著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.93-118, 1996-01-01

---

This paper aims to explain a characteristic of contemporary Chinese politics, that is, how the reins of Chinese administration are held in the hands of a few authoritarians and its politics under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is dependent on the armed forces. This is done by analyzing how the top leadership of the CCP coped with the early situation of the Tian' anmen Crisis in 1989. My analysis focusses on the activities of major six actors : (1) Deng Xiaoping as Supreme Leader, (2) the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau (SCPB) of the CCP as the highest decision-making organ, (3) Yang Shangkun and Wang Zhen as Deng's private sworn friends, (4) the Beijing Municipal Committee (BMC) of the CCP, (5) the State Committee of Education, and (6) the Student Democracy Movement. In power struggles such as the Tian' anmen Crisis, the most important factor for each hostile division contending for supremacy was how to have influence upon Deng's attitude and get his support. It is difficult to analyze Deng's political thought, because it is a compound of some contradictory elements such as realism, pragmatism, rationalism and a patriarchal temperament which supports military oppression. On April 24 the BMC sent an appeal to the SCPB to enforce rigid regulations against the student movement. That night it was accepted by the SCPB with enlarged membership which included the secretary-general of the party, Zhao Ziyang, at that time visiting North Korea. Conservatives in the Party finally succeeded in changing Deng's attitude and getting his support. Deng's patriarchalism and military tendencies predominated over his rationalism. He concluded to label the student movement a "disturbance". In accordance with Deng's attitude, the Ren-min Ri-bao (People's Daily) ran an editorial entitled "Stop the Disturbance with a determined attitude" on April 26. On reflection, this early synopsis of taking a hard-line attitude against the student movement was written by Deng himself, including the appeal of the BMC which was faithfully written according to Deng's intention from the beginning.

著者

金井 恵里可

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.81-98, 2000-02-01

---

It goes without saying that the access on roads near one's residence is essential to every person's life. Nevertheless, the passage of highways has been thought to be die ?ffentlichen Sachen im Gemeingebrauch and not the exercise of public right in Japan. On the other hand, since the Supreme Court judged that the obstruction of traffic on the highway implies the infringement of "the right to freedom of passage" in 1964, lower courts have accepted the idea of the private right to access. But the right is not admitted to be public one, so it is difficult to claim the illegitimacy of highway administration. To the contrary, on the privately owned and administrated quasi-highways--it might be a highway administration system peculiar to Japan--, passage restrictions by the private administrator are frequently judged to be infringements of "the right to freedom of passage". This article aims to make clear that the passage of highways can be an exercise of public right in the comparison with "the right to freedom of passage" as a private right to access and as a right which can be asserted against the private administrations of quasi-highways.

著者

坪田 典子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.29-43, 2006-07-01

---

It happened at Fushun, China. After 5 year-sentence to POW Camp at Siberia, northern part of the former Soviet Union, around 1000 Japanese soldiers were sent to Fushun, China as war criminals in 1950. At that time they all stubbornly refused to admit they committed war crimes and pleaded not guilty because they were under the control of the upper command and the rule of the Emperor system of Japan. However, during their stay at Fushun, they themselves made major changes personally. They recognized their war crimes and confessed their sins to Chinese war sufferers. They sincerely apologized to the Chinese for their aggression and all war crimes that they committed. They analyzed their war acts and why they became invaders and committed crimes. They began to live the rest of their lives with a burden of responsibility for their sins, working for peace, anti-war, making better relationships between China and Japan. Using the data from the former Japanese war criminals' stories, I have discussed why they changed thoroughly at Fushun, and analyzed it using the key conception of "judgment" that Hanna Arendt discussed as the key concept in her book of EICHMANN IN JERUSALEM.

著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.59-75, 2013-01

---

"Hami", the east area of Xinjiang, became the nest target of the Islam Force and the Eastern Chaghatai-Khanate which conquered Turpan at the end of the 14th century. The Hami King, a descendant of Chaghatai-Khan, payed tribute to the Ming Dynasty when it was established at the second half of the 14th century. Entering the 15th century, the Ming Dynasty strengthened its rule by setting up "Hami Garrison" and granting titles of nobility "King Zhongyi Wang", "Zhongshu Wang" to the Hami Kings. Although Hami was temporarily occupied by the Oirad in the middle of the 15th century, the tributary relation with the Ming Dynasty resumed soon. However, after three invasions of the Hami never belonged to the Ming Dynasty again. The Islamic clerics in Turpan and Hami played an important role for the occupation of Hami. Especially the Eshdin Khoja family was power eminent. By receiving privilege from the Eastern Chaghatai-Khan, it became the largest feudal lord in the Tarim Basin.When the confrontation with the Eastern Chaghatai-Khan deepened, its position was replaced by Tariqa Naqshbandiya of the Central Asia in the middle of the 16th century.はじめに\n1 ハミ地区の地理と歴史\n ①ハミ地区の地理的位置と重要性\n ②ハミの歴史と宗教\n2 明朝とオイラートのハミ占領\n3 東チャガタイ汗国のハミ占領\n4 ハミのイスラム化\n ①イスラム教のハミ浸透\n ②ハミのイスラム聖職者\n5 新疆のイスラム化とエシュディン・ホージャ家\n ①「ホージャ派」の新疆進出\n ②エシュディン・ホージャ家の登場\n ③エシュディン・ホージャ家の権勢\n ④チャガタイ後王家とエシュディン・ホージャ家の対立\nおわりに

著者

山田 寿則

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.141-161, 2017-07-31

---

In this paper we will examine the legal situation on the threat or use of nuclear weapons andhow the legal argument progresses under the humanitarian approach to nuclear disarmamentas preliminary observations for the treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons on which now are undernegotiations.The upcoming treaty is based on the assertion that it is legally required to identify and pursueeffective measures to fill the legal gap for the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons. Butwith regard to the threat or use of nuclear weapons, there is no gap in the law. International Courtof Justice (ICJ) identified several legal principles and rules applicable to nuclear weapons in its1996 Advisory Opinion. Its “non liquet ” on “an extreme circumstance of self-defence” was causedby inappropriate application of the principles and rules to nuclear weapons inadequately for somereasons.All Nuclear Weapon States explicitly or implicitly acknowledge the application of internationallaw, and especially international humanitarian law (IHL) to nuclear weapons. Under the discourse ofthe humanitarian approach to nuclear disarmament, many states and commentators also insist theiropinions on the premise of applicability of IHL. There is gap not in the law, but in application of the law.Against this legal background, the upcoming treaty should be carefully formed to strengthen thelaw against nuclear weapons.

著者

山田 寿則

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.103-125, 2018-01-31

---

On July 7, 2017, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) was adopted at theUnited Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons,Leading Towards their Total Elimination. This paper examined each preamble paragraph or articleof the treaty in order to make it clear what feature the treaty has. To begin with, TPNW is based onthe so called Humanitarian Approach to Nuclear Disarmament, which attempts to stigmatize, prohibitand abolish nuclear weapons. Besides this, the treaty has an opportunity to de-legitimatize them.Secondly, TPNW compliments and reinforces the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Lastly, TPNWembodies the entry point for Nuclear Weapon Free World. However, there are some strong argumentsagainst TPNW: non-effectiveness, breaking down the NPT regime and disregarding national security.TPNW needs to address those challenges in order to attain and maintain the world without nuclearweapons. We will see the entering into force of the treaty in coming years. At the same time, the focusof nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation is in the relationship between TPNW and NPT in thecourse of current review cycle of NPT to 2020.

著者

黛 陽子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.129-139, 2017-07

著者

北村 優子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.65-78, 2008-07

被引用文献数

1

---

1.問題意識 日本経済の課題の一つとして財政再建・健全化が国際的にも指摘されているとは言え、日本の経済力は世界トップレベルにあることは広く認知されていよう。しかし、日本もかつては援助受益国であった。近代化の議論にもしばしば出てくるが日本が直面しているジェンダー問題に目を向けた場合、日本の開発過程は果たして`理想'通りと言えるのであろうか。2.テーマと構成 本論文では、日本が経済成長を遂げる中で置き去りにされているジェンダー平等化のジレンマについて論じたい。まず、経済成長を最優先にした開発では不十分である点と近代化の議論について触れ、次に`traditional ideas'と日本のジェンダー不平等の関連性に注目する。そして、政府の方針がどのような影響を持ってきたかについて述べたい。また、今後の日本の開発過程でジェンダー不平等がもたらすマイナス面、女性と男性それぞれが直面している問題にも目を向ける。最後に、エンパワーメントアプローチが解決策になりうるのかについて論じい。3.結果 女性の労働環境には多くの制限があることが様々なデータからうかがえ、ジェンダー問題の一例として挙げられる。女性は`良き妻として、良き母として'という`traditional ideas'に縛られることが少なからずあるのではないだろうか。また、男性も`男らしさ、一家の大黒柱として'という観念のもとで複雑な状況に置かれていることも理解する必要がある。ジェンダー平等化のジレンマを解決する為に今までに、様々な法律が施行されてはいるがどれも特効薬になっているとは言いがたい。人々の考え方や慣習などを政策にもっと反映させる必要がある。また、「自らの可能性に気付き自ら行動を起す」というエンパワーメントアプローチが一つの解決策になるのではないかと考えられる。

著者

塩沢 泰子 生田 祐子 Duval Cary A. Ano Koichi Piggin Gabrielle

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.41-58, 2010-07

---

本研究の目的は、文教大学国際学部が2008 年に設立した外国語学習支援室、Language Garden (LG)について、背景理論、LG の概観、利用者の学習状況調査結果を中心に論じ、英語教育カリキュラムと連携する効果的な自律学習方法を考察することである。言語習得の過程において、対象とする言語を実際に使用する機会(English Reality)の有無が学習成果を大きく左右するため、LG はコミュニケーション手段として英語を使う環境を学習者に提供することを主たる目的として、設立された。同時にLG は授業を補うだけではなく、海外研修や海外ボランティア活動等、学部カリキュラム上のプログラムを補い、統合することに寄与している。LG には習熟度や興味に応じた多様なジャンルの学習教材(書籍、DVD、雑誌、漫画、新聞、ラジオ講座テキスト)に加え、会話を発展させ語彙力を鍛えるゲーム等も設置されている。大型TV スクリーンには常時英語ニュースが流れ、学生の間も英語でのコミュニケーションが原則である。2 名の助手が英語教員とともにLG の運営に関わり、日常的に学生への学習支援や教材の管理を行っている。また学生たちの協力も得て、クリスマスやハロウィーンなどのイベントも定期的に行うなどの雰囲気作りにも配慮している。しかしながら頻繁に利用している学生の数は、ほとんど利用しない学生の数より大幅に少ないことが調査結果から判明した。この背景の原因と学生のニーズを分析しつつ、今後専門カリキュラムとも密接に連動し学習効果を上げていくために、LG での自律学習の単位認定、英語学習ポートフォリオや学習カウンセリングを導入することを提案する。

著者

上谷 香陽

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.1-16, 2013-07

---

This paper considers the relationship between third wave feminism and girl zines through reading Alison Piepmeier's Girl Zines : Making Media, Doing Feminism. According to Piepmeier, girl zines and third wave feminism respond to the same world, and girl zines are mechanism in which third wave feminists articulate theory and create community. Following her study, this paper tries to reveal third wave feminism in and through girl zines. Chapter 1 explains Piepmeider's view on girl's studies and third wave feminism. Chapter 2 locates girl ziens within the history of participatory media of US feminism since 19th century. Chapter 3 examines some characteristics of girl zine's visual style and the concept of fragmented identitiy in order to explain how girl zines are intervening in gendered representation. Chapter 4, based on the concept intersectionality, examies the challenges to "the white-girl ideal of feminism"and the problem of colorblindness by girls and women of color. Chapter 5 offers brief discussion about politics of girl zines. In so doing this paper explores how girl zines' negotiations of the specific and the generalizable create alternative descriptions of what it means to be an American girl or an American woman.

著者

林 薫

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.49-64, 2007-07

---

The Japan's experiences in regional development as represented by "Michinoeki (roadside stations)" and One Village One Product Movement (OVOP)" have been widely recognized as Japanese models of indigenous development and incorporated into aid programs to developing countries by the Government of Japan, Japan International Cooperation Agency and Japan Bank for International Cooperation. The international organizations such as the World Bank which introduced the "Guidelines for the Roadside Stations" in 2004, are showing strong interest to the Japanese models. This article argues that the essence of Japan's experience in this field is not the particular patters or frameworks but the process of agglomeration and innovation. The process is observed in many traditional agro and manufacturing industries some from several hundreds years ago. The key message for the developing countries are; (1) The maximization of the utilization of local resources is quite important but should not exclude the possibility of building interregional production linkage, (2) The benefit from agglomeration should be fully captured, and(3) The globalization of the market will be the source of innovation and strengthening of competitiveness, therefore openness of the regional development is prerequisite.

著者

寺沢 セシリア 恵子

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.59-72, 2010-07

---

四年制大学における第二外国語学習の目的は、言語スキルの学習を通し、コミュ二ケーション能力を向上させることにより教養を高めるという点にある。通常、第二外国語の授業は週に1 ~ 3 回(インテンシブクラスを含む)、一時間半のクラスで文法と会話が教えられる。しかし、2 年間の学習を終えた学生の多くは、このような目的を十分に達成したとはいえず、満結果を得ていないのが現状である。 その原因の一つは、授業時間の多くを文法中心(暗記中心)に割かなければならず、会話演習が十分に行えないという点にある。たしかに、今まで触れたことのない言語を習得するためには文法の活用をはじめ、重要表現などの暗記は必須であり、これらを省略することは困難である。しかし、限られた時間の中で外国語を効果的に学習するためには文法の暗記という形式的なアプローチのみでは足りないというのもまた真であろう。 では、四年制大学における第二外国語を学習する時間、すなわち2 年間・週1 ~ 3 回という時間制限の中で、どのように授業を展開するのがもっとも効果的であるのか。それは、授業で文法・会話を教えていく中にその国の言語文化を取り入れていく、というのが一つの解決策であると考えられる。文化は社会の中で変化していくものであり、言語もまた文化・社会の影響を受けて常に変化している。そこで、第二外国語習得と文化を結びつけるものとして、社会言語学的アプローチが有効なのではないかと考える。 本論文では、社会言語学の重要性に言及するとともに、先に述べた目的を達成し、学生が満足出来る効果的な学習方法はどのようなものか、その解決策について論ずる。また、日本語、英語及びスペイン語の呼びかけ表現の比較を通し、言語が人間の社会行動とどのように関わり合っているのか、言語を効果的に学習するために社会言語学がどのような役割を果たすのかについて考察する。

著者

荒井 宏祐

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.1-18, 1998-10

---

This paper elucidates Rousseau's three-dimensional perception of nature. He first viewed nature with the compound vision of his mind. In this perceptual mode, for example, he not only celebrated the beautiful charm of vegetables,but also perceived their ecological function. Second, he recognized the general characteristics and structure of flowers, but also perceived "ľordre des choses" in the world, reflecting a perceptual insight into the natural environment. Third, he often drew out social implications from observed natural phenomena, thus perceiving "signs" in the natural world that indicated essential aspects of his thought on the relations between humans and society. Thus, Rousseau viewed nature through the refractive lens of his own soul. It is said that Rousseau used. the term "nature" in many diverse ways. In this paper, I introduce an alternative thesis. Rousseau's wide and deep vision of the natural environment opens the reader to the idea of virtue as a possible solution for social dilemmas we confront in contemporary environmental problems. The will of each individual must be reconciled to the general will which may exist in the global ecosystem, as Rousseau anticipated in the context of "Discours sur ľ Économie Politique", "Émile" and "Du Contrat Social". J.-J.ルソー(Jean-Jacques Rousseau,1712~1778)はその著作の中で、ある言辞をしばしば多義的に用いることがある。カッシーラーは「社会」や「sentiment」の「二重語義によくよく注意しなければならない。」と述べ、また恒藤武二は「一般意志という語はルソーにあってはきわめて多義的に使用されている。」と指摘している。とりわけ「難解な語」とされているのが「自然」であり、平岡昇はこの語が「本来彼に独得な両義的思考法の好対象」ではないかと言っている。舟橋豊は、この語義の分析を試み、ルソーの「自然」とは、「神であり、宇宙を統べる整然たる法であり、人間界の正にして善なる自然法であり、崇高美あふれるアルプスの山河であり、さらには生まれながらにして善なる人間の本性でもある。」と述べている。平岡はまた、ルソーの「自然」は彼自身の「多様で自由な使用法を通じて人々の心につよく訴えかけてくる魔力」を持つとしている。 たしかに「自然」の語は、「ルソー的ディアレクティック」とともに、あたかも『オデュッセイアー』にあらわれる魔女セイレーンの「甘く楽しい歌声」のように、我々を「前よりもっと物識りになりお帰り」願うがごとく、さまざまな声をもって語りかけてくるようである。 ともあれルソーの「自然」の中には、上記舟橋の分析にも「アルプスの山河」とある通り、自然環境が含まれていることは明きらかである。これまで筆者は、ルソーの自然環境としての「自然」認識のうちには、生態作用を持つ「環境」としての「自然」認識が含まれていることなどを指摘するとともに、これらとルソーの文明社会批判や「自然人=エミール」の「自然現象・事物の教育」=「環境教育」との関連などに考察を加えてきた。本稿では、これらをもとに、ルソーの自然環境としての「自然」の多義性の特徴についてさらに考察と整理を試みるとともに、新たに彼の「自然」あるいは「環境」認識と、その政治思想上の基本概念の一つである、「一般意志」・「徳」や、「万物の秩序」とのかかわりを探り、これらをふまえて現在環境問題に関連して注目されつつある「社会的ジレンマ」問題との関係を、他の諸言説とともに一瞥することで、ルソー思想の現代的意義の一端に触れてみた。 これらはいまだ試論的段階ではあるが、その目的は、これまでの検討にひきつづき、ルソーの社会・教育・政治・宗教・国際平和・文学などの諸思想・言説と、「自然」あるいは「環境」認識がいかなる関連を有するのかを探索することにある。

著者

丸山 鋼二

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.139-156, 2008-07

---

After Islam was brought into the west area of the Eastern Turkistan (Xinjiang) by the Qara-Khan Dynasty in the 10th century, it took 500 years until the establishment of Islamization in the Eastern Turkistan when the Buddhism power was expelled from Hami (the east of Xinjiang) in 1513. At the beeginning of the 12th century, the Qara-Khan Dynasty was driven away from the eastern Central Asia by non-Islam Qara Khitay. From the beginning of the 13th century the eastern Central Asia was also under the rule of non-Islam power, the Mongol Empire. During the two hundred years, Islam lost its superior position in the central part of the Silk-Road. Islam confronted with the biggest crisis due to the prosperity of Buddhism and Nestorianism.The reason is that both Qara Khitay and the Mongol Empire executed a generous policy toward religions. Propagation of various religions was allowed to be held freely, resulting in the change of religioussituation in Xinjiang from separation between Islam and Buddhism into simultaneous coexistence of various religions. In the Turpan Basin of east Xinjiang, under the rule the Uyghur Kingdom(高昌回鶻王国Khocho Uyghur Kingdom), Buddhism reached its height of prosperity. The erecting of stone cave temples and the translation of the Buddhist scriptures to Uyghur language were carried out on a large-scale. In the south and west parts of Xinjiang, Islam was continuously the main religion though decline occurred to some extend. In north Xinjiang, Nestorianism was popular. The policy of treating all religions equally was maintained in the Mongol Empire. The Buddhist Uyghur people who developed an advanced culture and Muslims who demonstrated the ability in financial economy were promoted to be senior officials regardless of their religious belief, supporting the rule of the Mongol Emipre in such a way.

著者

椎野 信雄

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

文教大学国際学部紀要 (ISSN:09173072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.23-42, 2001-02

---

Various research programs in the "new" sociology of scientific knowledge emerged in the latter half of 1970s. British sociologists such as Barnes, Bloor, Mulkay, Collins and so forth were challenging the Mertonian functionalist sociology of science. The aim of the new sociology of scientific knowledge has been to investigate and explain the "contents" of scientific knowledge per se. Ethnomethodological studies of scientific practices were surrounded by the emergence of these "new" programs in social studies of science. Although ethnomethodological studies of science have often been understood without being distinguished from these "new" programs, it seems that ethnomethodological studies differ from these programs in their perspective on language, science and action. In spite of their commitments to a supposedly "radical" view of scientific knowledge, the new sociologies use some conventional social science terminologies and explanatory formulae, and seem caught in a trap concerning the usage of ordinary language in social science and philosophy. Garfinke's ethnomethodology appears to advocate a complete departure from these conventional views of language and science which the new programs have taken over. We will make sense of ethonomethodological studies of science by reviewing how ethonomethodology sees the "new" programs. In this paper we would like to leave a port to the sea of argumentation by regarding ethnomethodologist M. Lynch's studies of science as leading light. Ethnomethodology's agenda is, according to Lynch, to reconsider what it means to produce observations, descriptions and explanations of something "actual." Garfinkel's program is not interested in explaining scientific facts by reference to the social context of their production. The program does not try to construct comprehensive models of activities and institutions. Its objective is to examine how scientific works are produced from the disciplinary-specific Lebenswelt of scientific projects. The aim is not to explain "discovery" as a matter of "social construction" but to try to gain a better understanding of scientific work.