著者

島 創平

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.1-9, 2015

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Nero, the 5th Roman emperor, has often been regarded as a "tyrant". He was the first persecuter of Christians in A.D. 64 when a major fire broke out in the City of Rome. Tacitus, the Roman historian, reports that in order to deny the rumour that Nero himself had orderd the fire to be set , Nero ascribed the crime to Christians and punished them cruelly. However, Tacitus also says that Christians were convicted not so much on the count of arson as for "hatred of the human race" (Annales, 15.44). To consider the question why Christians were persecuted by Nero, we must depend mainly on the descriptions of Roman historians ─ Tacitus and Suetonius. These historians lived in the early part of the 2nd century, when the distinction between Christianity and Judaism had became more apparent. But in the days of Nero's reign, the middle of the 1st century, the distinction was not so apparent. Christianity was regarded as a sect of Judaism. In The Acts of the Apostles, Christianity was called "the sect of the Nazarenes" by an anti-Christian Jew (Acts, 24.5). On the other hand, early Christian missionary work caused division and discord among Jewish people and often provoked disturbance between people who accepted the Christian faith and those who rejected it. In the reign of Claudius, Jews were expelled from Rome because they often created disturbances at the instigation of "Chrestus" (Suetonius, Claudius, 24.4). The Christian people of the Neronian days were thus regarded as a Jewish splinter group and troublemakers who often caused disturbances. Therefore, it is more accurate to view the persecution of Christians by Nero as persecution of a particular Jewish sect ─ "the sect of Nazarenes".

著者

林 直子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 = The journal of the Graduate of Toyo Eiwa University (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.75-83, 2020-03-15

著者

重宗 弘子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.107-119, 2009-03-15

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Although Black Americans had long served in the racially segregated United States Army prior to World WarII, there were no Black pilots in the Army Air Force (AAF) or its immediate predecessor, the Air Corps. TheAAF resisted previous efforts to enlist Black airmen with the claim that there were no Black pilots in theUnited States. Previous efforts to enlist Black airmen were met with the claim within the War Departmentand the AAF in general that Black Americans lacked the aptitude to be military pilots. It was not until thepassage of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 that the AAF, along with other military services,was required to enlist Black males in proportion to their percentage (about 10 percent) of the total population.According to Charles Dryden, Tuskegee Airmen were individuals who were involved in the so-calledTuskegee Experiment by the U.S. War Department to train Black Americans to fly and to maintain airplanesin flying condition, from 1941 to 1946, including persons stationed or employed at Tuskegee Army Air Fieldand / or Moton Field, in various roles and statures: flying officers, nonflying officers, nurses, aviation cadets,noncommissioned officers, enlisted men and women, and civilians. However, according to LeRoy Gillead, theperiod definition is not from 1941 to 1946, but from 1939 to 1949. It was in 1939 that Black Americans werepromoted in aviation through Public Law 18 and the Civil Pilot Training Act. Further, 1949 was the year inwhich many Tuskegee Airmen left Lockborne Air Force Base and were transferred to white Air Force Base.Black Soldiers in World War II had to fight against enemies overseas and discrimination within the UnitedStates. In 1939, there were 1359 white officers in the Army, but only 5 Black officers. Three were chaplainsand the other two were Benjamin Davis, Sr. and Benjamin Davis, Jr. Almost 1000 Black Americans finishedPilot Training. 450 Black Pilots and many Black Ground Supports went overseas in combat roles. TheTuskegee Airmen who remained in the United States fought against discrimination in incidents such as theFreeman Field Incident. The Tuskegee Airmen fought for the advancement of the status of Black Americans20 years before the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

著者

石津 珠子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.17-25, 2018-03-15

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the significance of aesthetic education in art education.In general, art education has two aspects:, to get artistic skill for art works and, to cultivate personality through art.Contemporary concepts of aesthetic education rely heavily on Friedrich von Schiller’s treatise on aesthetic theory “Uber die asthetische Erziehung des Menschen, in einer Reihe von Briefen written in 1795”.We have usually a tendency to emotional feeling and rationality thinking in action.Since the ancient Greece and Rome eras, we have traditional thought of the whole human being, that is “kaloka gatia.”, “arma bella”, and “schone Seele.”.The concept of the harmony of the human being lead to the conception of aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education in Schiller’s treatise.Schiller’s ideas exerted various influences on art education. One example is the work of Herbert Read, whose “Education Through Art was published in 1943”.The aesthetic education theory of Rudolf Seitz was also influenced by Schiller’s theory. His concept of theory is basic in very practice and creative action. Especially in childhood, a lot of experience with sensibility becomes very important basis of creativity, and makes an aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education.

著者

清原 舞子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 = Journal of the graduate of Toyo Eiwa University (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.95-117, 2017-03-15

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The purpose of the present study is to examine aspects of creative regression from the viewpoint of ego boundary, sence of reality and superior sensation, which are supposed to be signposts of pathological regression.Based on the Graphic Rorschach test, I have newly developed a Digital Rorschach test, introducing an experimental examination for use on a tablet computer.On research focusing on artists, as the characteristic of Rorschach, the more total reaction numbers, more Dd%, less F+%, more Σc, more ΣC・SumC, more At% have appeared.As a result of using the Fisher and Cleveland (1958) “–body image boundaries score–”, the artists group is found to have higher barrier and penetration scores as well. The aspects of permeable and impermeable ego boundaries were suggested by Landis (1970) as the “–resilience of boundaries–”.Furthermore, as a result of dividing artists into three groups (musicians, painters, and performers), the musician group has a mostly equal B score and P score, the painter group has a higher B score, and the performer group has a higher P score. Also, it has been suggested that P score is related to concept-dominance – blot-dominance by D.G.R.In previous research, as the classified result of the concept-dominance of normal-adults, “the balance or imbalance between blot and concept” has mostly dominated. In this study, however, the Mx type “mixture imbalance between blot and concept,” –which is not usually seen in normal-adults, has been seen in about 65 % of the artists group. The Mx type has been associated with schizophrenia.Finally, a qualitative view has been added based on the ideas of “–deviant verbalization–” and “–confabulation– ”.

著者

深井 智朗

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 = Journal of the graduate of Toyo Eiwa University (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.65-80, 2017-03-15

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Although it has been well known that Erich Fromm and Paul Tillich were close in Frankfurt as colleagues and in the United States as political refugees, the sources and letters that illuminate their relationship have been few. However, recently discovered letters and sources demonstrate that they continued to form a close relationship through “the Council for a Democratic Germany” and also in private study groups in the United States. By analyzing these letters, this paper clarifies the intellectual exchanges of these two men in their period of exile.

著者

鍵和田 聖子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.53-72, 2005

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This is a study of mandalas unique to Esoteric Buddhism and the influence they had on religious developments in Japan, especially in terms of movements toward a union of Buddhism and Shintoism. Several sites of esoteric Buddhism are examined, including Koyasan, Hieizan, Kumano, and stone images of the Buddha found in Oita Prefecture. Since ancient times, natural phenomen, especially mountains, were considered as gods or kami in Japan. This polytheistic nature of Shinto agreed with Buddhism, and allowed Japanese to believe that the Buddha could be identified with the Japanese gods.This identification between Buddhist deities and nature influenced the themes portrayed in Buddhist iconography, particularly the mandala. The lack of a sense of the absolute also contributed to change in the construction of mandalas. Furthermore, these "emblems of the other world" were somewhat more malleable in Japan, perhaps because Japanese themselves felt so close to the other world. In was through this indigenization of the mandala that we can see the indigenization of Buddhism, that is the transformation of Buddhism into a Japanese religion.

著者

宮崎 正康

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.41-57, 2011-03-15

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The purpose of this article is to help junior high school students understand the age when the Manchurian Incident occurred.The Kwantung army responsible for the defense of Manchurian railway caused the Manchurian Incident. Not only the Kwantung army but also the majority of the military felt strong dissatisfaction with domestic affairs and the diplomacy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet. The Hamaguchi Cabinet returned tothe gold standard at the time when the World Economic Crisis had occurred, and as a result the Showa era panic became intense. The unemployed increased while the Showa era panic was deteriorating, workers' salaries decreased, and the incomes of farmers had decreased especially. In the military, there were many drafted farmers. It was transmitted to the military that farmers' lives were very severe from these recruits,and the military came to have a strong criticism of the economic policy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.Moreover, the Hamaguchi Cabinet took the policy of international cooperation that cooperated with America and Europe in diplomacy. However, the military thought that America and Europe were trying to rule Asia,and tried to limit the military force in Japan. Consequently it became impossible to oppose America and Europe by the policy of international cooperation of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.The Kwantung army thought that they were able to oppose America and Europe by occupying the whole of Manchuria, and enlarging the financial strength and the military force in Manchuria based on the plan of Japan. In addition, the Kwantung army thought that it would become easy to live for the farmers, and the development of Manchuria would be possible, if farmers who had decreased their incomes sharply in the Showa era panic were made to migrate to Manchuria. It is not easy at all to make junior high school students understand the age over which powers of the world fought using military force like this. However, it is thought that junior high school students' understanding will advance and they will come to be able to discuss this age if an appropriate teaching material is given. This article presents such an appropriate teaching material and proposes the method of teaching to junior high school students.

著者

岡井 崇之

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.25-37, 2012-03-15

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The purpose of this study is to consider the relationship between media discourse and socialchange. I examine them in theoretical aspect, and then I would like to provide new analytical framework. First, I review some discussions in media studies and sociology to analyze social change. Although the effects of mass media on social and cultural change have been discussed within mass communication theory, it has been considered that it is difficult to measure them strictly. Recently, the approach of discourse analysis has become increasingly important in media studies. But the focus on media discourse has shown a lack of interest in macro factors. It is also pointed out that social change theory in sociology raises many theoretical questions. Second, I suggest new perspectives in the study of discourse analysis, including the conversationalization of discourse and global discourse that articulates micro discourse and the macro structure of society. By the concept of the conversationalization of discourse, Fairclough suggested important implicationsfor the ideology of conversation and social change towards entertainment. On the other hand, Machin & Van Leeuwen have focused on globalization as discourse, analyzing the three aspects of genre, language, and image from the perspective of style and format. As a result, the following results were obtained: 1) Global media formats enter localities through a number of routes. Local media may copy global formats. 2) Media genre formats and technologies are increasingly globalized and homogenized. Such genres, formats, and technologies are not neutral containers of content. They carry meaning and value themselves. 3) In the above discussion, it is important that social change is traced to consumer capitalism. Finally, I concluded that that the accumulation of case studies in the context of Japanese society is important.

著者

Sippel Patricia

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.1-20, 2011-03-15

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本稿はカナダ・メソジスト教会婦人伝道会社に派遣され、東洋英和女学校の初期を形成した三人の女性伝道者たちの異文化交流に焦点を当てる。創立者であるマーサー・J・カートメル(1845-1945)の滞在期間は病気により短いものとなった。イライザ・スペンサー・ラージ(1855-1933)は、校舎において目の前で夫を殺害され、後には日本におけるカナダ・メソジスト伝道運動を脅かすほどの闘いに挑むこととなる。そしてアグネス・ウィントミュート・コーツ(1864-1945)は、当初伝道のために精力的な活動をするも、来る戦時期には長きにわたる疎外と孤独な死が彼女を待ち受けていた。書簡、報告書、議事録を紐解いていくことで、日本という生活環境そして布教の地でカナダ人伝道者たちが経験した国際交流の複雑さを素描する。

著者

吉岡 早希 Saki YOSHIOKA

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.95-111, 2014

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This paper describes cross-sectoral dialogues concerning history textbook revisions aimed at promoting a common historical awareness in the European Union and examines the ways in which this process has affected European integration. Initiated as a mutual assessment of textbooks in the inter-war period aimed at preventing prejudice against other European states, history textbook dialogues eventually evolved into arguments about the history education of citizens of the European community and the multilateral community in the post Cold War aimed at fostering collaborative development. By analyzing previous research and official activity reports of the respective actors involved in the process, including Germany, France, Poland, the Council of Europe, UNESCO, the Georg-Eckert Institute, and EUROCLIO, this study demonstrates the limitations of the activities aimed at enhancing a common historical awareness. This research suggests that existing difficulties and obstacles need to be overcome before history textbook dialogues can make possible the establishment of mutual understanding among the European states. It concludes that continuous observation and further study are required

著者

根岸 隆

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.1-12, 2005-04-01

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We defended Marshall from modern economic theorists' false accusation that he forgot producers' surplus in his proposition of the tax-subsidy scheme. After due attention is paid to Brahmananda's pioneering contribution, we argued, firstly, that Marshall did not forget producers' surplus but merely considered the case of no producers' surplus, in view of his distinction between the supply curve and the particular expenses curve and the long-run nature of the equilibrium considered. In addition to this purely theoretical vindication (rational reconstruction), we argued further more, from the view point of the history of economic thought, that Marshall did not forget producers' surplus in The Pure Theory, which was aimed at specialist readers, but deliberately assumed it away in Principles, which was aimed at more general readers. Finally, in view of the recent rapid development of the theoretical and applied general equilibrmm theory, we emphasize the role of Marshallian particular equilibrium analysis as a heuristic method.

著者

アマン 礼子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.71-94, 2012

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The purpose of this paper is to study ways of attracting foreign tourists as a means of improving the worldwide standing of Japan and the Japanese people. Future activities and possible improvements are a main aspect of the paper. While focusing on the attraction of tourists from Europe, a comparison between the cities of Bath (United Kingdom) and Kamakura (Japan) will serve as a case study. With international tourism booming in recent years, a study from 2009 ranked the number of Japanese travelling abroad as 15th worldwide, while the number of foreigners travelling to Japan occupied 28th place. These figures imply that, although recognized as an advanced country, Japan might be regarded as an under-developed country in respect to tourism. By contrast, although the United Kingdom is similar to Japan in being an island nation, it has developed unique strategies for attracting foreign tourists and, as a result, ranks 6th worldwide. British tourism policies date back to the 1980s, when the promotion of tourism and environmental protection were already equally developed as core policies on a national level. Accordingly British tourism policies can provide significant implications for tourism policies in Japan. The city of Bath shares with Kamakura characteristics such as its location from main cities and its abundance of sightseeing resources. However, it can also be seen as a forerunner among World Heritage cities - a status Kamakura is still seeking. Moreover, 93% of Bath's residents support tourism and cooperate in fostering the city's tourist development together with the local administration. By contrast, a survey conducted by the author revealed that only 44% of Kamakura residents support tourism. Hence in order to develop Kamakura into an international tourist city, Bath serves as an excellent benchmark example. The author conducted a survey among 65 residents of Switzerland on the topic of hospitality and Japanese culture. The results of the survey are used to highlight the weak points of Japanese hospitality and to suggest hints for further improvement. Moreover, they show the effectiveness of using keywords such as "Japanese culture" and "Japanese Culture Experience Tourism" in order to attract and increase the number of tourists from Europe to Japan.

著者

三上 章 Akira MIKAMI

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.1-19, 2013-03-15

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This article aims to clarify how Platonism functioned in the thinking of John Smith in his theological and philosophical work, A Discourse Concerning the True Way or Method of Attaining to Divine Knowledge. Smith's Platonism consists not so much in a legalistic and petrified ideology as in incessant motion and ascent, driven by the love of wisdom and the ultimate truth. This basic mentality is reflected in Smith's understandings of "innate ideas" as being by nature resident within everyone's soul and making it possible to know God, of "Divinity" or "Theology" as "a Divine life" rather than "a Divine science," of the seat and place where the divine truth lies as having to be sought within man's soul, not outside of man, of the purification of man's soul as a prerequisite for attaining to divine knowledge, of warning against premature judgments in order not to fall into errors of dogmatism and fanaticism, and of the way of virtue as the formation of virtue and goodness within man's soul, a true living sense of them, and the vision of God with the eyes of a purified intellect (nous). Smith elucidates the ascents to divine knowledge in accordance with the explanation of the Stoic Platonist Epictetus. He shows that a man's soul progresses step by step to the upper dimensions ofcontemplating the truth in parallel with the degrees of the purification of the soul. Ascents start from the stage of an obscure opinion (doxa) to the stage of a more distinct opinion, then proceed to the lower level of science (episte-me-), and ultimately attain to divine knowledge. This is the way upward which is to be trodden by "the true and sober Christian who lives in Him who is Life itself, and is enlightened by Him who is the Truth itself, and is made partaker of the DivineUnction, and knoweth all things." This was nothing other than the way that John Smith, Platonist Christian, trod and that took him to the home above.

著者

三上 章 Akira MIKAMI

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-19, 2013

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This article aims to clarify how Platonism functioned in the thinking of John Smith in his theological and philosophical work, A Discourse Concerning the True Way or Method of Attaining to Divine Knowledge. Smith's Platonism consists not so much in a legalistic and petrified ideology as in incessant motion and ascent, driven by the love of wisdom and the ultimate truth. This basic mentality is reflected in Smith's understandings of "innate ideas" as being by nature resident within everyone's soul and making it possible to know God, of "Divinity" or "Theology" as "a Divine life" rather than "a Divine science," of the seat and place where the divine truth lies as having to be sought within man's soul, not outside of man, of the purification of man's soul as a prerequisite for attaining to divine knowledge, of warning against premature judgments in order not to fall into errors of dogmatism and fanaticism, and of the way of virtue as the formation of virtue and goodness within man's soul, a true living sense of them, and the vision of God with the eyes of a purified intellect (nous). Smith elucidates the ascents to divine knowledge in accordance with the explanation of the Stoic Platonist Epictetus. He shows that a man's soul progresses step by step to the upper dimensions ofcontemplating the truth in parallel with the degrees of the purification of the soul. Ascents start from the stage of an obscure opinion (doxa) to the stage of a more distinct opinion, then proceed to the lower level of science (episte-me-), and ultimately attain to divine knowledge. This is the way upward which is to be trodden by "the true and sober Christian who lives in Him who is Life itself, and is enlightened by Him who is the Truth itself, and is made partaker of the DivineUnction, and knoweth all things." This was nothing other than the way that John Smith, Platonist Christian, trod and that took him to the home above.

著者

小山 友 Tomo OYAMA

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 = The Journal of the Graduate School of Toyo Eiwa University (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.95-112, 2013-03-15 (Released:2013-07-09)

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The rise of the new radical right in Western European political parties started in the late 1980s and is now expanding across Europe. While causes of the rise of the new radical right vary in each county, a common characteristic of many radical right parties is their exclusive stance toward the immigration issue. Has the expanding support for these radical right parties across Europe resulted from anincreasing sense of xenophobia among European citizens against immigrants? Or has it resulted from the radical right parties’ usual tactic of gaining public support by expressing negative opinions on the immigration issue in order to acquire political legitimacy? This paper aims to clarify the rise of the radical right in the Netherlands in and after 2000. Focusing on two parties, Lijst Pim Fortuyn and Partij voor de Vrijheid, the study identifies characteristics of the radical right in Netherlands. Especially, it reviews and examines changes in Dutch society, including globalization and the expansion of the EU since the 1990s, in order to trace structural changes in the Dutch political system and examine the ways in which such changes are linked to the rise of the radical right. The paper also examines causes of the expansion of public support for the new radical right: whyit has been able to gain public support by proclaiming itself to be anti-immigration and anti-Muslim, despite the fact that most radical right candidates have historically been avoided by most citizens and treated as fringe candidates since the Second World War. In addition, the paper clarifies how the immigration issue in Dutch society has affected the radical right and how the radical right has gainedthe support of voters, including the arguments used by the radical right to acquire political legitimacy for its anti-immigration and anti-Muslim stance.

著者

平山 正実

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.25-42, 2005-04-01

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While looking into the life history of Elisabeth Kubler Ross I studied her view of life and death. In particular, I paid attention to the view presented in her maiden work titled "The Moment of Death" (1969) in which she wrote : "patients are led to their deaths by following five steps of psychological processes". Paying special attention to this theory, I used her autobiography as my references to find out how her view on life and death was reflected in her biography and I made an analytic study at it. Additionally, I focused on her anger at death and acceptance of death and compared her view with that of Job, a man of righteousness described in the Old Testament. In this way. I clarified the points of similarities and differences between the two and sought for a way in which people living the modem age may accept their own illnesses and death.