著者
廣瀬 憲雄
出版者
公益財団法人史学会
雑誌
史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.118, no.7, pp.1306-1329, 2009-07-20

This article examines diplomatic protocol from the latter half of the Tang to the Northern Song period by comparing the political system during each respective period, in order to trace the change of the Chinese World Order. The examination of the late Tang period discovers that 1) before AD 759, the diplomatic protocol was based on the provisions contained in Da-Tang Kaiyuan Li 大唐開元礼, and 2) after which a political system based on new principles was established, showing that changes in diplomatic protocol were closely related to changes in political system. The examination of the Northern Song period discovers that 1) with the exception of Khitan 契丹, the diplomatic protocol was observed as a part of the political system (the dui 対 system), and 2) the diplomatic protocol pertaining to Khitan, which was treated as an equal relationship, was not directly related to the dui system. Concerning the foreign countries treated as sovereign-subject relationship, Chinese dynasty continued to observe diplomatic protocols closely related to the current political systems, despite drastic changes in actual international relations between the late Tang and Northern Song period, and thus maintained the intention to preserve the Chinese World Order. On the other hand, with the appearance of Khitan as an equal relationship, the diplomatic protocol with no relation to the political system came into existence, thus bringing about changes in the Chinese World Order.
著者
廣瀬 憲雄
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.116, no.3, pp.365-383, 2007-03-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

This article examines Japan's formal hierarchical relations with the kingdoms of Silla and Palhae through an analysis of diplomatic source materials. The author offers a new approach to the study of diplomatic source materials by treating them as formal correspondence distinguished according to office or social rank (shogi) and identifying them in terms of how they express levels of decorum. From the Enryaku era (782-) on, Japan's attitude towards both Sillae and Palhae was characterized by a refusal to express subordination to either. This attitude helped stabilize relations with Palhae, on the one hand, since Palhae recognized Japan's superiority due to its ongoing conflict with Silla and the weakening of its royal family. On the other hand, Japan's attitude resulted in a cessation of relations with Silla, due to the Korean kingdom's demand to be dealt with as a diplomatic equal. Concerning the hierarchical character of diplomatic documents exchanged between Japan and Palhae from the Enryaku era on, Japan's attitude as expressed in its correspondence, looked upon Palhae in a superior manner, but not as a tributary or vassal state, while Palhae recognized Japan's superior position, but, again, not in sovereign and subject relationship. The author concludes that such a relationship developed out of mutual compromise, indicating the existence of no great disequilibrium in the balance of diplomatic power wielded by the two parties in their relations. Here we discover a new way of looking at diplomatic relations in ancient East Asia as hierarchical in character without being tied to conditions of subservience like vassalage or tribute. Similar examples include the relations developed by the Tang Dynasty with such entities as the Turk Qaranate, the Uighurs, and Tibet.
著者
廣瀬 憲雄
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
特別研究員奨励費
巻号頁・発行日
2007

本年度の研究目標は、特に隋代から宋代にかけて東アジア諸勢力間の外交関係として散見される「擬制親族関係」に注目して、東アジア地域の外交関係を検討することに加え、特別研究員としての研究成果全体をもとに、外交を通じた東アジア地域の連関を明らかにして、日本史を中心にした各国・各地域の歴史を、「東アジア」という地域の中に改めて位置付け直すことである。まず前者に関しては、以前に行った隋・唐代、および日本-渤海間の擬制親族関係についての予備的な検討をもとにして、時期を宋代にまで広げ、対象も中国王朝と西方・北方の諸勢力間や、日本-渤海間以外にも広げて擬制親族関係の事例を集積して、東アジア地域における実際の外交関係の全体像を明らかにした。その結果、従来説かれてきた日本・中国・朝鮮を中心とする、いわゆる「東アジア世界」に関しても、より広く中国の北方・西方を加えた「東部ユーラシア」という視点や、より狭く日本と朝鮮の類似性に注目するなど、複数の枠組を利用することで、より多様な理解が可能であることを提示した。また後者に関しては、宋代の外交文書・外交儀礼についての新たな研究を土台として、来る5月に歴史学研究会日本古代史部会において、「倭国・日本史と東部ユーラシア-6~13世紀における政治的連関再考-」と題する大会報告を行う機会を与えられた。当該報告では、従来「東アジア」という地域設定のもとに、西嶋定生・石母田正両氏の枠組で説明されてきた、7・8世紀を中心とする「東アジアの中の日本(史)」に対して、「東部ユーラシア」という新たな地域設定と、宋代を加えた新たな時期設定から再検討を加えていく。さらにこの作業を通じて、日本史も含めた広域の地域世界像についても言及していく予定である。最後に、今年度は中華人民共和国・北京大学中国古代史研究中心主催の国際シンポジウムに招かれ、本研究全体を通じた重要な検討課題である、日本-渤海関係の報告を行ったことを付記しておきたい。