著者

東 洋 柏木 恵子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.17-26, 1987-02-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

65

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of intelligence among Japanese. Male and female college students, and mothers of female students were asked to think of an intelligent person, and to rate each of 67 descriptors according to whether it fits that person or not. It was found out that some of the descriptors were highly general regardless of the background of the person to be described, and that some were specific to the sex and other backgrounds of the person. As compared to the results of studies in the U.S., descriptors related to the receptive social competence tended to be associated with high intelligence, especially when the person to be described was a woman. The factor structure found in Japanese subjects which showed the predominant factor of social competence differed from that for Americans reported by Sternberg. Sex stereotyping in the concept of intelligence was also observed: Descriptors for a female target, compared those of a male target, were distributed more heavily in the domain of social competence and the reading and writing. Sex-role differentiation in concept was more pronounced in the responses of male students as compared to those of female subjects.

著者

渡部 洋

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.3, pp.153-156, 1993-11-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

13

---

Research reviewers must often assess whether empirical data obtained by a series of psychological studies support the conclusion that an experimental effect is meaningful or not. Recently, several quantitative methods have been developed in order to statistically combine and integrate the evidences across studies. In other words, meta-analysis is an analysis of the results of statistical analysis, and is usually performed on the summary statistics such as sample means, variances, and correlation coefficients reported by many previous studies. In this paper, a Bayesian approach is presented in order to statistically review a series of psychological studies and draw a conclusion based on effect sizes against the conflicting psychological hypotheses.

著者

WALTER H. EHRENSTEIN 濱田 治良

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.158-169, 1995-10-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

10 12

---

Size contrast was studied in the Ebbinghaus illusion with inducing circles (ICs) that were either larger or smaller than the central test circle (TC). Four ICs formed either squares or diamonds; or in a mixed-size condition four large ICs alternated with four small ICs. Figures were presented on printed cards and studied as a function of IC-TC distance, or displayed on a computer screen at various angles of orientation. A separate circle, presented left or right of an Ebbinghaus figure and varying in size, served for simultaneous comparision. A general overestimation was found for figures presented right from the comparison circle. Size contrast diminished with increasing IC-TC distance for small ICs, but increased for large ICs. Square arrays had stronger inducing effects than diamonds with small ICs, but weaker with large ICs: the mixed-size condition resulted in a small underestimation. Furthermore, size contrast depended systematically on the angle of IC-array orientation. The Ebbinghaus illusion thus obeys structural factors in a rather peculiar way, suggesting the necessity of a compound model of size contrast.

著者

鳥居 修晃 望月 登志子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.146-157, 1995-10-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3

---

The present experiment was planned to examine whether or not the congenitally blind after surgery were capable of seeing the subjective contour, when Kanizsa's original and a modified version of it were presented for the first time. Three subjects (M. O., To. M. and K. T.) who have continued a series of experiments for visual learning with us participated in the experimental runs. All subjects have already attained the ability to identify the 2D shape and solids. Initially it was expected that the subject's response could be classified as indicating that the subjective contours were seen or that they were not. However, it was found that (1) at least another two classes of responses should be added, and (2) that the commonly reported phenomenon of subjective contours in the normally sighted was rare in the congenitally blind subjects after surgery. A theoretical implication of the results is briefly discussed.

著者

YOSHIMASA HABU SHIGERU ONO

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.76-87, 1969 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

3

---

The basic assumption is that with a constant percentage of reinforcement, resistance to extinction (RE) would be a function of uncertainty associated with a reinforcement pattern. 3 groups of rats (double-alternation, 50% random, and continuous) were run in a runway. The last group extinguished most rapidly. No difference in RE was found between the other 2 groups. The conditional entropy of reinforcement-response sequences for the alternation group, as compared with the random group, failed to decrease when its orders were the 3rd or higher. These findings indicate that the second-order conditional entropy will be appropriate for quantifying the uncertainty in question. It was proposed that the RE as determined by uncertainty would be accounted for through intelligibility hypothesis, arousal hypothesis, or probability learning hypothesis.

著者

繁桝 算男 横山 明子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.20-28, 1994-04-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 1

---

In this paper, we propose the flexible Bayesian approach to describe the psychological decision making process. That is, by easing the Bayesian Axiom system, we come up with higher order probability and flexible utitiliy assessment. The purpose of this paper is to check whether the flexible Bayesian approach can explain some counter-intuitive examples. Using a questionnaire, we asked the subjects (undergraduate students, n=203) to evaluate the subjective probabilities and the betting preferences in the Ellsberg's Urn Problem and the Three Prisoners Problem. For the Ellsberg's Urn Problem, higher order probability was adequate to explain the paradox, more so than the non-additive representation of uncertainty. For the Three Prisoners Problem, higher order mathematical probability fails to explain the subjects' responses, which are stubbornly against Bayesian probability, but the fuzzy representation of higher order probability by means of the membership function was adequate for the explanation of this paradox.

著者

井深 信男

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, pp.126-134, 1993-03-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2 1

---

The effects of prior photoperiodic history on body growth were investigated in male Syrian hamsters in a series of experiments. In Exp. 1 the animals (L-S) housed in a short photoperiod (LD 8: 16, S) after exposure to a long photoperiod (LD 16: 8, L) gained body weight more than those in S-S, and the animals (S-L) housed in L after exposure to S weighed less than those in L-L. In Exp. 2 animals were first exposed to 1) L, 2) S, 3) continuous light (LL), or 4) S+30 min light pulse (P2), and then all animals were transferred to, and maintained in an intermediate photoperiod (LD 13: 11). Animals coming from L and LL showed larger weight gain, and those coming from S the smallest rate of growth. Animals in P2 showed a moderate rate of growth. Exp. 3 demonstrated that the effect of prior photoperiodic history also varied, depending on the different phases of light-dark (LD) cycles to which animals had been exposed. Our studies showed that the increase in body weight in Syrian hamsters was largely influenced by their prior photoperiodic history rather than by the absolute length of photoperiod.

著者

柏木 繁男

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.203-212, 1982-03-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

16

---

A new criterion to estimate the number of factors in multiple factor analysis was proposed, based on the mathematical relationships between the principle of the linear regression analysis passing through the origin and that of the minres factor analysis by Harman (1976). The criterion is the beta coefficient for the linear regression line defined by the elements in each of the original and the reproduced correlation matrices, and it is obtained with the increase of the number of factors. Numerical examples are presented and some supplemental issues are discussed.

著者

AFZAL KURESHI AKBAR HUSAIN

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.55-60, 1981-09-30 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The twenty five male Palestinian students and the same number of their Indian counterparts, drawn from the Aligarh Muslim University graduate classes, were administered individually the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Dominance Scale (DS), The Palestinian students were found to score lower than the Indian students on the DAS (t=3.01, df=48, p<.01), whereas Dominance was found to be higher among the former than the latter (t=2.72, df=48, p<.01). Besides, a negative relationship was discovered between Death Anxiety and Dominance (r=-.534). Compared with the Indians a low amount of Death Anxiety among the Palestinians was explained mainly in terms of the sense of dedication to their cause, exposure to a threatening environment and a mental set of readiness to withstand any eventuality. Likewise, a higher score on Dominance among the Palestinians was explained partly in terms of these factors as well as the contribution they were supposed to make to the liberation movement, requiring them to be assertive, ascendent and powerful.

著者

亀田 達也

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.163-172, 1985-12-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

The effect of prior stereotypical expectancy on academic evaluation was examined by varying the information value of a target's current behavior. Following the procedure of Darley and Gross (1983), 62 male and 12 female undergraduate volunteers were asked to evaluate academic abilities of a target child. Half of them were told in advance that the child came from a high socio-economic class, and the other half that he came from a low socio-economic class. Then subjects were asked to examine the results of an academic test in which the child's performance was high, moderate, or low, and to evaluate his abilities in several subject areas. “Labeling effects” occured. That is, given identical performance, the subjects given high socio-economic status information rated the child's abilities higher than those given low socioeconomic status information. This effect emerged mainly under moderate performance of the child, and almost disappeared under high or low performance. These results were discussed from a Bayesian perspective using the concept of datum diagnosticity.

著者

藤田 和生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.1-8, 1983

被引用文献数

12

---

Two Japanese monkeys were trained on a higher-order conditional discrimination task with two colors (red and purple) which consisted of a matching-to-sample and an oddity-from-sample discrimination. External stimuli (patterns on a key, etc.) served as conditional discriminative stimuli for matching and oddity. Both subjects mastered this complex task. Then, the stimulus control established in the training was examined with test trials inserted among baseline trials. Subjects correctly responded on the test trials in which the incorrect comparison stimulus specified by the sample was no longer presented. However, subjects could not respond correctly when both sample and comparison stimuli were replaced with two new colors (yellow and yellowgreen). Thus, no evidence that the identity-difference relation of stimuli controlled the subjects' responding was obtained even in the presence of the higher-order conditional discriminative stimuli controlling their matching and oddity responses. These results suggested that the specific relation between the sample and the correct comparison stimulus mainly controlled two-color matching and oddity behaviors of Japanese monkeys.

著者

MASAAKI YOSHIDA

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.123-137, 1968 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

8 62

---

In order to find out principal dimensions of touch, 50 samples of various texture, shape, size, and material, were collected.(1) Twenty haptic differential rating scales were applied to 50 samples and factor analyzed (S.D. touch).(2) Distance matrix constructed indirectly from the haptic profiles of 25 samples (selected from the 50) was analyzed by Torgerson-Indow's multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Most important dimensions of tactual impressions are (i) heaviness and coldness (ii) wet and smoothness, and (iii) hardness. MDS yields nearly perfect one factor pattern. Metals and fibers are at the opposite poles.

著者

小泉 令三 松尾 馨

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.1-11, 1993-07-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 15

---

This research examined longitudinally over one year attitudinal and motivational changes of 296 Japanese 7th-grade students learning English. Levels of student's interest and emotion, study habits, perceived utility of English and familiarity with English-speaking people, as well as degree of parental encouragement, and self-rated attainment all decreased from the beginning of the school year until the third or seventh month, being followed by a stabilizing trend after those periods. Student's goals became realistic after the learning for one year. Students with initially high English ability performed better and showed more positive attitudes and motivation than those with initially low ability, whereas the former were suggested to be more vulnerable to the junior high school environment than the latter. Girls had higher scores than boys in most attitudinal and motivational variables, although girls had a lower expectancy of their own performance than boys in the goal-setting area. Instrumental and integrative types of motivation in learning English were not differentiated in the students' perceptions at the beginning of their English education in the seventh grade.

著者

松田 文子 松田 伯彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.9-17, 1981

被引用文献数

5

---

It was confirmed using the reproduction method and using both children of 8 to 13 years and adults as subjects that the anti-<I>kappa</I> effect could occur even for static stimuli under the specific condition where subjects were induced to form the set to use velocity rather than spatial separation as the cue for the time estimation. The present finding concerning the effects of the spatial separation of successively presented static stimuli on the time estimation was in line with the hypothesis of &ldquo;cue-selection sets&rdquo; which was drawn from the results of the first author's previous studies on a moving stimulus. But the developmental tendency of the anti-<I>kappa</I> effect still needs to be examined further.

著者

SHUKO TORII

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1960, no.9, pp.25-37, 1960 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

8

著者

SHUKO TORII YASUKO UEMURA

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.86-100, 1965 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

21

---

The present study was designed to examine whether the apparent brightness of the test field was affected by varying the inducing field luminance and area. Binocular matching method was used. The apparent brightness of the test field was measured by the method of adjustment. The test field was disc-shaped and, in Experiment I and II, was surrounded by a contiguous annular inducing field of different areas. Effects of inducing luminance and area upon the test brightness were studied in Experiment I. In Experiment II, the test brightness surrounded by the inducing field of equal luminance was measured. It was also examined whether the apparent brightness of a field could be changed by varying its area in Experiment III.

著者

望月 登志子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.10-25, 1973

---

Perception is treated as a joint function of the value orientation of the subject and the value of stimulus words. Three perceptual mechanisms: perceptual selection, perceptual fixation, and perceptual resonance are measured by recognition, memory, and association, respectively. The results of the study are as follows: The three perceptual mechanisms are facilitated when the subject has high-or low-value orientation to the stimulus words and when the stimulus words have value and meaning. That is, high-or low-valued stimulus words are fast perceived, long memorized and are likely to be associated with some other words.

著者

鳥居 修晃 望月 登志子

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.146-157, 1995

被引用文献数

3

---

The present experiment was planned to examine whether or not the congenitally blind after surgery were capable of seeing the subjective contour, when Kanizsa's original and a modified version of it were presented for the first time. Three subjects (M. O., To. M. and K. T.) who have continued a series of experiments for visual learning with us participated in the experimental runs. All subjects have already attained the ability to identify the 2D shape and solids. Initially it was expected that the subject's response could be classified as indicating that the subjective contours were seen or that they were not. However, it was found that (1) at least another two classes of responses should be added, and (2) that the commonly reported phenomenon of subjective contours in the normally sighted was rare in the congenitally blind subjects after surgery. A theoretical implication of the results is briefly discussed.

著者

TADASU OYAMA REIKO NANRI

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.13-20, 1960 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 17

著者

Matsunaga Rie Abe Jun-ichi

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.85-95, 2009-05

被引用文献数

1

---

A global property (i.e., pitch set) of a melody appears to serve as a primary cue for key identification. Previous studies have proposed specific local properties in a melody (e.g., the augmented fourth, the perfect fifth, etc.) that may function as further cues. However, the role of the latter in key identification is controversial. The present study was designed to investigate what kinds of local properties, if any, function as reliable cues for key identification. Listeners were asked to identify keys for 450 melodies that consisted of the same pitch set but differed in sequential constraints. Using multiple discriminant analyses, we evaluated relative contributions of as many kinds of local properties as possible (e.g., single intervals, single pitch classes in each sequential position, etc.). The results showed that, except for the pitch class of the final tone, for which interpretation should be taken cautiously, none of specific local properties examined contributed significantly to key identification. This finding suggests that, contrary to prior findings, key identification is derived from unidentified properties other than the specific local properties.