著者

穴井 千里 宮縁 育夫 宇津木 充 吉川 慎 望月 伸竜 渋谷 秀敏 大倉 敬宏

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.171-186, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-29)

参考文献数

29

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Nakadake volcano, the current active center of the Aso central cones (Kyushu), is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It has been active since ca. 22-21 cal ka, and has formed the old edifice (22-21 cal ka), the young edifice (around 5 cal ka) and the youngest pyroclastic cone (until present). The lava flows from the young edifice spread on the flank of the volcano several times around 5 cal ka. These lavas are supposed to give stratigraphic markers for constructing the eruptive history of Nakadake volcano, but the similarity in chemical composition and lithology hampers distinguishing and correlating them. We have conducted a paleomagnetic study to distinguish and correlate the lavas since the paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) provides a high-resolution age information. If lava units have a temporal difference of more than 50 years, they could be distinguished by their paleomagnetic directions. The samples were collected from 9 lava flows and 8 agglutinate layers (welded scoria-fall deposits) and were subjected to the paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic measurements. These samples, from visual inspection, appear to be influenced by chemical alteration in the surface of the outcrop by sulfides of volcanic gases. To check a rock-magnetic effect of the chemical alteration of the lavas and agglutinates, thermomagnetic analyses were made on chip samples from the top (surface of rock) and bottom (inside of rock) of the collected paleomagnetic cores. The thermomagnetic analyses indicate that the core top and bottom samples show the same behaviors, in spite of the difference in color, and the carriers of magnetization of each core are titanium rich (titanium content, x, is about 0.6) and poor (x is about 0.1-0.2) titanomagnetites. The natural remanent magnetization of each sample shows a simple, single vector component in alternating field demagnetization experiments, which well defines the primary component. Site mean directions can be categorized into three different direction groups. These data suggest that the eruption producing lava flows and/or agglutinates occurred at three different ages. Furthermore, the paleomagnetic directions of one group is not consistent with the directions of the eruptive ages of Nakadake young edifice assigned from the previous stratigraphic studies. Comparing these directions with the paleomagnetic secular variation curve which has been drawn from basaltic volcanoes in the northwestern part of Aso central cones, the ages of the direction groups can be assigned to around 6.0-4.3 cal ka and 3.5 cal ka, respectively. This result demonstrates that paleomagnetic studies can greatly contribute for establishing the eruptive histories of volcanos.

著者

長谷川 健 柴田 翔平 小林 哲夫 望月 伸竜 中川 光弘 岸本 博志

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.187-210, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-29)

参考文献数

57

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Based on detailed fieldwork, petrological and paleomagnetic investigations, we present a revised stratigraphy of deposits from the 7.6 ka eruption at Mashu volcano and the formation process of its summit caldera, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. As previously described, the eruption products consist of an initial phreatomagmatic unit (Ma-j) and the overlying three pumice-fall layers (Ma-i, -h, and -g), which are in turn overlain by pyroclastic-flow deposits (Ma-f). In the present study, we divide Ma-f into 4 subunits: Ma-f1/2, Ma-fAc, Ma-f3a and Ma-f3b in descending order. Ma-f3b is a valley-ponding, pumice-flow deposit with limited distribution. Ma-f3a comprises clast-supported facies (fines-depleted ignimbrite: FDI) and matrix-supported (normal ignimbrite) facies, the two changing across topography. The FDI is characterized by a gray, fines-depleted, lithic-breccia-rich layer with materials incorporated from the substrate. Impact sag structures from large (>50 cm) dacite ballistic blocks were recognized at the base of the Ma-f3a within 10 km from the source. Ma-fAc is a minor eruption unit consisting of accretionary lapilli. Ma-f1/2 is a most voluminous (8.8 km3), widely distributed and weakly stratified ignimbrite. Both Ma-f3a and Ma-f1/2 can be classified as “low aspect ratio ignimbrite (LARI)”. Dacite lithic fragments are ubiquitously observed throughout the sequence and are not considered to be juvenile; they have distinctly different chemical compositions from the pumice fragments in the early pumice-fall (Ma-g~Ma-i) and pyroclastic-flow (Ma-f3b) deposits, but those of pumice clasts in the late pyroclastic-flow units (Ma-f3a and Ma-f2) lie between the two on a FeO*/MgO vs. SiO2 diagram. The 7.6 ka caldera-forming eruption of the Mashu volcano was initiated by Plinian fall (Ma-j~-g), and then, a small-volume high aspect ratio ignimbrite (Ma-f3b) was deposited by a valley-confined pyroclastic flow that was generated by partial column collapse. After that, a violent pyroclastic flow was generated probably during a strong explosion of a dacite lava edifice on the summit of Mashu volcano. This flow emplaced Ma-f3a. The caldera collapse that followed the explosion generated a climactic pyroclastic flow that emplaced Ma-f1/2. Ma-f3a flow was extremely fast. Ma-f1/2 flow was related to sustained flow due to low settling velocity and high discharge volume. These are supported by field observations and numerical simulation that shows the ability of the flow to surmount high topographic obstacles and spread widely. The 7.6 ka caldera-forming process of Mashu volcano was driven not only by subsidence of roof block but also by violent explosions.

著者

石川 尚人 東野 伸一郎 吉村 令慧 望月 伸竜 加々島 慎一

出版者

京都大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2017-04-01

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本研究は、大陸リフトから海洋底拡大へと現在進行しているエチオピア・アファール凹地において、近年拡大現象が起こったDabbahu Riftとその周辺域を対象に、陸上での電磁気探査、地表溶岩流の岩石学的・古地磁気学的解析、無人小型飛行機による航空磁気探査を行い、プレート拡大軸域の磁気異常の分布と構造、その形成過程を明らかにすることを目的としている。今年度は10月22日~11月5日にエチオピアに渡航し、Dabbahu Riftの南方約40kmの地点にリフトの延長方向に直交する測線(約60km)をとり、MT探査(14地点、約6時間観測)と溶岩流からの試料採取(古地磁気解析用18地点53個、岩石学的解析用10地点22個)を行った(現地調査6日間)。MT探査から、測線中央部の地下約4km以深に熱源の存在を示唆する低比抵抗域、その両側には高比抵抗域があることがわかった。同測線で2016年に行った磁場探査のデータ解析から、測線中央部に負、その両側に正の異常がある長周期の磁気異常が確認された。以上から、測線中央部を軸とする拡大現象による上記の磁気異常の形成が示唆された。溶岩流の古地磁気学的解析から、測線東端は逆帯磁、他は正帯磁の残留磁化もち、測線中央部ほど磁化強度が強いこと、上記の磁気異常に重なる短周期の磁気異常の変動が溶岩流の磁化強度の強弱を反映していることがわかった。岩石学的解析から、溶岩流が中央海嶺玄武岩であり、測線中央部からの距離に応じ化学組成が系統的に変化することがわかった。航空磁気探査のため、無人飛行機と磁気センサシステムの製作・調整を行った。また無人飛行機の持込・使用の許可を得るために、エチオピアの関係機関と同国の研究協力者を通じて渡航時を含め折衝し、2018年夏頃に許可が得られる見通しとなった。以上から次年度からの航空磁気探査の実施の目処がたった。