2 0 0 0 OA イスラームと輪廻転生観 タナースフ及びタカンムスに見られる輪廻転生
- 著者
- 宇野 昌樹
- 出版者
- 一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会
- 雑誌
- オリエント (ISSN:00305219)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.38, no.2, pp.88-102, 1995 (Released:2010-03-12)
“Tanasukh” and “Taqammus”, are terms that mean metempsychosis in Arabic. This concept is accepted by the Alawite and the Druze, but rejected by the Sunnis, who considered this concept as heretical and those who believe in the concept as heretics. There is some debate among scholars about the origins and the exact meanings of terms “Tanasukh” and “Taqammus”. The former derives from a Koranic reference to “the conception of the soul”. It has been interpreted by the method of the Isma'ili Shia doctrine of “Batin”. Finally, although “Tanasukh” predates “Taqammus”, both have apocalyptic overtones referring to the reincarnation of the Mahdi and the so-called “Day of Judgment”.
- 著者
- 宇野 昌樹
- 出版者
- 日本中東学会
- 雑誌
- 日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.12, pp.217-243, 1997
There is a mountainous region, covered by volcanic rocks called Jabal Druze, situated approximately 80km south-east from Damascus, the capital of Syria. This region is inhabited almost entirely by Druze people and is the largest center for the Druze in Syria, and an important stronghold of the Druze in the Middle East. It was from the end of the 17th century to the early 18th century that the Druze built their community in this region, which seemed to be waste land. However, only since the early 19th century have the Druze people increased their population rapidly and established their influence. In 1861, the name "Jabal Druze" was first mentioned officially as a place name in Ottoman documents. The establishment and the expansion of the Druze community in Jabal Druze were impelled by the Druze settlers (newcomers), who came from other regions beginning in the 19th century. Their arrival affected the preexisting community in Jabal Druze in diverse ways. In short, on one hand, the migration of the Druze led to the establishment and expansion of the communal society. On the other hand, the Druze community has experienced a large social change due to the rapid expansion of the population. The following examples will serve to highlight these social changes. First, the prominent family, which had dominated the Druze community since its early establishment in Jabal Druze, lost its leading position, and has been replaced by a new prominent family. In short, the expansion of the community played an important role in destroying the relations among existing powers. Second, the leading religious class was formed. It is well known that there is a hierarchy, like Sheikh 'Aql, 'Uqqal and Juhhal, in their religious establishment. But it seems that the leading religious class as a Sheikh 'Aql did not exist before the 19th century, but only since the 19th century. It seems that the appearance of the leading religious class occurred because of the growing population of the Druze and the development of the Druze community. But the most rapid social change inside the Druze community may be the growth of the difference between the rich and poor peasants'. That is to say, the society differentiated deeply between "haves" and "have-nots" (holders and nonholders) by the increasing of the population. Although in 1889, many Druze peasants rose in revolt on a large scale (the so-called "Ammiya"), it seems that the main cause of the revolt were the rapid social changes created by the artificial increase of the population due to migration. The main motives of this article are to examine the following points: one is how the increase of the population brought the social changes through the Druze migration to Jabal Druze during the 19th century. The other is how the social changes affected the outbreak of the Druze peasants' revolt.
1 0 0 0 アラブ世界におけるネットワーク型社会システムの維持メカニズム
本研究は、アラブ世界の様々な分野の人間関係の現状を分析することによって、社会全体を貫くネットワーク・システムの維持メカニズムを実証的に検証することを目的とした。その際、政治的・経済的・社会的・文化的環境、およびネットワークの内的意味世界の解明を分析の2本の柱とした。まず、ほとんどの調査地域においてこの十年ほどのあいだに急激な社会変化が生じていることが確認できた。政治・経済状況の悪化や社会格差の拡大、そして欧米を基準とした価値指標の浸透がもたらした閉塞感の蔓延などである。そうした現象に対応するように、ネットワークの地理的範囲や人の移動のパターンにも少なからぬ変化が見られたが、人間関係の保ち方自体に変化はほとんどなく、むしろ不安が増している社会状況に対処するために、これまで以上にネットワーク構築の重要性が増大しているという認識を得た。またネットワークの内的意味世界に関しては、同時代の人間関係のみならず、すでに死去した過去の世代の人間も重要なネットワーク・ポイントに組み込まれているという重要な発見をした。ネットワーク構築の適用範囲は現在だけでなく過去へも拡大されているのである。現代の地平へ伸びた人間関係のベクトルと、過去へと伸びたベクトルとがひとつに融合されて、「いま・ここ」という変化の渦中にある生活世界の中で、人間関係が柔軟・多様かつ強靱に機能するというしくみこそが、ネットワーク型社会システムの維持メカニズムの核心を成すとの認識を得た。この知見は、政治学や経済学、社会学といった「現代学」のみならず、過去をすでに終わってしまったものとして扱う歴史学に対しても、その姿勢を根本から問い直す重大な契機となるはずである。