the Japanese papar-manufacturing companies, for the purpose of controlling price. However, in a short time, it found the price cartel difficult to maintain in the period, and transformed the purpose to promote friendship among members.But with the tariff reforms in 1899, 1906, and 1910, the Japanese paper-manufacturing industry fell into a difficult situation owing to the tax reduction of imported paper. So the association strived to reinforce its organization and operations by degrees. As a result, it laid a foundation that was able to manage cartels for the limitation of output after World War I.The object of this article is to trace the development of Japan Paper Association and analyze its organization and, operations before World War I.

著者

安部 悦生

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.25-47,i, 1981-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

Admittedly, there are two sharply contrasted views on the late Victorian entrepreneurial performance at the present time. One traditional opinion, for instance, maintained by D.L. Burn (1939) is that the British entrepreneurs performed badly from the 1870's and if they had done better, the decline of the British steel industry compared with the German and American steel industry could have been avoided.Another opinion, recently asserted by D.N. McCloskey (1973) is that the relative decline was inevitable and from whatever perspective they are viewed, the British steel makers did well and their behavior was rational. According to him, the relative decline, i. e., slowing down of British steel production growth, was merely caused by maturity of the British economy.By taking a biggest iron and steel company in Britain over that period, that is, the Bolckow Vaughan & Co., this study tries to give an important example to this controversy.Bolckow Vaughan's were formed as a partnership in 1839 at Middlesbrough in the North-East of England and in 1865 they were transformed into a limited company. Throughout the late Victorian and Edwardian age they were a largest pig-iron producer. As a steelmaking company, they had four steel-making processes: acid converter, basic converter, acid open-hearth furnace, and basic open-hearth furnace. Although they were willing to adopt acid converter and basic converter processes in the 1870's and early 1880's respectively, they did not show a prompt response to basic open-hearth furnace process in the late 1880's and for the next 20 years. The basic open-hearth furnace process, from the technical point of view, became the most important steel-making process from that time on.Consequently, they lagged in adoption of basic open-hearth for the reason that they were not innovative in research and development of technology by contemporary standards. Primary sources such as Directors Minutes, Annual Reports and so on of the company bear out the above conclusion. In spite of the fact that this is only one case, considering the influential position of Bolckow Vaughan's, this study throws doubt on the view of, so to speak, “rational school” regarding the British entrepreneurial performance during the late Victorian and Edwardian Age.

著者

武内 達子

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.48-76,iii, 1981-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

A principal problem in the management of an industrial enterprise is the judgement in the combination between possible technologies and goods. In iron industry, the amount of pig iron produced in Britain in the industrial revolution was almost doubled in decade, and more than half of the goods were castings for various uses.In the present paper, the goods of Newton Chambers, iron works specialized to foundry, were analysed based upon Day Books between 1793-1833 at an interval of ten years. The goods were classified into seven groups: (1) goods sold to merchants, mainly domestic uses, (2) tools and machine components, (3) rails and wheels for mines, (4) pig iron, (5) ballasts, (6) water pipes, and (7) gas pipes and components of gas works plants. The company did not produce guns and components of steam engines. The constitution of goods and its variation over the period revealed the trace of the activity of entrepreneur.The goods which characterize Newton Chambers were cast-iron pipes. Their high quality and low price stimulated new social needs. The great demands for iron pipes had started from 1807 in London for water works and for gas light companies after 1814. The percentage of pipes in the annual sale in 1813 was 20%, in 1823 30%, and 1833 49%. Newton Chambers could survive in serious depressions after Napoleonic War by the great demands for iron pipes.It is concluded that the success of Newton Chambers is the judgement of adoption and improvement of the production technology for mass production of standardized castings, which combined successfully with the newly developed public works for the improvement of city environments.

著者

チャンドラー Jr. A・D

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.1-25, 1982-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

2

著者

川辺 信雄

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.26-49,i, 1982-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

---

Recently Japanese sogo shosha has begun attracting the interest of scholars. Sogo Shosha is a very unique economic organization which has developed fully only in Japan. It handles wide variety of product lines, operate all over the world, and performs various kinds of functions.So far a lot of studies of sogo shosha has been done, and they have stressed the importance of its overseas operations. In spite of the importance of its world-wide operations based upon branch activities, there is no systematic study of activities of foreign branches. There appear several questions, related with activities of overseas branches of sogo shosha. Why and how does headquarters open a particular branch? What is the relationship between the opening of overseas branches and the other strategies of sogo shosha including diversification of product lines and integration of functions. How are they controlled? What kinds of managerial problems does they have, and how are these problems solved? These questions have remained unanswered.This study aims to answer these questions on sogo shosha's overseas operations, as well as its development as a whole. For this objective this study traced the development and activities of the San Francisco and Seattle Branches of Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha in the period between 1918 when the Seattle branch opened and the outbreak of World War II, which ended the operations of both branches, using the company's original records, which were confiscated by the United States government just after Pearl Harbor.

著者

山田 徹雄

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.1-28, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

This paper will make clear how and in what extent the railway policy of the Prussian government exercised its influence on private railways in Rhine-Westphalia. The Berg-Mark Railway with some local lines, founded by bankers and manufacturers in Wuppertal, expanded its network of lines to be one of the greatest railways in Germany within a half century. It was so closely linked with the State that the Minister of Commerce, August v.d. Heydt, initiating the policy of railway nationalization, had been a main member of the board of directors. In 1850 when the Berg-Mark Railway could not raise the capital to build a new line, the State made a financial support with a conditional contract that the former should hand its administration over to the latter. Though this measure robbed private shareholders of control over the running of the company, they were rather willing to accept it, because they were of opinion that skillfull managers and engineers were merely obtainable under the name of officials.This type of railway enterprise, owned by shareholders and managed by the State, might be, in a sense, a suitable form in Germany. The State intervention was made, in some extent, by military needs to facilitate the defence of the west but also in view of the economic significance of the Ruhr with coal fields and the Western industries. Both the State and the Western had the common interest that their economic activities were hampered by economic-geographic standing-points of the Rhine-Westphalia, which was in closer touch with Holland and Belgium than Berlin.

著者

後藤 伸

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.29-41, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

湯沢 威 原 輝史

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.88-94, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

山口 一臣

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.95-100, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

高寺 貞男

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.101-106, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

岡山 礼子

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.107-110, 1981-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

麻島 昭一

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.1-33,i, 1981-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

The historical side of the Sumitomo Zaibatsu has yet to be studied deeper. The writer has attempted to get the whole perspective of the Group, based on his 5 previous theses.The object of this study is to analyse the fund raising mechanism of the Group, in the 1921-1943 period. This is because the analysis of the flow of funds inside the Group is a short cut to grasping the structure of the Zaibatsu.In this study, the writer utilized documentary materials from the Honsha (the holding company of the Group named Sumitomo Goshikaisha) and annual reports from its member companies. Some notable results of the analysis follow;(1) Within the Sumitomo Zaibatsu the Honsha functioned as the financial control organ for the companies of the Group. Whenever the Honsha was short of funds, the necessary amounts were furnished to it by the Sumitomo Bank. There were no example of fund raising from outside the Group. Even when an enterprise directly managed by the Honsha became an independent affiliated company, the financial control by the Honsha over the company was strictly maintained.(2) In substance the fund raising of the Group depended largely on its own accumulated capital and comparatively on little on bank loans.Thus, the Sumitomo Bank had rather little business within the Group both in loans and in deposits. This is partly because the Group had not such giant enterprises as Mitsui & Co., Ltd. or Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd. of the Mitsui Zaibatsu.(3) During World War II, however, the scale of manufacturing companies of the Group expanded rapidly and they were forced to raise necessary funds outside the Group also. As a result the fund raising function of the Honsha weakened. In turn, the role of the Sumitomo Bank increased and the share of funds from outside the Group became more important.

著者

畠山 秀樹

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.57-83,iii, 1980-08-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

The object of this paper is to trace the formative process of business organization in coal mining of the Sumitomo family and analyze its business results during the period.It is a well-known fact that the Sumitomo family invested in other undertakings as well, a large amount of profits derived from operating the Besshi Copper Mine and thereby diversified its business into coal mining, banking, rolled copper industry and warehousing business in the 1890's.In such a case, the high level of strategic decision-making shown by the Sumitomo family is worthy of consideration, since it extended its business to coal mining with the intention of not only providing for itself a great deal of coal which was consumed in the Besshi Copper Mine, but also obtaining a profitable investment.In 1893, the Sumitomo family bought the Shoshi Coal Mine and, for the first time participated in coal mining. Further, the next year the Sumitomo family succeeded in purchasing the Tadakuma Coal Mine which was regarded as very promising in the Chikuho Coalfield, and then opened a place of business in Wakamatsu (coal trading center).Business results at these three places were very favorable because the years 1894 and 1895 were the boom years due to the Sino-Japanese War. In a few years after starting its business, the business organization of coal mining was arranged in order, and at this point the Sumitomo family acquired a position as one of the leading coal-mine owners in the chikuho district. But, afterwards coal mining business of the Sumitomo family couldn't show a substantial development because of its failure to get other promising coal mines from the latter half of 1890's to the first decade of the 20th century, in addition to the Tadakuma Coal Mine.As mentioned above, in this paper we made an attempt to observe the managerial characteristics of the formative process in coal mining business of the Sumitomo family.

著者

老川 慶喜

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.84-103, 1980-08-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

石垣 信浩

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.1-23,i, 1980-12-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

The Miners' Gild (Knappschaft) in the Ruhr district was set up by Frederick the Great at the end of the eighteenth century. The members of the Gild were given many privileges such as an exemption of military services by the prussian government. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ruhr miners lost these privileges, but they got the qualification for membership of the newly-organized miners' Gild, which could give them priority for employment opportunity. In the regulation of the miners' Gild of 1824, the government specified the punishment clauses. It also trained the miners on the basis of the regulation and prohibited the unskilled to join the miners' Gild. At the same time the government controlled the miners' private life and then the miners were under the tutlage of government officials, especially of the local mining inspectors. As the results, the miners' Gild built up a community which isolated the members from other industrial workers. The miners' community was supported financially with the funds of miners' Gild which gave the miners free medical care. In the 1830's and the 1840's, however, the miners' community gradually lost its effectiveness to organize the miners due to the development of the Ruhr coal-mining industry, an increase in the number of labors, especially of the daily hired labors, and the growing influence of the mineowners (Gewerke) over the miners.

著者

済藤 友明

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.24-47,ii, 1980-12-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

---

Three major questions faced the American Petroleum Industry on the eve of the twentieth century. The first involved the vast new sources of supply of crude oil. After 1900 the Gulf Coast, Mid-Continent, and California oil fields were simultaneously opened up. The second related to the changing composition of consumer demand for petroleum products. The spread of electricity for light was rapidly reducing the demand for kerosene. On the other hand, the new demand for fuel oil and gasoline was sharply expanding. The third was associated with the dissolution of Standard Oil in 1911 by the Supreme Court. As A.D. Chandler, Jr. pointed out, Standard Oil had become a fully integrated enterprise by the early 1890's. In the next two decades challenges to Standard's dominance came from the other integrated enterprises such as the Texas Company, Gulf Oil Corporation organizing after the turn of the century. They had already become large integrated enterprises operating in all basic functions of the oil industry befor 1911. The general incorporation laws of the Texas state did not authorise incorporation for two distinct business purposes. The Texas Company had failed to gain sanction for producing and pipeline activities under one charter, then was organized as a pipeline company. But the Texas Company engaged in integrated operations through control of separetely incorporated producing companies. Within a decade it decided to construct its own refinery, and then moved into marketing. Despite the threat of strictly enforced state incorporation and antitrust laws which might have restricted that relationship, the Texas Company, in a practical sense, was capable of integrated petroleum operations from its inception. In 1917, the state legislature passed the so-called Texas Company Bill, which permitted fully integrated operations.