著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.1, pp.27-39, 2019-03-31 (Released:2019-03-31)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Wegner (1987) demonstrated that thoughts about white bears are facilitated by instructions not to think about white bears. This phenomenon is widely known as the ironic process theory, and it applies to cognitive tasks as well as motor tasks. Many studies have been conducted on ironic errors in the domain of motor performance. However, there are only a few old reviews providing a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. In this review of selected 17 articles, we classified these articles into experimental verification of ironic errors in motor performance, ironic errors when performing motor tasks under pressure, and mechanisms of ironic errors in motor performance in the viewpoints of attentional capacity and eye movement. We also reviewed articles reporting experimental verification of errors in the opposite direction (overcompensation), including the mechanisms of such errors. Finally, based on the results of the review, we have suggested the implications of ironic errors for future studies in sport psychology. This review is expected to provide a systematic understanding of applications of ironic processing theory in the domain of motor performance and contribute to future studies on this topic.

著者

柄木田 健太 田中 美吏 稲田 愛子

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021-2103, (Released:2021-11-13)

参考文献数

73

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Many athletes suffer from yips, which is defined as “a psycho-neuromuscular movement disorder, which affects sports in which fine motor precision skills (Clarke et al., 2015, p. 156).” Yips is one reason for significant performance decrements in sports. Several case studies, surveys, and experimental studies have been conducted to clarify this phenomenon. These studies can increase the understanding of yips and help athletes, coaches, and practitioners improve this problem during practice and competitions. Therefore, we reviewed 62 articles published from 1981 to 2021 reporting assessment, symptoms, and treatments of yips in sports. As a result, we identified four types of assessments: (1) self-assessments, (2) observations by others, (3) kinematic and physiological assessments using motion capture and electromyography, and (4) responding to assessment scales. The studies were also categorized in terms of symptoms, as psychological (e.g., anxiety, attention, and personality) and physio-behavioral (e.g., kinematics, muscular activity, and brain activity). The studies on yips treatment could be classified into imagery techniques, pharmacotherapy, and other psychological skills. Furthermore, specific studies indicated post-traumatic psychological growth through yips experiences. The implications of these studies for future research on yips are discussed based on this review.

著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-1803, (Released:2019-02-06)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Wegner (1987) demonstrated that thoughts about white bears are facilitated by instructions not to think about white bears. This phenomenon is widely known as the ironic process theory, and it applies to cognitive tasks as well as motor tasks. Many studies have been conducted on ironic errors in the domain of motor performance. However, there are only a few old reviews providing a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. In this review of selected 17 articles, we classified these articles into experimental verification of ironic errors in motor performance, ironic errors when performing motor tasks under pressure, and mechanisms of ironic errors in motor performance in the viewpoints of attentional capacity and eye movement. We also reviewed articles reporting experimental verification of errors in the opposite direction (overcompensation), including the mechanisms of such errors. Finally, based on the results of the review, we have suggested the implications of ironic errors for future studies in sport psychology. This review is expected to provide a systematic understanding of applications of ironic processing theory in the domain of motor performance and contribute to future studies on this topic.

著者

田中 美吏

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.1-15, 2014 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

71

被引用文献数

1

---

It is known that many athletes competing in various sports are likely to experience impaired motor performance under psychological pressure. Numerous studies have been conducted to clarify and overcome this problem, which impacts on various motor skills, and a variety of results have been reported. In this review, in order to exclude the influence of task-specific differences on interpretation of the results, experimental studies of the golf-putting task, which has been most widely used in previous studies of motor behavior under pressure, published between 1992 and 2013 were systematically reviewed by categorizing them into the following research paradigms: (1) Explanations of reduced performance under pressure in terms of attentional foci and attentional capacity, including the conscious processing hypothesis and distraction hypothesis. (2) Studies of psychological, physiological, and behavioral symptoms manifested under pressure, especially studies of cognitive and emotional processes in the psychological domain, arousal in the physiological domain, and performance outcome, kinematics, force control, and eye movement in the behavioral domain. (3) Studies investigating methods for preventing pressure-related performance loss, such as those involving quiet eye training for optimal eye movement, and manipulation of attentional focusing to prevent an increased internal focus of attention under pressure. It is suggested that the theoretical background developed in this review would be useful for gaining scientific knowledge about sports performance under psychological pressure from a wide range of perspectives on motor behavior.

著者

島谷 康司 田中 美吏 金井 秀作 大塚 彰 沖 貞明 関矢 寛史

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.6, pp.721-725, 2008 (Released:2009-01-28)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

3 1

---

[目的]本研究の目的は,くぐり動作を用いて,発達障害児と健常児の障害物への身体接触を比較検証することであった。[対象]5~6歳の健常児と発達障害児,各9名を対象とした。[方法]課題は7種類の遊具と高さの異なる6つのバーを交互に設置したコースを通り抜けることであった。障害物との接触回避に関する注意喚起を与えない条件,接触回避を与える条件,そして接触回避および早く移動することを促す条件の3条件を設け,それぞれ1試行ずつ行わせた。[結果]発達障害児は健常児に比べて,条件に関わらず接触頻度が高かった。また,発達障害児は腰部の接触頻度が高かった。[結語]発達障害児の接触の多さは,注意の欠陥が原因ではないと考えられる。また,視覚フィードバックを随時利用して,接触しないようにくぐり動作を行うことが困難な状況において身体接触が多いことから,身体特性情報に基づく行為の見積もりの不正確さが,発達障害児の身体接触の多さの原因であることを示唆した。

著者

企画代表者(Representative Organizer):野村 理朗話題提供者(Speaker):野村 理朗 小池 光 田中 美吏 高橋 英之指定討論者(Discussant):岡田 猛司会者(Chair):野村 理朗

雑誌

日本心理学会第87回大会

巻号頁・発行日

2023-08-03

著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太 村山 孝之 田中 ゆふ 五藤 佳奈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17120, (Released:2018-04-16)

参考文献数

54

---

Motor behavior couples with several types of environmental information perceived by actors. The phenomenon by which perceptions are distorted by the psychological state of an actor, including motivation, desire, and anxiety, is known as dynamic perception, and many athletes experience this under the psychological pressure of competition. The effects of pressure on the perception of target size before (pre-performance judgement) and after (post-performance judgement) a dart-throwing task and the relationship between size perception and performance outcome in the task were investigated experimentally. Healthy novice female university students (N=20) participated in the experiment. Pressure manipulations included performance contingent competitive cash rewards and comparative others. The results indicated that psychological and physiological stress responses were successfully induced, as indexed by significant increases in state anxiety and heart rate under pressure. Moreover, there were no significant differences in pre- and post-performance size perception between pressure and nonpressure conditions in all participants. However, participants with reduced throwing accuracy under pressure, as compared with non-pressure, perceived the target to be smaller under pressure in post-performance judgement. It is possible that attentional change including conscious processing and distraction, as well as kinematic changes, led to a decrement of motor skills performance that might have caused perceptual distortion under pressure. Exploratory multiple regression analysis to identify factors leading to perceptual distortions of target size under pressure indicated that participants reporting larger trait anxiety judged the target to be smaller in only preperformance judgement.

著者

島谷 康司 田中 美吏 金井 秀作 大塚 彰 沖 貞明 関矢 寛史

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.6, pp.721-725, 2008-12-20

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 1

---

[目的]本研究の目的は,くぐり動作を用いて,発達障害児と健常児の障害物への身体接触を比較検証することであった。[対象]5~6歳の健常児と発達障害児,各9名を対象とした。[方法]課題は7種類の遊具と高さの異なる6つのバーを交互に設置したコースを通り抜けることであった。障害物との接触回避に関する注意喚起を与えない条件,接触回避を与える条件,そして接触回避および早く移動することを促す条件の3条件を設け,それぞれ1試行ずつ行わせた。[結果]発達障害児は健常児に比べて,条件に関わらず接触頻度が高かった。また,発達障害児は腰部の接触頻度が高かった。[結語]発達障害児の接触の多さは,注意の欠陥が原因ではないと考えられる。また,視覚フィードバックを随時利用して,接触しないようにくぐり動作を行うことが困難な状況において身体接触が多いことから,身体特性情報に基づく行為の見積もりの不正確さが,発達障害児の身体接触の多さの原因であることを示唆した。<br>

著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太 村山 孝之 田中 ゆふ 五藤 佳奈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

2018

---

<p>Motor behavior couples with several types of environmental information perceived by actors. The phenomenon by which perceptions are distorted by the psychological state of an actor, including motivation, desire, and anxiety, is known as dynamic perception, and many athletes experience this under the psychological pressure of competition. The effects of pressure on the perception of target size before (pre-performance judgement) and after (post-performance judgement) a dart-throwing task and the relationship between size perception and performance outcome in the task were investigated experimentally. Healthy novice female university students (N=20) participated in the experiment. Pressure manipulations included performance contingent competitive cash rewards and comparative others. The results indicated that psychological and physiological stress responses were successfully induced, as indexed by significant increases in state anxiety and heart rate under pressure. Moreover, there were no significant differences in pre- and post-performance size perception between pressure and nonpressure conditions in all participants. However, participants with reduced throwing accuracy under pressure, as compared with non-pressure, perceived the target to be smaller under pressure in post-performance judgement. It is possible that attentional change including conscious processing and distraction, as well as kinematic changes, led to a decrement of motor skills performance that might have caused perceptual distortion under pressure. Exploratory multiple regression analysis to identify factors leading to perceptual distortions of target size under pressure indicated that participants reporting larger trait anxiety judged the target to be smaller in only preperformance judgement.</p>

著者

田中 美吏 霜 辰徳 野坂 祐介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.289-300, 2016 (Released:2016-06-17)

参考文献数

52

---

The effects of psychological pressure on lower limb muscular activity and center of pressure (COP) were investigated in a standing, postural control task. Healthy male participants (N=18) performed a balancing task by standing on a balance disk with their dominant foot. Participants were requested to stabilize their posture for 30 s (one-trial). After acquisition trials, participants performed 2 non-pressure and 2 pressure trials in counterbalanced order for a performance-contingent cash reward, or punishment. Stress responses were successfully induced as assessed by state anxiety, perceived pressure, mental effort, and heart rates that increased under pressure conditions. The results indicated that the rate of co-contraction between the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in the dominant leg increased significantly in association with an increment in the EMG amplitude of the SOL under pressure. Moreover, the COP area in pressure trials was significantly smaller than in non-pressure trials. These functional changes in postural control under pressure could have been modified by internal focus of attention, affective states including anxiety, and movement strategies that enhance muscle and joint stiffness in the lower limbs.

著者

島谷 康司 関矢 寛史 田中 美吏 長谷川 正哉 沖 貞明

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.105-109, 2011 (Released:2011-03-31)

参考文献数

24

---

〔目的〕本研究の目的は,発達障害児の障害物回避の見積もり能力を明らかにすることであった。〔方法〕対象は5~6歳の発達障害児と健常児,各9名とした。視覚弁別課題として,7.0 m離れた位置から異なる高さの2本のバーの高低を比較させた。また,接触回避を見積もる課題として,異なる高さのバーを1本ずつ呈示し,かがみ込むことなしに,身体を接触させずに通り抜けることができるかどうかを回答させた。〔結果〕視覚弁別課題では発達障害児の正答数は9.22±.63回,健常児は9.78±.42回であり,有意な差は見られなかった。見積もり課題では,発達障害児の正答数は7.78±.67回,健常児は8.56±.73回であり,発達障害児の正答数が有意に少なかった。〔結語〕発達障害児は身長とバーとの相互関係からバーへの接触回避を見積もる能力が劣っていたために,障害物に接触する頻度が高いのではないかと考えられた。