著者

二國 二郎

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.197-200, 1976-12-31 (Released:2011-02-23)

---

In 1961, the Nagoya National Hospital asked me to test starch-like substance excreted from granulating wounds of a female patient. This patient had been staying in the hospital since 1959 to heal an unknown disease. At first, granulating wounds appeared on her breasts and these wounds excreted white yellowish pus. Her breasts were cut off on suspicion of cancer. Then the wounds appared on her legs. One day, in 1961, a doctor of the hospital dropped iodine tincture on the pus and the pus stained deep blue. On April, 1961, I visited the Nagoya National Hospital, met the patient and obtained newly excreted pus from Dr. TAMURA. I isolated white granules from the pus. All physical and chemical tests indicated that the granules were raww starch granules with lamellar rings and cross polarization. These granules looked like wheat starch granules. During these experiments, I knew another peculiar female patient who had been excreting “cotton” from her wounds since 1957. In 1964, I visited Dr. TAZIRI's private hospital, Okayama prefecture, where she lived as a charity patient during 7 years. Dr. TAZIRI, a surgeon, showed me about 4 kg of cotton, which had been excreted from her wounds on arms and legs. Dr. TAZIRI offered me newly collected pus from her body. The main substance of the pus was small bundles of cotton as reported before by several observers. I reported the physical and chemical nature of these two kinds of excretion at the International Symposium on Carbohydrate Chemistry which was held in Munster on July, 1964. Thereafter I continued my effort to ascertain the cause of these two peculiar diseases, but as I am not a medical doctor, I asked many physicians, biochemists and bacteriologists to have interest on these diseases. At last, on April 12, 1966, we could invite the “cotton” patient to the hospital of Osaka University under permission of Dr. TAZIRI. The chief of this observation was Prof. SHIBA, a surgeon, of Osaka University. All clothes, curtains, sheets and bed mat of her room of the hospital had been changed to those made with synthetic fiber. Medical treatments and observations of all fields were performed by many professors of Osaka University. The patient continued to excrete cotton but the amount of cotton decreased day by day. Wounds were deep and a wound seemed to be connected with other wounds. On eleventh day, April 22., an X-ray observation of her whole body was done, and to our surprise, 8 sewing needles were found in her body. Dr. KANEKO, professor of psychiatry, diagnosed her as hysteria and he suggested that needles and cotton might be inserted into the wounds by herself, though the patient denied these insertions. Thus, our observation was interrupted and the patient was sent back to Dr. TAZIRI's hospital on April 25, without an exact conclusion. On this news, the Nagoya National Hospital decided to send back the "starch" patient to her parent suspecting the same case, because she liked crackers and biscuits and these cakes contained a considerable amount of raw state starch granules. After 8 years, I had a chance to trace the “cotton” disease. On May 9., 1974, I visited again Dr. TAZIRI. On this day, Dr. TAZIRI invited the former patient to his hospital for me. She became quite healthy and looked rather young though she became 50 years old. Dr. TAZIRI told me that, after our observation in Osaka University, she continued to excrete cotton, and Dr. TAZIRI asked to the hospital of Okayama University, his mother college, to accept the patient. She went to the hospital of Okayama University on July 29., 1966. She excreted a large amount of cotton every day during first 30 days. But, when the wounds were covered with gypsum bandage, the excretion of cotton decreased and the wounds healed gradually. After about 100 days, cotton was excreted only once per 10 or 20 days. She could return to her home on February 19., 1967.

著者

Motomitsu Kitaoka

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.4, pp.99-107, 2017-11-20 (Released:2017-11-20)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

8

---

3-Keto-levoglucosan (3ketoLG) has been postulated to be the product of a reaction catalyzed by levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH), a bacterial enzyme involved in the metabolism of levoglucosan (LG). To investigate the LG metabolic pathway catalyzed by LGDH, 3ketoLG is needed. However, 3ketoLG has not been successfully isolated from the LGDH reaction. This study investigated the ability of pyranose oxidase to convert LG into 3ketoLG by oxidizing the C3 hydroxyl group. During the oxidation of LG, 3ketoLG was spontaneously crystallized in the reaction mixture. Starting with 500 mM LG, the isolation yield of 3ketoLG was 80 %. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that a part of 3ketoLG dimerized in aqueous solution, explaining its poor solubility. Even under normal conditions, 3ketoLG was unstable in aqueous solution, with a half-life of 16 h at pH 7.0 and 30 °C. The decomposition proceeded through β-elimination of the C–O bonds at both C1 and C5, as evidenced by decomposition products. This instability explains the difficulty in obtaining 3ketoLG via the LGDH reaction.

著者

高橋 幸資 清水 ふさ子 白井 邦郎 和田 敬三

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.34-40, 1982

被引用文献数

3 1

---

比較的低水分食品中澱粉の糊化温度を熱分析で測定する目的で,米,ソバ,小麦粉生地およびこれらの加工食品とその単離澱粉の示差熱分析を行った.以下に実験結果を要約する. 1.米のDTA曲線は,単一の明瞭な吸熱ピークを示し,おのおのの単離澱粉のDTA曲線とは高温側に1~6℃ ずれている以外はきわめてよく似たパターンを示した.さらに吸熱ピークの過程で澱粉粒の偏光の消失を伴うことから澱粉の糊化を検出したものと判断した.ソバのDTA曲線は非常にブロードであったが,単離澱粉とはよく似ている.精白米を室温で3年間貯蔵すると約4℃ 糊化開始温度が上昇した. 2.モデル麺により小麦粉のDTAを行ってみると単離澱粉とよく似た曲線を示し,小麦粉中のタンパク質による吸熱シグナルはあっても小さいと考えた.しかし単離澱粉とは異なって塩化ナトリウムおよび炭酸アルカリの使用により糊化開始温度は上昇し,10%の使用量で5~9℃ 高まった. 3.加工食品の糊化開始温度は,スパグッティでは約59~60℃ で比較的低く,ソーメン,ヒヤムギ,ウドンでは約61~64℃ で,次に,中華麺では約63~65℃ と比較的高かった.この順序は製麺時の塩の使用量とよく一致する.ソバ麺の糊化開始温度は約63~65℃ であった.ビーフンの吸熱ピークは,ブロードで面積も小さく糊化開始温度も約50℃ と低かった. なお,本報告の大要は,昭和54年度日本栄養改善学会で発表した.

著者

Hayashi Mari Kodama Momoko Nakamura Yasunori Fujita Naoko

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

2015

被引用文献数

16

---

Starch is glucose polymer linked by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glucosidic bonds. The balance of activity between starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs) is important for formation of amylopectin structure. SSI and SSIIIa isozymes account for 60% and 30%, respectively, of soluble SS activity in developing rice endosperm. Complete loss of both SSI and SSIIIa activities induces sterility. By contrast, a double mutant (<i>ss1^L/ss3a</i>) generated by crossing the leaky <i>ss1</i> mutant, whose SS activity is approximately ca. 16% of the wild type, and the <i>ss3a</i> null mutant is fertile. Although there is only a significant residual SS activity in the developing endosperm of <i>ss1^L/ss3a</i>, the yield and growth of the double-mutant line is sufficient. We analyzed the amylopectin chain-length distribution, thermal and pasting properties, morphologies of starch granules and amyloplasts, and crystallinity of endosperm starch in <i>ss1^L/ss3a</i> and the parental mutant lines. The chain-length distribution pattern of <i>ss1^L/ss3a</i> was similar to that of <i>ss3a</i> and there was an additive effect of the reduction of SSI activity on the chain-length of amylopectin in the <i>ss3a</i> background. These changes in the amylopectin chain-length distribution were considered to increase the gelatinization temperature of the starch. The gelatinized starch viscosity of the double-mutant and <i>ss3a</i> lines was very low. Most <i>ss1^L/ss3a</i> starch granules were round-shaped, and the starch granular size was smaller than those of the parental mutant lines and the wild type. The starch crystallinity of <i>ss1^L/ss3a</i> was slightly reduced compared with that of the wild type.

著者

松本 圭介 小林 洋一 田村 なつ子 渡辺 常一 菅 辰彦

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.123-130, 1989-06-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

5 5

---

β-Galactosidases (lactases) from various origins give different kinds of linkage and size of oligosaccharides. In the first chapter, enzyme sources, mechanism of transgalactosylation reactions, and structures of oligosaccharides were briefly introduced. Galactooligosaccharides (TOS) which consist of tri, tetra-, penta-, and hexasaccharides were formed from lactose by transgalactosylation reactions of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase.TOS were a non-absorbable sugar and selectively utilized by all of the Bifidobacterium species in vitro. Administration of TOS caused remarkable increase in the number of Bifidobacterium and decrease in the number of Bacteroides in fecal flora. The improvement of intestinal microflora by TOS led to the suppression of putrefaction in the gut. It was concluded that TOS were a superior bifidus growth-promoting factor. For the large-scale production of TOS, the optimum conditions of transgalactosylation reactions and the manufacturing process were investigated. The amount of TOS were increased together with increase in initial lactose by A. oryzae S-galactosidase, and the maximum TOS formed were 30% by weight of total sugar. After transgalactosylation reactions with A .oryzae enzyme, second reactions with Streptococcus thermophilus β-galactosidase gave rise to TOS content and to sweetness, which were of a desirable sugar composition for food applications. A, oryzae β-galactosidase was immobilized by glutaraldehyde crosslinking on the ion-exchange resin for the continuous production of TOS. Half-life of this immobilized enzyme was 192 days at 55°C. High-grade TOS could be obtained from the reaction mixture by chromatographic separation with sodium-form cation-exchange resin.

著者

Yuki Sasaki Nami Togo Kanefumi Kitahara Kiyotaka Fujita

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.23-30, 2018-05-20 (Released:2018-05-20)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

5

---

β-L-Arabinopyranosidases are classified into the glycoside hydrolase family 27 (GH27) and GH97, but not into GH36. In this study, we first characterized the GH36 β-L-arabinopyranosidase BAD_1528 from Bifidobacterium adolescentis JCM1275. The recombinant BAD_1528 expressed in Escherichia coli had a hydrolytic activity toward p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-L-arabinopyranoside (Arap) and a weak activity toward pNP-α-D-galactopyranoside (Gal). The enzyme liberated L-arabinose efficiently not from any oligosaccharides or polysaccharides containing Arap-β1,3-linkages, but from the disaccharide Arap-β1,3-L-arabinose. However, we were unable to confirm the in vitro fermentability of Arap-β1,3-Ara in B. adolescentis strains. The enzyme also had a transglycosylation activity toward 1-alkanols and saccharides as acceptors.

著者

小島 隆寿

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.177-182, 1986

被引用文献数

1

---

食用油脂である菜種油およびラードを馬鈴薯澱粉およびコーンスターチに対し10-150%添加し, 15%澱粉濃度付近のゲルについて, 膨潤, 糊化の状態, ゲル強度さらに低温保存時の影響について調べ次のことがわかった.<br>1) 馬鈴薯澱粉では, 85℃, 30分の加熱処理で, 油脂添加により膨潤, 糊化が抑制された.<br>2) ゴーンスターチでは, 油脂添加量が10-30%の範囲で, ゲル強度の上昇効果が認められた. 油脂の添加により, 澱粉の膨潤糊化が進んだためと考えられる.<br>3) 油脂添加量が50%を超えると, 両澱粉ともゲル強度は低下した, 油脂の添加量が多くなると, ゲルの構築が阻害され, ゲル強度は弱くなるものと考えられる.<br>以上の知見は, 油脂含量の多い加工食品, たとえばハンバーグ, シュウマイ, ギョウザなどに応用できると考えられる.

著者

Hitomi Ichinose Kentaro Suzuki Mari Michikawa Haruna Sato Masahiro Yuki Kei Kamino Wataru Ogasawara Shinya Fushinobu Satoshi Kaneko

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jag.JAG-2017_018, (Released:2017-12-29)

被引用文献数

9

---

Highly thermostable β-mannanase, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 7, was purified from the culture supernatant of Talaromyces trachyspermus B168 and the cDNA of its transcript was cloned. The recombinant enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 4.5 and 85 °C. It retained more than 90 % of its activity below 60 °C. Obtaining the crystal structure of the enzyme helped us to understand the mechanism of its thermostability. An antiparallel β-sheet, salt-bridges, hydrophobic packing, proline residues in the loops, and loop shortening are considered to be related to the thermostability of the enzyme. The enzyme hydrolyzed mannans such as locust bean gum, carob galactomannan, guar gum, konjac glucomannan, and ivory nut mannan. It hydrolyzed 50.7 % of the total mannans from coffee waste, producing mannooligosaccharides. The enzyme has the highest optimum temperature among the known fungal β-mannanases and has potential for use in industrial applications.

著者

稲葉 光治

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.107-111, 1984-06-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

7

---

As studied on the metabolism of arachidonic acid cascade, the physiological significance of prostaglandins (PGs) and other metabolites has been dissolved. In the present paper, the basic studies on the dosage form containing PGs and thei stabilization are summarized. There are two difficult problems when we design the PG formulation, namely the stabilization for unstable PGs and content uniformity for the formulation containing small quantity of PGs. These problems are dissolved by using of cyclodextrin (CD) to make complex with PGs. And these PG-CD complexes show improvement of solubility, chemical stability and bioavailability. At present, CD polymer, methylated CD, substance consisting of 10-20 glucose units and other CD analogues have been studied. In the near future, CD analogues having both properties stabilization and long lasting release will be developed.

著者

Akira Yamamori Yusuke Takata Eri Fukushi Jun Kawabata Hideki Okada Naoki Kawazoe Keiji Ueno Shuichi Onodera Norio Shiomi

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.4, pp.123-127, 2017-11-20 (Released:2017-11-20)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

A fermented beverage of plant extracts (Super Ohtaka®) was prepared from about 50 kinds of fruits and vegetables. This natural fermentation was performed by yeast (Zygosaccharomyces spp. and Pichia spp.) and lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc spp.) and resulted in the production of a novel fructopyranose-containing saccharide, which was subsequently isolated using carbon-Celite column chromatography and preparative-HPLC. The structure of the saccharide was determined using MALDI-TOF MS and NMR, and the saccharide was identified as β-D-fructopyranosyl-(2→6)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-α-D-glucopyranoside. This is the first description of this novel saccharide and its isolation from a natural source.

著者

藤本 滋生 杉村 和道 中島 修一 菅沼 俊彦 永浜 伴紀

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

澱粉科学 (ISSN:00215406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.3, pp.166-173, 1981-06-30 (Released:2011-02-23)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

5 6

---

1.ウリ科のカラスウリ(塊根)とキカラスウリ(塊根),およびサトイモ科のムサシアブミ(塊茎)とクワズイモ(根茎)よりそれぞれ生組織に対し12%,1 .3%,5%,4%の澱粉を得た. 2.サツマイモ澱粉を対照とし,それぞれの澱粉につき,一般分析のほか,顕微鏡観察,粒径分布,X線回折ヨウ素呈色,生澱粉のグルコアミラーゼ消化,膨潤力,溶解度,アミログラフィー等の項目について測定し,その特性を考察した. 3.カラスウリ澱粉は小形で全リン酸含量がきわめて高く,膨潤力やアミログラム粘度も高いことなどから,強固な粒構造をもっていることが示唆された.キカラスウリ澱粉はきわめて精製が容易で,性質はジャガイモ澱粉に比較的似たものであった.ムサシアブミ澱粉は多くの点でサツマイモ澱粉に酷似していることがわかった.またクワズイモ澱粉は,粒径1~2μmの微小粒のため遠心分離が必要であり,さらに混在するシュウ酸カルシウムの針状結晶を溶解するために希塩酸を用いた.その性質は,アミロース含量がきわめて少なく,糊化しやすく,膨潤力が大きかった., 本報告の一部は,昭和46年度および55年度の日本澱粉学会大会ならびに昭和55年度の日本農芸化学会西日本支部大会で発表した.なお,本研究には,鹿児島大学名誉教授蟹江松雄博士のご鞭撻と,本学学生の佐々木弘美,久保豊,久保田力の諸君の協力をいただいた.付記し謝意を表する.

著者

鈴木 幸雄 金 永會 内田 絅 高見 正明

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

応用糖質科学 (ISSN:13403494)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.273-282, 1996-06-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

17

---

The enzymatic glycosylation and phosphatidylation of biologically active compounds are described. Aromatic, monoterpene, and indole alcohols (benzyl alcohol and its related alcohols, geraniol, citronellol, f arnesol, geranyl-geraniol, and tryptophol) were glycosylated when these alcohols and cellobiose (or lactose) were incubated with Aspergillus niger R-glucosidase (or A, oryzae f-galactosidase), and all β-glycosylated compounds of these alcohols were odorless. A purified cyclo maltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus stearothermophilus was found to catalyze the transfer reaction of the glucosyl residue from dextrin not only to CH2OH groups of the acceptors such as benzyl alcohol and its related alcohols, riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (PN), thiamin (B1), and n-butyl alcohols with high efficiency, but also to the OH group at the inositol moiety of kasugamycin, at the C-4 positions of glucose moieties of ginsenosides Rc and. Rg1, and of n-octyl-a (Q) -glucoside at the C-3 position of fructose, and also to the OH group of sec- and tert-butyl alcohols, quercetin, and aromatic hydroxy compounds (vanillin, ethyl vanillin, phenol, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, gallic acid, protocatechuicacid, sesamol) at a considerable efficiency, resulting all α-glucosides of these compounds except quercetin were isolated in crystalline and powder forms and characterized. B. stearothermophilus CGTase had relatively broad acceptor specificity. α-Glucosylated compounds of aromatic alcohols, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and B1 were odorless. All glucosylated antioxidants were much more stable than aglycones against the oxidation by peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Phospholipase D from Streptomyces sp. (PLD) was observed to be highly active in transferring he dipalmitoylphosphatidyl (DPP-) residue from 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to the CH2OH group in the acceptors such as vitamins (B1, B2, PN, pantothenic acid, B1 disulfide-related compounds), arbutin, kojic acid, genipin, and dihydroxyacetone in a biphasic system. DPP-arbutin and DPP-kojic acid showed the same inhibitory activity to tyrosinase as arbutin and kojic acid, respectively. DPP-genipin showed 6-52 times stronger cytotoxity than genipin to HeLa, HEL, and MT-4 cells. DPP-genipin was found to react with L-phenylalanine in organic solvents to give a clear blue solution having a similar color to an aqueous solution of the natural blue pigment "gardenia blue." This is the first example for the preparation of hydrophobic pigment from a phosphatidyl derivative of a water soluble compound. Moreover, the PLD was first found to bring about the transfer of DPP-residue from DPPC to aromatic hydroxy group of acceptors such as various phenols, naphthol, and 5-hydroxyindole in a biphasic system of an organic solvent with low water solubility and buffer. Immobilized PLD with Amberlite IRC-50 retained 74% of its initial activity after 10 times-repeated batch reaction for DPPcompound synthesis.

著者

Marie S. Møller Darrell Cockburn Jonas W. Nielsen Johanne M. Jensen Malene B. Vester-Christensen Morten M. Nielsen Joakim M. Andersen Casper Wilkens Julie Rannes Per Hägglund Anette Henriksen Maher Abou Hachem Martin Willemoës Birte Svensson

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jag.JAG-2012_023, (Released:2013-03-21)

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Certain enzymes interact with polysaccharides at surface binding sites (SBSs) situated outside of their active sites. SBSs are not easily identified and their function has been discerned in relatively few cases. Starch degradation is a concerted action involving GH13 hydrolases. New insight into barley seed α-amylase 1 (AMY1) and limit dextrinase (LD) includes i) kinetics of bi-exponential amylopectin hydrolysis by AMY1, one reaction having low Km (8 µg/ml) and high kcat (57 s-1) and the other high Km (97 µg/ml) and low kcat (23 s-1). β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) inhibits the first reaction by binding to an SBS (SBS2) on domain C with Kd = 70 µM, which for the SBS2 Y380A mutant increases to 1.4 mM. SBS2 thus has a role in the fast, high-affinity component of amylopectin degradation. ii) The N-terminal domain of LD, the debranching enzyme in germinating seeds, shows distant structural similarity with domains including CBM21 present in other proteins and involved in various molecular interactions, but no binding site identity. LD is controlled by barley limit dextrinase inhibitor (LDI) which belongs to the cereal-type inhibitor family and forms a tight 1:1 complex with LD. iii) LDI in turn is regulated by disulfide reduction mediated by the barley thioredoxin h (trxh) NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) system. Based on the progress monitored by released free thiol groups from LDI and its failure to inhibit LD as elicited by trxh, the LDI inactivation is proposed to stem from loss of structural integrity due to reduction of all four disulfides.