著者

Noriko Otsuka

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.Special_Issue_2006, pp.198-207, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Falconry is one of the most traditional co-hunting styles of Japan. Public patronage began in the 4th century; it was the exclusive preserve of nobles and feudal lords until the 19th Century. The culture especially flourished in the 17th to 19th centuries under the family of the Tokugawa shogun. Some 1,600 km2 of Edo (presently Tokyo) served as a falconry preserve (Otakaba). Because all hunting of animals was prohibited inside of it, Otakaba also served the role of game preserve. After the Meiji Restoration, the Otakaba system lapsed and falconers lost their jobs. As the Edo area developed, new foreign customs changed the Japanese life style. The Imperial Household Ministry (presently Imperial Household Agency) preserved falconry as a time-honored art on the wishes of the Emperor Meiji. Falconers trained hawks and falcons, and worked at duck netting preserves (Kamoba). But following World War II, all this traditional hunting has ceased. On the other hand, private falconry activity is opening up. After his retirement from the Imperial Household Agency, Mr. Kaoru Hanami was invited by his pupils to become the president of The Japanese Falconers Association. He taught them to carry on the art of falconry that had been handed down to him, the Suwa hawking school, which is one of the most traditional styles. In his school, the hawk was considered to be an avatar that should be respected, but modern people did not understand or think that way. Because of his concern about the tendency of the people to look down on hawks as pets or mere hunting tools, he propounded a coined expression, “Jinyoh-Ittai” (man and hawk as one) to build a relationship of equality. There are other schools and dedicated groups that are trying to do sports falconry, and many clubs organized by pet owners in Japan. Also, in recent years, development of telemetry systems promises to make falconry more efficient.

著者

Mizuho Takemura

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.A25-A36, 2018 (Released:2018-03-15)

参考文献数

39

---

Medical technology has made remarkable advances in recent years. On the one hand, these advances have the benefit of contributing to the happiness of humankind; on the other hand, they can raise various ethical and social issues, precisely because they are applied to individual humans. One such issue is enhancement technology, which can be used not only for the purpose of treating disease, but also for improving or enhancing the body or mind; humans themselves can become subject to alterations without any medical purpose. Body enhancement used to improve athletic performance is of particular concern in competitive sports. In this study, body enhancement was considered to be an act of pursuing a better-performing body, and examined the issues related to “better-ness” in this context from an ethical viewpoint. Specifically, I (1) elucidate the meaning of the word “better-ness” within the phrase “better performing” and (2) examine whether the act of pursuing a body that is “better” is an act of overall human betterment by engaging in an ethical discussion of its pros and cons. I use the principle of act described in Kant's practical philosophy as a framework for discussion. With regard to (1), I conclude that the meaning of “better” in the context of body enhancement in competitive sports is defined by theoretical (logical) judgment, and not by moral judgment. With regard to (2), I describe what an unacceptable act is according to Kant's Formula of the End in Itself. I also present the limits of this study, and point out the need to clarify in future studies the concept of what comprises human nature.

著者

斉藤 満

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.59-70, 1997-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The recent development of microneurographic techniques for obtaining direct intraneural recordings of human muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) has revealed much new information about sympathetic control mechanisms during exercise over the last decade. From numerous investigations, the major findings are how the pattern and magnitude of the MSNA response to exercise is influenced by many factors such as exercise type (static and dynamic exercise, active muscle mass and combination exercise), intensity, duration, muscle fiber type, fatigue and exercise training. Furthermore, environmental conditions, i.e., postural change, hypoxia, thermal and cold stress, genders and age are also factors modulating the MSNA response during exercise. The most important mechanism of stimulating MSNA during exercise is metaboreflex from the active muscles, while the reflex can be modulated by central and peripheral factors. Especially, afferent neural input from the mechanoreceptors in the skeletal muscle, arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, and peripheral chemoreceptors could play an important role in precise control of MSNA during different exercise situations. On the basis of the current state of information, accumulated knowledge of this area of research may be critical for understanding the contribution of MSNA for control of exercise circulation as well as counteracting muscle fatigue or improvement of exercise performance.

著者

Kosuke Takeuchi Masatoshi Nakamura Hironobu Kakihana Fumiko Tsukuda

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201829, (Released:2019-04-24)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 15

---

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to investigate static stretching and dynamic stretching protocol.[Methods] 138 coaches of 21 different sports completed a self-reporting questionnaire. The questionnaire was split into four sections and contained fixed-response questions. Section One identified participant demographics. The second and third sections required the participants to detail the static and dynamic stretching they used. The fourth section of the questionnaire identified how participants learned about stretching.[Results] There were 126 coaches using static or dynamic stretching, while 12 coaches did not. Thirty-nine coaches used only static stretching, 10 coaches used only dynamic stretching, and 77 coaches used both types of stretching. The purposes of static stretching were to increase flexibility and to prevent injuries. The purposes of dynamic stretching were improvement of performance and prevention of injuries. The duration of one bout of static and dynamic stretching in a warm-up were 21.8 ± 13.2 and 22.1 ± 16.2 seconds, respectively. A common way to learn about stretching was participation in training sessions.[Discussion] Coaches should use SS for a greater length of time to achieve their purposes. The results of the present study showed gaps between evidence and practice.

著者

Kentaro Chuman Yoshihiro Hoshikawa Tomomi Iida Takahiko Nishijima

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1110030079, (Released:2011-10-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

5 6

---

The study investigated the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 and level 2 tests (YYIR1 and YYIR2) performed by soccer players at puberty (U-13) and post-puberty (U-17) and related the YYIR1 and YYIR2 results to anaerobic and aerobic fitness. The subjects were sixteen male pubescent players aged 13.3(0.2) yrs (U-13) and fifteen male post-pubescent players aged 17.0(0.6) yrs (U-17). The subjects performed YYIR1 and YYIR2 on artificial turf and were also measured for fat-free mass (FFM), Wingate anaerobic test and VO2max during treadmill running in a laboratory. The results in YYIR1 and YYIR2 (2365 and 843 m) for the U-17 were significantly higher than the U-13 (1963 and 550 m). Results from YYIR1 and YYIR2 in the U-17 correlated significantly with VO2max (r=0.76 and 0.53) but not with Wingate anaerobic test, whereas YYIR1 and YYIR2 results in the U-13 correlated significantly with Wingate anaerobic test (r=0.61 and 0.64) but not with VO2max even though they showed high VO2max levels. The correlation coefficient of VO2max with YYIR1 and YYIR2 in the U-17 was equivalent to those reported in adult players and indicated that VO2max determined YYIR1 and YYIR2 performances moderately and highly in post-pubescent players. However, neither of the YYIR1 and YYIR2 performances in the U-13 reflected aerobic fitness but did reflect anaerobic fitness.

著者

Keita Suzuki Satoshi Nagai Koichi Iwai Ryo Ogaki Takuo Furukawa Masahiro Takemura

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201925, (Released:2020-04-06)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

2

---

The present study aimed to determine the mechanisms of mild cervical injuries caused by tackling in a rugby union. This study enrolled 137 male players from a Japanese collegiate rugby union club during the 2009–2013 seasons. Twenty-nine (53.7%) of 54 incidents leading to mild cervical injury were identified from match video records and injury data that were reported under the definition of medical attention. In addition, all tackles by players in the same match in which they sustained cervical injury were extracted as a control cohort. All tackles were coded according to eleven characteristics of three tackle phases. Twenty-one tackles were the main events leading to mild cervical injury. The likelihood of tackler-associated mild cervical injuries was significantly higher when tacklers had no time to face forward at the offside line before tackle situations, tackles with incorrect tackler head positions, and not using arms after initial contact. These results suggest that further investigation is needed to determine specific tackling characteristics considering the three tackle phases and their combined effects.

著者

伊藤 章 斉藤 昌久 淵本 隆文

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.71-83, 1997-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1 5

---

A study was performed to compare joint torque development with EMG activities, and to investigate the relationship between peak torque and power during different phases of leg movement at different sprint velocities from the starting dash to full stride. Cinematographic recordings of sprint movement together with ground reaction forces and EMGs from seven lower limb muscles were obtained from four male sprinters at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 9th, 13th and 19th (maximal velocity) steps from the sprint start. Joint torque and power in the hip, knee and ankle were computed from analysis of the film and ground reaction forces. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) The developmental patterns of joint torque and power, and the EMG activities were similar from the first step to the maximal velocity. 2) The phases of torque development were parallel to the related EMG activities. 3) Stretch-shortening cycles of muscle were observed in the m. Soleus during the foot contact period and in the m. Biceps femoris during the latter half of the swing period. 4) There was no peak torque or power that showed a decrease with increased sprint velocity. 5) Peak torque and power that increased with sprint velocity were (a) torque and positive power of the hip flexors during the first half of the swing period, (b) torque of the hip extensors during the latter half of the swing period, (c) torque and negative power of the knee extensors during the first half and latter half of the swing period, (d) torque of the ankle extensors during the middle of the foot contact period, (e) negative power of the ankle extensors during the first half of the foot contact period, and (f) positive power during the latter half of the foot contact period. These results suggest that muscles in the hip and knee joints cooperate with the change in swing movement, and that muscles in the ankle joint cooperate with the change in drive movement as sprint velocity increases. 6) The peak torque and power that remained high independent of sprint velocity were (a) torque and positive power of the hip extensors from the middle of the swing period to the middle of the foot contact period, (b) torque of the ankle extensors during the foot contact period, and (c) power of the ankle extensors during the latter half of the foot contact period. These results indicate the importance of the hip extensors and ankle extensors in sprinting.

著者

Senshi Fukashiro Thor F. Besier Rod Barrett Jodie Cochrane Akinori Nagano David G. Lloyd

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.Special_Issue_2005, pp.272-279, 2005 (Released:2008-01-23)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

22 36

---

The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic comparison of maximal effort horizontal and vertical jumping. It was of particular interest to identify factors responsible for the control of jump direction. Eight male subjects performed maximal horizontal jumps (HJ) and vertical jumps (VJ) from a standing posture with a counter movement. Three-dimensional motion of the trunk, pelvis, and bilateral thigh, shank, and foot segments were recorded together with bilateral ground reaction forces and electromyographic (EMG) activity from seven right leg muscles. Relative to the VJ, the trunk is displaced further forward at the beginning of the HJ, through greater ankle joint dorsiflexion and knee extension. The activity of the biarticular rectus femoris and hamstrings were adapted to jump direction and helped to tune the hip and knee joint torques to the requirements of the task. The primary difference in joint torques between the two jumps was for the knee joint, with the extension moment reduced in the HJ, consistent with differences in activation levels of the biarticular rectus femoris and hamstrings. Activity of the mono-articular knee extensors was adapted to jump direction in terms of timing rather than peak amplitude. Overall results of this study suggest that jump direction is controlled by a combination of trunk orientation at the beginning of the push-off and the relative activation levels of the biarticular rectus femoris and hamstring muscles during the push-off.

著者

馬場 崇豪 和田 幸洋 伊藤 章

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.186-200, 2000-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

12 7

---

The muscular activity pattern, function and maximal contraction velocity during the starting dash and sprint running at maximal velocity were studied. The subjects were five adult male sprinters, whose sprint running movements in the sagittal plain were analyzed (100 fps) from videotape recordings made with a high-speed catera. The ground reaction forces and EMGs of eight leg muscles were also recorded. Changes in length from the origin to the insertion (muscle-tendon complex : MTC) of the eight leg muscles were calculated using several methods reported by Grieve et al. (1978), Hawkins and Hull (1990), Visser et al. (1990) and Jacobs and Van Ingen Schenau (1993). The muscular activity pattern and the maximal contraction velocity were investigate from the change in length of the MTC when the EMG activity was observed. The turnover velocity of the muscular activity pattern in the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) was calculated from the acceleration of the contraction. Also the hip, knee and ankle joint torques were calculated, and the following results were obtained.1. Changes in muscular activity pattern and maximal contraction velocity during the starting dash During the first half of the swing period, the m.gluteus maximus exhibited shortening activity, the m.rectus femoris exhibited stretching activity and the m.iliopsoas exhibited SSC muscular activity. The m.vastus lateralis exhibited shortening activity during the last half of the swing period and stretching activity during the first half of the foot contact period. The m.biceps femoris exhibited SSC muscular activity from the middle of the swing period to the middle of the foot contact period. The m.gastrocnemius and m.soleus exhibited SSC muscular activity during the foot contact period. Above all, the maximal shortening stretching velocity, and the turnover velocity increased with increasing sprint running velocity after the start, except for the shortening velocity of the m.gastrocnemius and m.soleus, and the stretching velocity of the m.vastus lateralis, whose contraction velocity stayed almost constant. 2. Muscular activity and function during sprint running at maximal velocity During the first half of the swing period, the m.rectus femoris produced knee extension troque by stretching activity which functioned to reduce the knee flexion force which occurred through the joint force related to hip flexion torque. During the latter half of the swing period, knee flexion torque developed as a by-product from the m.biceps femoris, which serves as a hip extensor. On the other hand, the knee extension force which occurred through the joint force related to hip extension torque, the momentum required to extend the knee joint, and the knee extension torque which was produced by the shortening activity of the m.vastus lateralis were observed during the same period. Therefore, the knee extension movement observed from the outside occurred as a result of the total of these forces. The m.tibialis anterior acted to offset the ankle extension force which occurred through the joint force related to knee extension torque during the first half of the swing period, and the ankle extension torque developed during the latter half of the swing period preparation for foot contact by the m.gastrocnemius an m.soleus.

著者

Kenji Tauchi Toshinori Endo Mitsugi Ogata Akifumi Matsuo Shigeo Iso

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.78-84, 2008 (Released:2008-08-09)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

10 18

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of jump ability in elite adolescent male athletes for the purpose of comparing them to healthy coeval males by referring to the results reported by Endo, et al., (2007). One hundred and twenty elite male athletes (alpine skiers, fencers, soccer players, track and field sprinters and jumpers, and weight lifters) aged 18 to 24 yrs and 316 healthy males aged 19 and 20 yrs performed countermovement jumps (CMJ) and five- repeated rebound jumps (5RJ) on a mat switch system. CMJ and 5RJ abilities were evaluated by jump height and RJ-index (=jump height/ground contact time), respectively. Although the jump height in CMJ and the RJ-index in 5RJ developed from ages 6 to 18 yrs, these values reached a plateau between the ages of 18 and 20 yrs in healthy males, elite athletes further developed after age 18. When the values for the healthy males in the present study were added to the results obtained for 1137 boys by Endo, et al., (2007), the regression line and correlation coefficient between jump height in CMJ and the RJ-index in 5RJ changed only slightly. However, the values for elite adolescent athletes tended to appear in the upper right from the population ages of 6 to 20 yrs; moreover, the scattering exhibited wide variation. The results revealed that although jump ability in healthy adolescent males changed little after age 18, jump ability in elite coeval athletes were superior after age 18 and that individual differences increased according to the length of specific training in each sport.

著者

Yutaka Shimizu Michiyoshi Ae Norihisa Fujii Hiroyuki Koyama

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201817, (Released:2018-10-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3

---

The purposes of this study were to classify jumping techniques in the preparatory and take-off phases of elite male long jumpers in official competitions by using a cluster analysis and to identify biomechanical characteristics of classified technique types. The preparatory and take-off motions of 29 elite male long jumpers in official competitions were collected three-dimensionally using two high-speed cameras. Their jumps were classified into four types of jumping technique by using the Ward’s method of cluster analysis with the take-off angle as a parameter. The four types were named the Horizontal (H-type), Semi-Horizontal (SH-type), Semi-Vertical (SV-type), and Vertical (V-type) types. There were no significant differences in jumping distance among the types. H-type jumpers were characterised by a forward lean of the trunk and a larger swing leg knee flexion during the preparatory phase. V-type jumpers flexed the knee joint of the support leg more during support phase in the last stride and showed a larger backward lean of the trunk at touchdown of the take-off foot. SH- and SV-types were located between H-type and V-type jumpers. This classification will help coaches and jumpers to select appropriate techniques.

著者

Yoichi Katsumata

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201805, (Released:2018-10-18)

参考文献数

17

---

This study examined the influence of the relative age effect (RAE) on the competitive level and playing position of male elementary school Japanese baseball players. The sample comprised the following: (1) 506 general male baseball players (BP) who were aged 11–12 (sixth grade) and who had not competed at the prefectural level and (2) 189 regionally selected players (SP) who were aged 11–12 (sixth grade) and who had been selected to compete at the prefectural level or a higher level. The subjects were divided into two groups based on their birth months (Semester 1 (S1): April–September and Semester 2 (S2): October–March). Prevalence ratio for each semester was calculated. Pearson’s chi-square test was employed to examine the RAE of each group and each playing position. Results of a chi-square test at each competitive level showed that the SP group was statistically significant (S1>S2) but the BP group was not. The chi-square test for the pitcher and the fielder (catcher, infielder, and outfielder) positions revealed statistical significance in the SP group (S1>S2), with only the pitcher position showing statistical significance in the BP group (S1>S2). The results indicated that the RAE was higher in more competitive level junior baseball players and that the RAE exerted a stronger influence on the pitcher position than on the fielder positions.

著者

図子 浩二 高松 薫

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.29-39, 1995-05-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

5 6

---

Rebound drop jump index [RDJ_&ltindex&gt=(1/8・g・RDJt_a^2)/RDJt_c] was developed to evaluate the ability to perform the ballistic stretch. shortening cycle (SSC) movement. The RDJ_&ltindex&gt consists of ability to jump higher (RDJt_a) and that to shorten the contact time (RDJt_c) in rebound drop jump (RDJ), a typical SSC movement. The former is affected by leg strength and counter movement jump ability but the factors affecting the latter case have not yet been well established. This study examined the factors to shorten the contact time with special reference to two important views, i.e. work done by the lower limb joints and anticipation of the landing. 1. Relationships between work done by the lower limb joints and RDJ_&ltindex&gt, RDJt_c, and RDJt_a in RDJ from height of 0.3m were examined in ten college male athletes. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of negative work at the ankle to total work done by the lower limb joints and RDJ_&ltindex&gt (r=0.726, p&lt0.05), and RDJt_c (r=-0.823, p&lt0.01) but not RDJt_a (r=0.226,ns). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the ratio of negative work at the ankle and maximum plantar flexion strength (r=-0.329,ns). These results suggested that the rate of energy absorption at the ankle joint in former contact phase was one important factor to shorten the contact time in RDJ but not affected by plantar flexion strength. 2. RDJ_&ltindex&gt, RDJt_c and RDJt_a in two RDJs with or without visual information to inhibit temporal and spatial anticipation of landing were compared in six college male athletes. As compared without and with visual information, RDJt_c was longer, RDJt_a was shorter and RDJ_&ltindex&gt was lower, significantly. These changes were greater in subjects showing the higher RDJ_&ltindex&gt than those showing the lower RDJ_&ltindex&gt. Furthermore, changes of RDJ_&ltindex&gt, RDJt_c and RDJt_a in series of nine RDJs without visual information at thirty seconds of rest intervals were compared between subject A showing high RDJ_&ltindex&gt and subject B showing low RDJ_&ltindex&gt. RDJt_c decreased and RDJt_a increased slightly, and RDJ_&ltindex&gt increased by repeated trials even without visual information in subject A but not in subject B. These results suggested that temporal and spatial anticipation of the landing were another important factors to shorten the contact time in RDJ. These finding seemed to be beneficial for establishing strength and power training methods for jumper and ballgame players who are required ballistic stretch-shortening cycle movement.

著者

Noriaki Usui Motoki Okumura Kazutoshi Kudo

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.19-26, 2018 (Released:2018-07-24)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2

---

To succeed in many sports, players must not only adjust their movements during execution in response to environmental changes, but also switch to different movements altogether. Previous studies have implicated executive functions in movement switching ability. We aimed to clarify expertise differences in movement adjustment and switching, and compared performance on three tasks of target striking between expert and intermediate kendo players as participants. Task 1 was a simple strike, whereby participants struck targets at one position; Task 2 was an adjusted strike, whereby participants struck targets at three positions in a random order. Task 3 was strike-defense switching, whereby participants struck targets as in Task 2 while were also required to switch to defense when an opponent made a counter-strike. That is, the participants were required accurate strike in Task 1 and 2 close to the kendo practices, and were required accurate strike and defense in Task 3 close to the real matches. We found no differences in strike movement time and accuracy in any of the tasks between groups. However, expert players were able to execute successful strike-defense switching in Task 3, whereas intermediate players were not. These results suggest that an expertise difference exists in executive functions, and that it is essential for players to practice focused on acquisition of switching skills in order to further improve their performance.

著者

池本 淳一

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.529-547, 2014

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper focuses on the position of "Ju-ken" matches and their promoter, Kenji Kano, in Japanese boxing history. A "Ju-ken" match was a match between a judoist and a boxer, and such bouts were held from the middle of the Taisho era to the early Showa era in Kobe, Tokyo and Osaka. The main organizer of these matches was the "International Ju-ken club", whose owner Kenji Kano was the nephew of Jigoro Kano. This study divides the history of Ju-ken into three periods, each with respective features.<br>   The first period was from October 1919 to April 1921. Ju-ken at this time was intended to reform judo into a competitive sport through fighting with boxing. Although judo had been well established at that time, it was facing a challenge due to loss of its spirit and form as a martial art during the process of sportification. Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo, was unhappy with this change. By studying boxing, karate, aikido, stick fighting and other martial arts, he aimed at creating a 'Martial Art Judo'. His nephew Kenji Kano pursued martial art-oriented judo as well, but his approach to reconstructing judo as a martial art was through mixed martial arts games, the "Ju-ken match".<br>   The middle period was from May 1921 to March 1925, when Ju-ken evolved into a spectator sport that encapsulated the struggle for superiority in terms of nationality and ethnicity. Because Kodokan prohibited their members from participating in any mixed-martial arts match from April 1921, Ju-ken became a spectator sport. In addition, after charity matches following the Great Kanto Earthquake, in order to bring more excitement to the game, Ju-ken heightened the opposition and rivalry based on the nationalities and ethnicities of the athletes.<br>   The final period was from April 1925 to August 1931, when Ju-ken changed into a show that was intended to provoke nationalistic emotions among the audience. After the development of "normal" boxing, Ju-ken held normal boxing matches in their games and adopted new boxing-like rules. These new rules and the point systems put foreign boxers at a disadvantage when fighting against Japanese judoists, ensuring that Japanese would always defeat foreigners.<br>   Finally, through assimilation of knowledge and focusing on boxing, this study argues that Ju-ken matches created a background for localization of modern boxing in Japan.<br>

著者

Mitsumasa Miyashita

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201733, (Released:2018-02-21)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this article was to review the representative research findings on the effects of walking in water on health-related responses from multiple points of view to elucidate the beneficial effects of walking in water on health for older people. Research findings on positive effects of walking exercises in water were identified and discussed in terms of biomechanics, cardiorespiratory responses, body composition, and brain circulation compared with walking exercise on land in young and older adults. Collectively, it was suggested that walking exercise in water would be a recommended form of exercise for older adults, especially with the use of walking poles (i.e. aqua-pole walking).

著者

Natsuki Sado Shinsuke Yoshioka Senshi Fukashiro

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.111-119, 2017 (Released:2018-02-15)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

15

---

We examine the advantages of a non-orthogonal joint coordinate system (JCS) in calculating each anatomical torque's power through comparison with a segment coordinate system (SCS) of the distal segment. To clarify the differences between coordinate systems, kinematic data were collected from 12 male participants swinging their legs laterally and anteriorly under two conditions: the toe facing forward and facing laterally. The mechanical power and work exerted by each hip anatomical torque in JCS and SCS were calculated. With the toe facing forward, there is no significant difference between the two methods. The largest energy generators were abduction torque for lateral swing and flexion torque for anterior swing. With the toe facing laterally, in JCS, these results were consistent for both lateral swing (abduction: 0.21±0.06 J/kg; flexion: 0.06±0.04 J/kg) and anterior swing (flexion: 0.35±0.09 J/kg; adduction: 0.01±0.01 J/kg). However, in SCS, the largest energy generator for lateral swing changed from abduction (0.08±0.07 J/kg) to flexion torque (0.22±0.12 J/kg). For anterior swing, the hip adduction torque generated as large energy (0.14±0.08 J/kg) as hip flexion torque (0.20±0.08 J/kg) in SCS. Therefore, although SCS resulted in an inconsistency between power generator and movement due to hip external rotation, JCS avoided it, regardless of leg position, allowing JCS to investigate the power generation/absorption of each anatomical torque, particularly during long axial rotation.

著者

Natsuki Sado Shinsuke Yoshioka Senshi Fukashiro

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201712, (Released:2017-10-11)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

15

---

We examine the advantages of a non-orthogonal joint coordinate system (JCS) in calculating each anatomical torque's power through comparison with a segment coordinate system (SCS) of the distal segment. To clarify the differences between coordinate systems, kinematic data were collected from 12 male participants swinging their legs laterally and anteriorly under two conditions: the toe facing forward and facing laterally. The mechanical power and work exerted by each hip anatomical torque in JCS and SCS were calculated. With the toe facing forward, there is no significant difference between the two methods. The largest energy generators were abduction torque for lateral swing and flexion torque for anterior swing. With the toe facing laterally, in JCS, these results were consistent for both lateral swing (abduction: 0.21 ± 0.06 J/kg; flexion: 0.06 ± 0.04 J/kg) and anterior swing (flexion: 0.35 ± 0.09 J/kg; adduction: 0.01 ± 0.01 J/kg). However, in SCS, the largest energy generator for lateral swing changed from abduction (0.08 ± 0.07 J/kg) to flexion torque (0.22 ± 0.12 J/kg). For anterior swing, the hip adduction torque generated as large energy (0.14 ± 0.08 J/kg) as hip flexion torque (0.20 ± 0.08 J/kg) in SCS. Therefore, although SCS resulted in an inconsistency between power generator and movement due to hip external rotation, JCS avoided it, regardless of leg position, allowing JCS to investigate the power generation/absorption of each anatomical torque, particularly during long axial rotation.

著者

Yoshikata Morimoto Koji Ito Takashi Kawamura Yukito Muraki

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

International Journal of Sport and Health Science (ISSN:13481509)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.238-246, 2003 (Released:2008-01-23)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2 9

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of assisted and resisted training using different weight balls on ball speed and accuracy in baseball pitching. Eight male university baseball players were assigned as subjects. The experiment used a standard 145-gram baseball and two heavier or lighter balls with weights increased or decreased by 10% respectively. The subjects were required to pitch these balls and/or standard ball either six or eighteen times under different training trial conditions: 1) pitching the weighted ball only, 2) pitching the lightened ball only, 3) pitching the standard ball only, and 4) pitching three kinds of balls in order of the weighted, standard and lightened balls. Immediately after each training trial, the standard ball was pitched five times respectively (test trial). The ball speed of each trial was measured with a speed gun, and the distance from the center of target to the position of the ball pitched on the target was calculated using a video digitizing system. The results are summarized as follows: 1) In the training trials, the ball speed increased as the ball weight was decreased. 2) In the test trials, immediately after pitching the lightened ball both six (6Atest) and eighteen times (18Atest), and the three different kinds of balls eighteen times (18Ctest), the ball speeds were seen to be significantly higher than that of other test trials (p<0.01). 3) Although there were no significant differences in the ball speed in the above three test trials, a relatively higher ball speed was observed in 18Atest. 4) As for the distance from the center of target to the position of the ball pitched on the target, there were no significant differences among any trials.

著者

坂本 拓弥

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.505-521, 2013

被引用文献数

3

---

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the formation process of body culture, i.e., gestures and behavior, of physical education teachers in Japan based on phenomenological body theory, and to present a theoretical basis for the most desirable "PE teacher identity". It has been pointed out that PE teacher body culture has a variety of influences on students. However, how a teacher acquires body culture has never been sufficiently considered. Therefore the paper focuses on the phenomenological body theory that suggests the relationship between habits and the perceptual experience of body culture formation.<br>   The main points of discussion are as follows:<br>   Previous studies have shown that the image of the PE teacher as a coach has been well established, and that clarification of the process of body culture formation is warranted. In previous studies, the body culture of PE teachers has been discussed mainly in terms of 'habitus'. However, it has not been clarified how individual PE teachers embody such a culture. Phenomenological body theory indicates that acquisition of habit involves reworking and renewal of the body schema through perception influenced by culture. Based on this, analysis of corporal punishment as a typical example of body culture in school athletic clubs can be used to clarify the model formation of PE teacher's body culture. PE teachers' thoughts and behavior are unconsciously formed as a "body schema" through experience of school athletic clubs where a coach's one-sided method of instruction is almost unconditionally accepted by students striving to acquire athletic success.<br>   In conclusion, "PE teacher identity" is formed on the basis of original body culture, and is embodied as a habit through unconscious processes. This is why PE teachers seldom notice their behavior, and thus do not change or improve it. It is only through a "body schema" and perceptual experience that a PE teacher's thoughts and behavior, "PE teacher identity", can be reconstructed. The possibility of PE teacher body theory can be established on the basis of this viewpoint.<br>