著者

苗村 弘太郎

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.21-42, 2018-03-31

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Circumstantial (indirect) evidence is supposed to be unreliable in historical research. Historians, however, sometimes succeed in establishing a fact based on circumstantial evidence. The reason why circumstantial evidence can achieve it despite its infamous reputation is a question left to be answered. I will give an answer to this question by arguing that credibility of inference in historical research does not depend on whether it is based on circumstantial evidence but on whether its hypothesis is a good explanation in terms of IBE (inference to the best explanation). McCullagh(1984) argues that there are seven explanatory virtues that concern IBE in historical research: some explanation to evidence, explanatory scope, explanatory power, plausibility, ad-hocness, disconfirmation, relative superiority. This criteria can help us understand historical inference based on circumstantial evidence, but it has some problems. Therefore, I will try to modify his criteria in terms of Bayesiansim. I will argue three points. First, plausibility should be interpreted as prior probability in terms of Bayesianism. Second, ad-hocness should be turned into a virtue reflecting degree of unification. Third, how much weight is put on each of explanatory virtues depends on individual historian's judgement. I will demonstrate these points by a case study.

著者

有賀 暢迪 中尾 央

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.127-136, 2010-02-28

著者

矢田部 俊介

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.1-26, 2013-02-28

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Recently some constructivists try to justify impredicative theories with coinduction which play a very significant role in computer science though it had been thought that predicativity is necessary for constructivity. In this paper we introduce these arguments, by Rathjen and by Coquand, and apply these argument to show a naive set theory CONS in FLew∀, which is intuitionistic logic minus the contraction rule, can be regarded as constructive.

著者

矢田部 俊介

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.1-32, 2015-03-31

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Truth theories like the Friedman-Sheard's truth theory (FS) have two rules, T-in rule and T-out rule, about introduction and elimination of the truth predicate. They look like the introduction rule and the elimination rule of a logical connective. From the proof theoretic semantics viewpoint, one might think that the truth predicate is a logical connective which is governed by these two rules. From this proof theoretic semantics viewpoint, the nature of truth is like deflationist's nature of truth. Additionally one of the most important things is that the truth predicate does not disturb the traceability of the argument from the premises to a conclusion. However, a crucial problem has been known: any criteria to be a logical connective, known as a "harmony" of the introduction rule and the elimination rule, are not satisfied because of the ω-inconsistency of FS. Such ω-inconsistency is caused by the fact that the truth predicate enables us to define paradoxical formulae of seemingly infinite-length. These formulae can be regarded as coinductive objects in terms of computer science. The reason of the failure of the harmony is that these criteria are defined not for coinductively defined paradoxical formulae but for inductively defined formulae. In this paper, we examine how we can extend the criteria for harmony for coinductive formulae.

著者

杉本 舞

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.17-28, 2008-01-31

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Norbert Wiener suggested the interdisciplinary collaboration that was later called cybernetics. Throughout the several meetings he arranged from 1942 to 1945, Wiener gradually changed his views regarding what the key concept of cybernetics should be. In 1943, Wiener emphasized the negative feedback, drawing an analogy between a machine and a human brain. Then, during 1944, the interaction with his collaborator John von Neumann, who built a high-speed computer, led Wiener to focus on control mechanisms. Finally, at the meeting in 1945, Wiener proposed the concept of communication as a common subject of this interdisciplinary research, aiming to connect control engineering with computer engineering.

著者

菅原 裕輝

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.21-41, 2014-03-31

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Over the last six decades, since Oppenheim and Putnam (1958), the relationship between psychology and neuroscience has been fiercely discussed by many philosophers of science and scientists. In this article, I review debates over the relationship between psychology and neuroscience, including the classical reductionism, the new wave reductionism, and the mechanistic approach. I argue that the mechanistic approach is the most plausible view and conclude that psychology is integrated with neuroscience, rather reduced to.

著者

山口 健太郎

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.43-59, 2008-01-31

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Within the framework of statistics, the goodness of statistical models is evaluated by criteria for model selection, such as the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. Each information criteria is based on likelihoodist’s or Bayesian conception. Here, I analyse the inferences used in the derivation of these criteria, and argue that the goodness, evaluated by the Akaike or Bayesian information criteria reflects frequentist’s conception, which is not explained by likelihoodist or Bayesian.

著者

稲葉 肇

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.1-20, 2014-03-31

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This paper shows that JosiahWillard Gibbs (1839–1903) integrated Helmholtzian thermodynamic analogies with the Boltzmann-Maxwellian ensemble approach in his book Elementary principles in statistical mechanics (1902). On one hand, Gibbs took over the ensemble concept from Maxwell and Boltzmann, who developed it in the 1870s and 1880s. A lecture note taken by a Gibbs' student reveals that Gibbs finished his theory of statistical mechanics following the Boltzmann-Maxwell line almost completely by 1895. On the other hand, Gibbs made analogies with thermodynamics in Helmholtz's sense; in 1884 Helmholtz suggested the idea of monocyclic systems to establish the fact that there are formal and operational correspondences between mechanics and thermodynamics. In the same year, Boltzmann extended the domain of monocyclic systems by means of ensembles, but he made only formal analogies. The lecture note also mentions formal analogies. In the Elementary principles, Gibbs applied the ensemble concept to make both formal and operational analogies, as can be seen in Helmholtz. Although there is no direct evidence that Gibbs studied Helmholtz's monocyclic systems, a detailed analysis allows us to interpret Gibbs' theory as succeeding Helmholtz' thermodynamic analogies.

著者

吉田 善哉

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.42-63, 2014-03-31

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Since the late 20th century, studies on evolution and on development have interacted with each other and have made a significant success in biological research. This interaction between evolution and development has often been called evolutionary developmental biology, for short, "evo-devo". Moreover, some biologists suggest a newer framework called ecological evolutionary developmental biology, for short, "eco-evo-devo", which attempts to reveal mechanisms by which environmental factors help to construct variation, and is said to be the sign of "a new and more inclusive evolutionary theory". This article examines the relationship between eco-evo-devo and evo-devo. Although evo-devo has concentrated on developmental genetic approaches in its middle stage, it was originally more diverse in terms of its approaches in its early development and contained many concepts and approaches, including ecological and environmental ones emphasized in eco-evo-devo. Thus it is more reasonable to regard eco-evo-devo as a part of evo-devo in which the emphasis is shifting from studies in laboratories to studies taking environmental factors into account.

著者

アウディ スティーブ 岸田 功平

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.91-108, 2006-03-20

著者

伊藤 和行

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.117-132, 2008-01-31

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Von Neumann's "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" is known as the first paper on the modern computation theory, where he compared electric circuits to neuron networks. The idea of conceiving neuron networks as logical circuits was proposed by W. S. McCulloch and W. Pitts, and was called the McCulloch-Pitts Model. This model led von Neumann to develop his automata theory, in which he proposed five models like the cellular model. Through them, he tried to present a unified study of modern computing machines and the human nervous system.

著者

矢田部 俊介

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.1-15, 2012-02-28

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In his 2003 paper, Peacocke insisted that our implicit conception of natural numbers essentially uses a primitive recursion which consists of three clauses, and claimed that this excludes the non-standard models of natural numbers. In this article, we construct a counter “model” to his argument, which contains a non-standard natural number though the set ω of natural numbers is defined as an analogy to his primitive recursion, in a set theory with the comprehension principle within many-valued logic. This result suggests that we should interpret non-standard natural numbers from a philosophical viewpoint. We discuss this by reviewing Strict Finitism, and we conclude that non-standard natural numbers can be interpreted as “large numbers” in a Strict Finitist sense: It expresses new numbers which are introduced by expanding the notation system of natural numbers.

著者

有賀 暢迪 中尾 央

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.127-136, 2010-02-28

著者

森田 紘平

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.79-84, 2013-02-28

著者

田中 泉吏 中尾 央

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.1-19, 2009-02-28

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The aim of this paper is to critically examine the theory of linguistic analogy of morality by Mikhail, Harman, Hauser, and Dwyer through a comparison with emotional theory of morality by Haidt, Greene, and Prinz. The theory of linguistic analogy argues that moral judgments come from our unconscious moral grammar. Dual process theory by Greene, on the other hand, argues that moral judgments are based on our unconscious emotional response and conscious reasoning. We argue that the action analysis model in the theory of linguistic analogy may be able to reveal an important aspect of moral judgment, but that the theory of linguistic analogy should not underestimate the role of emotion in moral judgment.

著者

有賀 暢迪

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.127-148, 2011-02-28

著者

有賀 暢迪

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.61-74, 2008-01-31

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In 1956, American meteorologist Norman Phillips published an article entitled "The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment," which is considered a landmark in the history of meteorology as well as in that of computer simulation. In this paper, we present Phillips's numerical experiment as a natural development of a dishpan experiment―a laboratory experiment with rotating fluid. Both kinds of experiments are 'model experiments,' and we can regard their models as a tool for understanding general circulation. In the history of meteorology, computer simulation emerged as a kind of experiment.

著者

橋本 雄太

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.52-76, 2015-03-31

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This paper examines the history of the development of mathematical education in Prussian gymnasiums in the first half of the 19th century. The Prussian gymnasium system emerged from educational reform at the beginning of the 19th century under the significant influence of the neo-humanism movement and formal Bildung theory. Prussian bureaucrats and teachers who participated in the reform put a high value on mathematics as a means of training student's mental capacity. This was reflected in the educational policy of the Prussian government. The so-called S¨uvern's plan was the first standard curriculum announced by the Prussian government in 1816 and brought an increase of the hours of teaching mathematics in Prussian gymnasiums around 1820. This situation did not last long, however, because in response to student demands, the Prussian gymnasiums had to reduce mathematical education. However, the author's analysis of the annual reports published by gymnasiums shows that S¨uvern's plan brought a quantitative change in gymnasium education; the mathematical education in gymnasiums transformed from practical and utilitarian in orientation to academic and scientific and this was vital for higher mathematical education in universities.

著者

伊藤 和行

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.117-132, 2008-01-31

---

Von Neumann's "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" is known as the first paper on the modern computation theory, where he compared electric circuits to neuron networks. The idea of conceiving neuron networks as logical circuits was proposed by W. S. McCulloch and W. Pitts, and was called the McCulloch-Pitts Model. This model led von Neumann to develop his automata theory, in which he proposed five models like the cellular model. Through them, he tried to present a unified study of modern computing machines and the human nervous system.

著者

大西 勇喜謙

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.101-115, 2008-01-31

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The word "model" has a variety of meanings in many branches of science. Suppes (1960) asserted that those different use of the word can be related to that in mathematical logic. And further, he pointed out the usefulness of the model with this meaning in analyzing many aspects of scientific activity, such as Gedanken experiments and data comparison. Such an attention to the utility of the model later led to a new way of viewing scientific theories called "the Semantic Conception of Theories". In this paper, I survey the transition in the view of scientific theories, and see how important roles models play in the Semantic Conception.