著者

坪田 典子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.67-81, 2017-07-31

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This paper is a case study of Yonezawa Hiroyasu, lived during the latter half of Meiji era throughTaisho era for Showa era, who had been writing a diary since he had started at the age of 19 until 85,from 1906 to 1972.Imperialist expansion over Korea, China and Asia is a dimension of the modernizing project ofmodern Japan that begins with a semi-colonized status to the position of an imperialist power. Boththe contentious and changing relations among Japan, Korea, China and the West, and Hiroyasu’sexperience that had undergone a change are major focus of this paper.The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the imperial mentality andthe national identity through an analysis of the formation of both his national identity and imperialmentality in modern Japan. This paper also considers his imperial mentality demonstrated in hisgreat interests for protest, imperialism, democracy, and the emperor, taken for a new, plus-valuedideas, views and systems that appears widely in his diary since the 1900s to 1920s.

著者

今井 真士

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.17-32, 2015-07

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Historical Institutionalist explanations / Comparative Historical Analysis approaches are inferences about the causes of specific outcomes in particular cases. They are intended to explain outcomes that have already happened, either in the distant past or in the recent past. The goal of the analysis is precisely to explain the specific past occurrences (Mahoney, Kimball, and Koivu 2009: 116). In Historical Institutionalist explanations, political institutions are seen as the developing products of struggle among unequal actors, and are mainly focused on the long-term processes of institutional building, change and thus divergence. In Comparative Historical Analysis approaches, this view is expanded into the one focused on various events including political institutions. While these approaches are developing in comparative politics after the middle of 1990s based on the qualitative methodology, some scholars emphasized on the methodological differences between the qualitative one and the quantitative one, and thus pursued their ontological foundations of philosophy of science (especially biology and complexity science); especially, without proposing empirical and useful methods, they have seen these differences of methodologies as ones of paradigms and scientific views. Recently, however, other scholars have avoided these pedantic arguments of the philosophy of science and thus attempted to propose the logical (but not biological) foundations based on the set theory. In this article, I argue the ontological development of the literature of Historical Institutionalism / Comparative Historical Analysis and focus on the conceptual and terminological change of "contexts". Especially, I compare the usage of "contexts" in the five approaches; critical junctures, institutional evolutions, multiple contexts, critical antecedents, and permissive / productive conditions.

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-14, 2012-07-01

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This paper considers girl zines as feminist alternative media. Girl zines were participatory media produced through grass roots feminist movement in US in 1990s. In following discussion, I review American girl’s cultural creating activities in relation to the history of modernization and industrialization in US and gender norms. In so doing I examine the difference between consumer oriented girl’s “bedroom culture” and girl zine’s culture. Through these considerations, this paper tries to understand the problematic posed by this young feminist movement in the 1990s. Following the study of Stephen Duncombe, Chapter 2 discusses the defi nition of zines, their origin and their main concerns. Chapter 3, following the study of US girl culture by Mary Celest Kearney, locates girl ziens within US history of girl’s cultural creating activities. Chapter4 and 5 analyze the relation between girl zines and feminist movement in US since 1970s. This paper suggests that girl zines don’t simply mean zines made by girls. Rather, they are alternative media for women who demonstrate the unconformity against dominant values in modern society, such as male-centrism, hetero-sexism, white-centrism and consumer capitalism. Based on punk’s DIY ethos and feminism, girl zines challenge mainstream girl culture, “bedroom culture”, which is lead by corporate culture industries. At the same time girl zines are the site where girls explore what does it mean to be an American girl or American woman.

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.1-15, 2015-01-01

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This paper reconsiders Yumiko Ehara’s examination on a series of discussions in the Japanese women’s movement since 1970s, to explore sociological implication of the issue raised by her. Through critical investigation into these discussions, Ehara articulated certain kind of diffi culty that might be found out even today in our discussions of social problems about gender inequality. In rereading Ehara’s examination, this paper suggests that change of people’s lifestyle and change of society are related to change of discourses in and through which our everyday life has been organized. In order to produce new discourses, we have to unravel the interconnection of various concepts in our everyday language use activities and reorganize them in a new way. Ehara’s concept of “Kenryoku-sayo” means regulatory power of discourses that prevents us from unraveling and reorganizing such interconnection of concepts related to gender. Based on Ehara’s examination, this paper suggests that such discoursive power not only regulates our everyday life but also is activated in and through our own everyday language use activities.

著者

坪田 典子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.29-43, 2006-07

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It happened at Fushun, China. After 5 year-sentence to POW Camp at Siberia, northern part of the former Soviet Union, around 1000 Japanese soldiers were sent to Fushun, China as war criminals in 1950. At that time they all stubbornly refused to admit they committed war crimes and pleaded not guilty because they were under the control of the upper command and the rule of the Emperor system of Japan. However, during their stay at Fushun, they themselves made major changes personally. They recognized their war crimes and confessed their sins to Chinese war sufferers. They sincerely apologized to the Chinese for their aggression and all war crimes that they committed. They analyzed their war acts and why they became invaders and committed crimes. They began to live the rest of their lives with a burden of responsibility for their sins, working for peace, anti-war, making better relationships between China and Japan. Using the data from the former Japanese war criminals' stories, I have discussed why they changed thoroughly at Fushun, and analyzed it using the key conception of "judgment" that Hanna Arendt discussed as the key concept in her book of EICHMANN IN JERUSALEM.

著者

椎野 信雄

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.39-47, 2017-01-31

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On May 17 in 1990, WHO resolved to remove the name of homosexuality from ICD-10. In thefield of psychiatry, the recognition that homosexuality is “disease” (disorder, illness or psychosis) haschanged significantly in the past 20 years. The review (discrimination and prejudice) of regardinghomosexuality as perverted, abnormal and unhealthy, has been under review in the general societyas well. Both homosexuality and heterosexuality have been considered as one of ways of humansexuality. WHO declared in 1993 that “homosexuality is not subject to treatment in any sense”.Homosexuality has been progressively depathologized in the international community since the1990 ’s. The 21st century became an era when homosexuality is not regarded as pathological (ill orpsychotic). In this paper, we would like to clarify the location of sexuality problem in the 21st centurysociety by tracing the history of such change.

著者

何 鳴

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.83-102, 2012-01-01

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This article is a combination with my another article. I tried to study the significance about jus cogens in the two articles. In this one I especially examinated the function of jus cogens and its precedent at international courts and national courts. Through these precedents I tried to show the development of jus cogens, and tried to organize the case law about jus cogens. My work is a continuation from many international lawyers. Their great works about jus cogens is a heritage for me. I stand these titan’s shoulders, and look at the outcome of jus cogens to be used for international justice. In this article I also see the new phenomenon tha came from the using of jus cogens. I tried to illuminate the meanings behind the phenomenon. I want to quote Anne-Marie Slaughter’s opinion about international society and international law for the conclusion of my article: “The world of societies is still too often the world of low politics, soft power, human rights, democracy, and development, and, largely, women. ” It is a true jus cogens, too, I want to say.

著者

伊津野 重満

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.19-30, 1993-01-01

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After the USSR was dissolved, circumstances have qickly changed politically, economically and ideologically.Austria and Switzerland, permanently neutral states, which have been member states of the EFTA, have wanted to become member states of the EC since 1961. The USSR, Czechoslovakia and so on have, however, objected to their becoming member states of the EC because it would violate their legal status as neutral states. So permanently neutral states above mentioned and Sweden, ocasionally neutral states, could not become member states of the EC notwithstanding their wishes. That is because, if neutral states obtain membership in the EC, in the future they may be obliged by the EC to apply economic sanctions against belligerents due to it's common economic policy.But nowadays the concept of permanent neutrality ― immerw?hrende Neutralit?t ― and occasonal neutrality ― gelegentliche Neutralit?t ― is strongly affected by the dissolution of USSR and is changing.As is widely known, today the Republic of Russia as a successor of USSR is no longer a super power which could prevent neutral states from becoming member states of the EC, and has not the political motive to do so. It is therefore essential to consider for the future what the legal obligations of neutral states at present are.From the viewpoint of traditional international law, the auther tries to describe the obligations of occasonal neutral states in war time and permanently neutral states in peace time.

著者

戸田 三三冬

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.1-25, 2004-07-01

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This paper attempts to give some information on the study of anarchist ideas of Errico Malatesta in his early days. Malatesta entered in the Italian republican movement when he was a middle high school boy. When he studied medical science at the University of Naples, in 1871, under the influence of Paris Comune, participated the socialist activities in the Neapolitan section of the First International. Being one of the most active members, he taught workers' children in the evening school of the International, and became one of the editors of its organ,<<La Campana>>(bell). His necrology for Giuseppe Mazzini, the former Maestro, shows how deeply he was influenced by the sincerity of his old teacher. Even though he has changed his ideology, still remains Mazzini's teachings of love and duty in his heart. After the fall of Paris Comune, the International Working Men's Association was devided into two camps, Marxist and Bakunist. The latter formed so-called Anti- Authoritarian International at St. Imier, a small town in Giura, Switzerland. There Malatesta participated, and in this occasion, met Michel Bakunin for the first time. Bakunin called Malatesta with given name"Benjamin". Malatesta will be faithful to Bakunin's soul all through his life, although he modified some of the ideas of the teacher. The paper covers roughly up until 1891, the year of the publication of his pamphlet, Anarchy, in London. The work, which he began to write in 1884 on his paper<<La Questione Sociale>>(social problem) at Florence, was continued to write on his paper with the same name, in the days of his exile in Argentina. The focus is not on the analysis of the contents of Anarchy, but on the understandings of the material situation on his activities which have guided him to write and condensed his own theory, on Anarchy and Anarchism.

著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.129-155, 2001-02-01

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Islam sects in Modern China are generally called "Three-big Sects and Four-big menhuan". The first Islam sect "Sufism brotherhood(menhuan)" was shaped 300 years ago, though Islam was introduced into China in 7th century. In opposition to the appearance of menhuan(jahariyah、Khufiyyah、Kubrawiyyah、Cadriyah), muslims who had maintained the traditional ceremony and system from old times called themselves "Qadim". Its characteristics is tolerance. In early 20th century the two sects were differentiated. One is a new sect "Ikhwani", which criticized both Qadim and menhuan strictly as unfaithful to the Koran. The other is Xidaotang, called "Chinese classics Sect". The doctrinal difference is not great among Islam sects in China. There are distinguished differences in the unessential problems of the religious ceremony and customs. Those differences frequently gave rise to a quarrel of bloodshed between Ikhawani and other sects in Modem China.

著者

本浜 秀彦

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.29-49, 2021-01

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The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine the manga exhibition held at the British Museum in 2019 by paying appropriate attention to cultural history in both Japan and the UK; and second, to analyze the exhibition of manga arts by using research methods developed in the research field of Japanese manga. Throughout my discussion, I will attempt to shed a new light on the approach to the studies of Japanese visual culture.[This paper is the first paper of three papers in a series on the above topic.]

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.1-22, 2017-07-31

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the idea of Dorothy Smith’s institutional ethnography(IE) though reading her early study, “Institutional Ethnography: A Feminist Research Strategy ”(Smith1987:151-179).In this article she re-raised the classical sociological issue about the relationship betweenpeople’s local and particular experience and extra-local and general social relations, and suggestedan alternative sociology that explores how the everyday world of people’s experience is put togetherby social relations that extend beyond the everyday world. She applied Ethnomethodological notionof accountability to the institutional context and located institutional accounting practices tying localsettings of everyday world to the nonlocal organization of the ‘ruling apparatus’. Dorothy Smith’sIE explores how actual work processes are made accountable through institutional ideologicalprocedures that attend selectively to work processes, thus making only selective aspect of themaccountable within the institutional order. In so doing IE tries to break through to the penumbra notcomprehended by institutional accounting practices.Trough examining the idea of Smith’s IE, this paper tries to develop the method of sociologicalinquiry into knowing the social from people’s actual everyday world.

著者

齊藤 功高

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.47-65, 2015-07-01

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The military dictatorship ruled Brazil over a period of approximately 20 years from 1964 to 1985. Meanwhile, a number of human rights violations were carried out by the military regime. Were those of human rights violations settled in the period of transition to the democratic regime from the military regime? The 1979 Amnesty Law which was enacted as a temporary result in the reconciliation of Brazilian society has now become an obstacle to the settlement of human rights violations. Brazil’s Supreme Court judged the Amnesty Law as constitutional in 2010. However, the Amnesty Law did not conform to the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights according to the judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which was issued in the same year. Therefore, first, I will outline the actuality of human rights violations under the military regime. Second, I will describe the content of the 1979 Amnesty Law and what effect it has on the Brazilian society. Third, I will discuss the movement of relief for the human rights violations that took place under the military regime in the transitional period through the truth commission. Fourth, I will examine what degree of influence the activities of the Inter-American Human Rights Commission and the judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have had in the country of Brazil. As a conclusion, I will mention that the activities to overcome the defects of the Amnesty Law have begun in Brazil.

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.1-14, 2009-07-01

著者

米沢 弘

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.73-87, 1997

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This article examines the original image of faith in the Jomon period (the New Stone Age in Japan). The discoveries of Sannai-Maruyama archeological remains in the southern part of Aomori City since 1992 have drastically changed the previous image of Jomon people as a group of primitives driven to look for daily foods. The discovery of several pillars made of big chestnut trees with a diameter of nearly one meter, have led to conjecture of a structure over twenty meters high and the existence of large Jomon village between 5500 and 4000 years ago.This article also discusses remains in the Hokuriku Area, which were accompanied by discoveries of big trees, and the Stone Circle around Towada Lake. It also mentions the Kamegaoka culture in the latest period of Jomon, from which uniquely expressive earthen figures with a kind of snow goggles (somewhat like Inuits) called Shakoki Dogu", as well as elaborately lacquered earthwares and woodenwares with "japan", were excavated. In essence, our image of the spiritual life of Jomon culture, especially as related to festivals, is the main concern of the author. それは三内丸山ショックと言ってよいだろう。1992年の春から始めた,青森市南西部の三内丸山における県営野球場建設にともなう緊急発掘が,私たちの縄文文化に対するイメージを一変させる数々の発見をもたらしたことはよく知られている。 各間隔が4.2メートルで二列に並んだ6本の栗の柱の穴(その中には直径が1メートルほどの柱の根元の部分, 但し腐食のために10センチほどやせ細っていたものが残っていた)それから推測される高さ20メートルほどの巨大な構造物,二列に長く続く大人の墓(子供の墓は住居跡の近くにある),ヒスイの大珠や土偶が出土する(日本最大の板状土偶が出土した)莫大な土器片を含んだ盛土,網代編のほぼ原形をとどめたポシェット(その中には半分に割られたクルミの殻が入っていた),その他赤い漆の木器や,1.2メールほどの舟の櫂などの木製品や動物や魚の骨,木の実などが大量に残る泥炭層,また多くの住居跡,それは5500年前から4000年前まで1500年住み続けられた縄文都市の出現であり,最大500人程度の人々が住んだ可能性もあり,今までの日々の食物の採集に追われた貧しい縄文人のイメージの一新を迫るものである。 幸い野球場建設は中止され,出来上がった2つのスタンドは取り壊され,遺跡は保存し,建造物は学習用として復元されることになった。 三内丸山遺跡は有名な亀ヶ岡遺跡とともに江戸時代中期から知られた遺跡であり旅行家の菅江直澄は『すみかの山』(1759年)の中で三枚の土器と土偶のスケッチを残している。今回の新石器時代の巨大な重要な遺跡の発見は,近年第五の古代文明の出現として注目される,揚子江下流の5000年前の良渚文化の源流とされ大量のモミを出土し(米粒をもともない7000年前とされる)注目された1973年に発掘された川姆渡遺跡,またそれにつづき権力の象徴である玉類(玉琮,玉壁,玉鉞など)が出土し注目される,1986年に発掘された反山墓地も加えてさらに1996年には日中共同の長江文明の学術調査により,長江上流の成都市の南西50キロの竜馬古城造跡の発掘により古代の神殿もしくはジッグラト(階段状のピラミッド形構造物)と思われる造跡が発掘されたが,これらに匹敵するものが,黄河,揚子江と言った大河は無い日本でも海岸沿いの適地に見出だされたと言うことで,これは栗の栽培を伴うブナ樹林(栗はブナ科のクリ属である)の豊富な木の実と海産物による一つのタイプの新石器時代の文明の拠点遺跡の発見であると言ってよい。 普通,縄文一万年と言うが,草創期三千年,早期三千年,前期千年,中期千年,後期千年,晩期千年に区分する。日本では一万二千年程前の世界最古の部類の土器が出土している。

著者

田淵 俊彦

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.51-73, 2021-07

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.1-16, 2013-07-01

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This paper considers the relationship between third wave feminism and girl zines through reading Alison Piepmeier’s Girl Zines : Making Media, Doing Feminism. According to Piepmeier, girl zines and third wave feminism respond to the same world, and girl zines are mechanism in which third wave feminists articulate theory and create community. Following her study, this paper tries to reveal third wave feminism in and through girl zines. Chapter 1 explains Piepmeider’s view on girl’s studies and third wave feminism. Chapter 2 locates girl ziens within the history of participatory media of US feminism since 19th century. Chapter 3 examines some characteristics of girl zine’s visual style and the concept of fragmented identitiy in order to explain how girl zines are intervening in gendered representation. Chapter 4, based on the concept intersectionality, examies the challenges to “the white-girl ideal of feminism”and the problem of colorblindness by girls and women of color. Chapter 5 offers brief discussion about politics of girl zines. In so doing this paper explores how girl zines’ negotiations of the specific and the generalizable create alternative descriptions of what it means to be an American girl or an American woman.

著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.147-160, 2009-07-01

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In 1513, when the Buddhism power was expelled from Hami(the eastern end of Xinjiang),Islamization in the Eastern Turkistan was completed. However, there was a time of big stagnation before. After Kara-Khan Dynasty was driven away from the eastern Central Asia by a non-Islam regime Kara Khitai at the beginning of the 12th century, Islam lost its superiority in the central part of the Silk-Road(Central Asia) for two hundred years. Islam confronted with the biggest crisis because of the prosperity of Buddhism and Nestorianism under the rule of a non-Islam power, the Mongol Empire. In 1420, the majority of the habitants in Turpan were Buddhists and a lot of Buddhist temples were built there. Mosques were face to face with Buddhist temples in Hami(Qmul). In the Eastern Chaghatai-Khan Dynasty, Islam got rid of predicament and reached its superiority in Eastern Turkistan.The Eastern Chaghatai-Khan Dynasty not only expelled the Buddhist power from Xinjiang and established Islam in Eastern Turkistan, but also popularized Islam Suffism. At the same time, Khwajas made large invasion from Central Asia. Khwajas maintained the political and economical power that was strong enough to control the Eastern Chaghatai-Khan Dynasty, which is called "the Age of Khwajas".

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.1-16, 2019-07-31

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The purpose of this paper is to study the concepts of work and work knowledges in DorothySmith’s Institutional Ethnography.Inspired by the thinking of a feminist group called the Wages for Housework group, she expanded the meaning of work not only into what people are paid to do but also into anything that people do that takes time, effort and intent. The concept of work in this “generous” sense orients the institutional ethnographer to what people are actually doing as they participate in institutional processes. Work knowledges refers to what people know of and in their work and how it is coordinated with the work of others. It is a major resource of the institutional ethnographer. Whether they are produced in interviewer-informant interchange or in participant observation, work knowledges should be evoked dialogically.After brief examination of the definition of these concepts in Smith’s argument, this paper tries to reconsider her researches on women’s mothering work for their children’s schooling. In so doing this paper tries to explicate how sociological investigation based on work and work knowledges could be proceeded. The work and work knowledges in this sense could not be accountable in institutional discourse. This paper explores how IE could discover what people know of and in their work and explore how it is coordinated with the work of others.Lastly, this paper discusses the problem of “institutional capture”. This is a barrier created by the ways in which institutional discourse may enter into the dialogue that produces work knowledges. The objectified knowledge in institutional discourse would subsume and displace descriptions based on experience and prevent the institutional ethnographer from accessing to the people’s work knowledges.Through examining the idea of Smith’s work and work knowledges, this paper tries to develop the method of sociological inquiry into knowing the social from people’s actual everyday world.

著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.47-64, 2014-01-01

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The Khnate of Mogulistan lost its territoy and completely drew back into the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains under the pression of Uzbek and Kazakh.Sultan Saiid Khan, son of Ahmad Khan, defeated Aber Beg of the Doglat powerful clan ruling the Tarim Basin and built the Khnate of Yarkand in 1514. In the early times of the Khnate, Saiid Khan subdued Sali-Uighur living in the south wild land of Lob Nor in the name of “Jihad”. Thereafter he subdued the Bolor mountainous lands of Hindu Kush Mountains and the Realms of Ladakh and Kashmir. His general, Mirza Haidar advanced the troops further into Tibet. The “jihad” finally had not succeeded, and didn't change their local religions. Haidar Mirza, who was condemned to exile from the Khnate and served Humayun of the Mughal Empire, wrote the historical book “The History of Rashid” for the Khnate.