著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_1-1_13, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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Altruistic behaviors are quite impressive features in nature and call for selective explanation. Ever since Darwin, many biologists have appealed to group selection to explain altruism. In the 1960s, Williams knocked down these naïve group selectionists and alternatively promoted gene selectionism. However, group selection was highlighted again in the 1980s by Wilson and Sober, who suggested a hierarchical conception of evolution. Opposing to this conception, some philosophers, together with some biologists, proposed to adopt a pluralistic stance toward various models of selection. These three approaches give different explanations of the evolution of altruism. I compare them and show a pluralistic one is the most valid among them.

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.9-25, 2012-09-30 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

84

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"The death of essentialism" has been widely accepted in biology and philosophy of biology for more than half a century, but recently essentialism seems to raise its head again. The purpose of this paper is to criticize one particular type of "new essentialism" called the homeostatic property cluster view of the species category. According to this view, there is the causal entanglement of properties that creates the biological units recognized as species. However, there is a significant biological phenomenon called lateral gene transfer, which undoes the entanglement, especially in microorganisms. Thus, I conclude that the view is untenable in light of our current biological knowledge, including microbiological one. In addition, I consider the reasons why we should reject species eliminativism even if we accept anti-essentialism and species pluralism.

著者

田中 泉吏 中尾 央

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.1-19, 2009-02-28

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The aim of this paper is to critically examine the theory of linguistic analogy of morality by Mikhail, Harman, Hauser, and Dwyer through a comparison with emotional theory of morality by Haidt, Greene, and Prinz. The theory of linguistic analogy argues that moral judgments come from our unconscious moral grammar. Dual process theory by Greene, on the other hand, argues that moral judgments are based on our unconscious emotional response and conscious reasoning. We argue that the action analysis model in the theory of linguistic analogy may be able to reveal an important aspect of moral judgment, but that the theory of linguistic analogy should not underestimate the role of emotion in moral judgment.

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.109-124, 2006-03-20

著者

鈴木 真 佐金 武 田中 泉吏 網谷 祐一

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.129-143, 2017-12-20 (Released:2019-05-02)

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.29-42, 2008-01-31

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Evolutionary biologists, together with philosophers of biology, build two different, but mathematically equivalent models for a single selection process in a hierarchically structured population. I call one the BPS (broad-sense particle selection) model and the other the MLS (multi-level selection) model, and delineate a distinction between them in terms of parameterization. It is observed that in other sciences scientists employ multiple models to analyze and represent aspects of real-world phenomena indirectly. I argue that the same observation applies to biologists who employ both BPS and MLS models.

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室

雑誌

科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.29-42, 2008-01-31

---

Evolutionary biologists, together with philosophers of biology, build two different, but mathematically equivalent models for a single selection process in a hierarchically structured population. I call one the BPS (broad-sense particle selection) model and the other the MLS (multi-level selection) model, and delineate a distinction between them in terms of parameterization. It is observed that in other sciences scientists employ multiple models to analyze and represent aspects of real-world phenomena indirectly. I argue that the same observation applies to biologists who employ both BPS and MLS models.

著者

田中 泉吏 内井 惣七

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.213-217, 2005

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How should we approach to the origins of morality? How should we analyse the moral emotions? Recent researches in animal psychology seem to throw some light on these questions. According to Brosnan & de Waal, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) has a 'sense of fairness.' As Darwin thought, morality is supported by social emotions, which not only humans but also other primates should have. Then, in order to answer the preceding questions, we have to pay enough attention to the emotional responses of nonhuman primates in social contexts as well as those of humans. In addition, we should not neglect the conceptual analysis of morality and moral emotions, because morality consists of various components. In this regard, J.S. Mill's analysis of 'justice' in Utilitarianism may be regarded as a good example. We will state a brief prospect of the "evolutionary ethics."