著者

村上 しほり 大場 修 砂本 文彦 玉田 浩之 角 哲 長田 城治

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.739, pp.2441-2450, 2017 (Released:2017-09-30)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper aims to clarify the GHQ military disposition which changed rapidly and nationwide location of Dependent Housing (army family house) and the numerical transformation process in the occupied Japan by the U.S. document. Soon after Japanese people had begun to convert the building stock which was left after WWII, occupation forces were stationed in each place and began the requisition. The occupation forces requisitioned the building which was judged to be available locally in the short term and they rehabilitate it and used. D.H. was built approximately 12,000 houses, and about 70% was built newly in Japan. The construction of D.H. was hurried, and because material was short, it was often supplied in black markets. And, by grasp of the numerical transformation process of D.H., the different requisition situation and situation of distribution became clear in each district. 9 districts where there were dependents more than 200 households as of June 1, 1948 are as follows in decreasing order. Tokyo, Yokohama area, Tachikawa, Osaka area, Kobe, Johnson, Yokota, Nagoya area, Kyoto. It's that there was the large-scale new construction enlargement is more than 50 in there having been enlargement in 8 districts in 12 districts belonging to the 5th Air Force, 5 districts (Nagoya, Tachikawa, Johnson, Itazuke, Itami) of those to understand from the numerical changes from June 1948 to October 1950. Enlargement was not seen in the district that belonged to the 11th AirBorn Division (Sapporo, Hachinohe, Jinmachi), the 1st Cavarly Division (Asaka, Nagai, Ota, Omiya), BCOF (Etajima, Miho, Hofu, Fukuyama), Navy (Totsuka), the 5thA/F (Kisarazu, Chitose, Kanoya) and the 24th Infantry Division (Kumamoto, Beppu). From the number of new construction and rehabilitation and the numerical transformation, it was inferred that the situation peculiar to the occupied area had an influence on the judgment of the requisition and the D.H. construction. Procurement demands of the occupation forces disturbed inflection of building stock of the city space attacked by the war damage. It's the fact that we can't overlook in thinking about after the war of each city. The requisition house rebuilt as a general tendency became the derequisition earlier than new construction. The new D.H. has many examples removed with the return of the requisition, and there are many still uncertain points because there is little number of the existence. In this study, it was clarified that correlation of military unit deployment and D.H. of the occupation forces by the cross-reference of records of the both Japan and the United States. The result of this study will make the base that pushes forward the study on history of city and building in each occupied area.

著者

角 哲 大場 修 砂本 文彦 玉田 浩之 村上 しほり 長田 城治

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.780, pp.617-627, 2021 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

16

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The purpose of this article is to clarify the construction process and features of Camp Crawford in Makomanai, Sapporo. It was named after Joseph Ury Crawford, advisor and U.S. railway engineer of the Hokkaido development commission (Kaitakushi). Upon the occupation of Japan, the general headquarters (GHQ) set the 9th corps, 8th army’s headquarters in Sapporo, chosen primarily because of Hokkaido’s location. Several notable cities in Japan were war damaged, hence had little facility stocks. Sapporo, on the other hand, was intact and had enough supplies. These were essential aspects in establishing the headquarters in Sapporo. GHQ ordered the Japanese government to construct 20,000 dependent housings (DH) in March 1946. This proved difficult because building materials were scarce, so some construction projects were stopped. However, deemed by the government as essential in the Cold War due to its strategic location, Camp Crawford’s construction continued and was erected quickly in Sapporo. GHQ appropriated the land of the Hokkaido Animal Husbandry Experimental Station Makomanai as the site. It was located south of Sapporo’s city center, about 4-6 kilometers away, upstream of Toyohira river. Jozankei railways was at the eastern side. These proved valuable to maintaining good living conditions and sanitation. Also, beneficial for swift construction. Private contractors organized a special union to construct the new camp. The union received the contract as a single unit. This approach was outstanding at that time since it can be recognized as the initial stages of a joint venture (JV) agreement. The JV was definitively established during the 1950’s in Japan. Construction was delayed but eventually completed as supply of building materials for this particular camp was a priority. 8th army head Eichelberger evaluated it as “too expensive.” Consider though, that the camp had several facilities and covered a vast plot of land. Also, the land area for one DH was the largest among all camps in Japan. The DH and troop housing (TH) were developed concurrently, a unique feature here since, typically in GHQ’s camps across Japan, these would be built separately. This camp’s site plan was influenced by topography and old facilities. TH and DH areas were situated in the eastern part of the site where it was dry and higher than the west. The service facilities were on the west amidst gently rolling terrain. TH was on the upper section of the site’s eastern part, laid out on a grid using the old farm road. Below it, the DH was arranged on curved roads, following GHQ standard. Several facilities were added, making the camp almost a small city. TH area had, among others, an office, PX, bakery, church, theater, clubs, library, gym, sports grounds, and golf link. DH area had detached and row houses using GHQ standards, except for the roof material. Instead, the roof was finished with sheet iron, characteristic of the cold region, and contributing to high costs. However, the GHQ used existing facilities and new buildings were simple. The camp was generally using excellent specifications when compared to Japanese buildings at that time. After derequisition, late 1950's, the site was transformed to the Japan Self-Defense Force Base and a prefectural residential area, Makomanai Danchi. The DH area was once used as Olympic village, the golf link for stadiums. Camp Crawford is the foundation of present residential suburbs.

著者

大場 修 村上 しほり 砂本 文彦 玉田 浩之 長田 城治 角 哲 原戸 喜代里

出版者

京都府立大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2014-04-01

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・昨年度から継続して今年度も米国国立公文書館にて、RG111(米陸軍通信隊記録)とRG80G(米海軍記録)の継続調査及び収集を行った上で、他のレコードグループにも対象を広げ、RG243(米戦略爆撃調査団記録)やRG342(米空軍記録)も閲覧し、資料概要を把握した。あわせて、これまで収集した写真資料をデータべース化する手法を検討した。米文書館では、同時に佐世保と横須賀を中心に旧日本海軍施設の写真を収集し,全国にわたる接収住宅並びに接収施設、航空写真のスキャン作業も進めた(以上、玉田・砂本・角が担当)。・2015年より米国国立公文書館にて3年間にわたり継続的に収集したRG111とRG80Gに関する写真データについて、各写真リストとして編集し印刷した(大場担当)。・日本各地における文献複写については、中国地方を中心とした関連資料の収集を進め(砂本担当)、北海道立文書館の『北海道新聞』から占領期関連記事を,札幌市立公文書館の『札幌市勢要覧』から接収土地・建物の接収と解除の年月を把握し(角担当)、外交文書や地方公文書等と米公文書から占領期の兵庫県下に置かれた神戸基地の範囲と推移を検討した(村上担当)。・さらに、昭和20年の請負金額上位10社の建設業会社史から,戦後,建設技術の占領軍関連工事の影響を整理した(角担当)。また、占領下日本で接収されたホテルを対象に、ホテル接収の形態とその動向を整理して接収ホテルの全体像を把握しつつ、日光地区を取り上げて詳細調査を実施し、古写真や行政文書等からホテルの利用実態と建物の特徴を考察した(長田担当)。・研究成果発表については、米国国立公文書館と国立国会図書館憲政資料室所蔵の米公文書を基に「占領下日本における部隊配備と占領軍家族住宅の様相」を『建築学会計画系論文集』に投稿し、採録された。

著者

長田 城治 小沢 朝江

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.643, pp.2079-2087, 2009-09