著者

佐藤 利夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.265, pp.24-28, 2013 (Released:2021-07-14)

著者

横山 雅彦

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.234, pp.65-74, 2005 (Released:2021-08-12)

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In the latter half of the twentieth century the development of Copernican studies has been highly remarkable. The author surveys from his personal point of view this development, which is divided into two periods. The first period is the time from the end of the Second World War to 1970, and the second period is the time from 1970 to the end of the last century. The year 1970 was really significant in the advance of Copernican studies, for in this very year two new learned journals relating to Copernicus began to be published at once: Journal for the History of Astronomy and Studia Copernicana. After he has pointed out some characteristic aspects of Copernican studies in these two periods respectively, the author proposes a few problems on Copernicus and his intellectual environment. Among others he emphasizes the importance of the concept of symmetria in Copernicus's new cosmology. If the role of this concept in the growth of his astronomical thought is properly recognized, the history of the Copernican Revolution will be viewed in quite a different perspective than before.

著者

藤本 大士

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.292, pp.318-333, 2020 (Released:2020-04-22)

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In 1859, some American Protestant denominations started medical missions in Japan. The medical missionaries tried to eliminate the Japanese people’s prejudice against Christianity by offering medical care and education to the local communities. In the 1870s, several young medical students and ambitious medical practitioners asked the American medical missionaries for instruction about Western medicine. The current scholarship has overlooked the work of these American medical missionaries and has narrowed its focus to the German physicians who worked at the University of Tokyo and influenced the Japanese physicians with German medicine. This paper aims to demonstrate how the American medical missionaries were appreciated in early Meiji Osaka. First, I outline the background of the American Protestant missions, which dispatched many medical missionaries in the 1870s. Second, I describe the activities of the American medical missionaries in Osaka from the 1870s until the mid- 1880s, focusing on Arthur H. Adams and Wallace Taylor from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and on Henry Laning from the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Finally, I examine how these medical missionaries were engaged in the medical education of both medical students and physicians.

著者

鈴木 普慈夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.224, pp.221-230, 2002 (Released:2021-08-13)

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At the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army was way behind in the development of radio weapons. Therefore, when they knew American and British forces had used radio weapons, the Japanese army held a research examination of radio weapons in the department of the army ordnance. This material introduced the report in the research. The report was mainly connected with radio weapons related to airplanes and showed detailed explanations about American, British, and German conditions with regard to radars, guardradars, and induce implements, and then it emphasized the importance of radio weapons in modern wars. And let me add that the Japanese army, based on this report. summoned scholars and students, for example, Dr.Okabe in Osaka University, and succeeded in completing radars and guardradars around the autumn in 1943.

著者

隠岐 さや香

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.251, pp.129-141, 2009 (Released:2021-08-03)

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Le processus d'expertise preparatoire a l'amenagement de rivieres etait comparativement plus lent et plus decentralise dans la France du XVIII^e siecle que daps d'autres parties de l'Europe telle l'Angleterre ou l'Italie. Au milieu du siecle, ce manque de structure decisive au sein de l'administration permet a l'Academie royale des sciences de Paris de s'imposer progressivement sur ces questions, en jouant un role consultatif aupres du gouvernement sur differents projets de canaux. Cet article examinera deux de ces projets-celui du canal de Picardie et celui du canal de l'Yvette, jamais etudie pour lui-meme en histoire sociales des sciences. Tout d'abord, ces projets permettent d'observer une dynamique de concurrence entre les academiciens pour determiner la personne qui dirigera l'expertise. Ensuite, cette rivalite, qui s'explique par des milieux socio-professionnels d'origines differentes, bat son plein dans les annees 1770 notamment entre, d'une part, des personnes dotees d'un savoir-faire technique avere par leur arriere-plan institutionnel tel J.-R. Perronet du corps des Ponts et Chaussees et, d'autre part, des savants theoriciens tels D'Alembert et Condorcet. Chacun adopte une approche differente du probleme: une tentative mathematiquement plus elementaire mais plus pratique et qui permettra la decouverte de la formule de Chezy pour les techniciens, ou bien une combinaison entre analyse et experimentation hydraulique pour les mathematiciens. Mais au-dela d'une simple opposition binaire, on montrera comment le cas du projet du canal de l'Yvette correspond plutot a l'apparition d'une nouvelle division du travail entre les savants theoriciens et techniciens dans les annees 1780.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.271, pp.329, 2014 (Released:2020-12-09)

著者

金 凡性

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.225, pp.11-19, 2003 (Released:2021-08-13)

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This paper investigates a feature of early modern Japanese seismology from the viewpoint of what I call "meteorological seismology." Fusakichi Omori (1868-1923) is one of the founders of Japanese modern seismology. The seismological research of his period has been described by scholars such as Yoichiro Fujii(1967) and Takahiro Hagiwara (1982) as "statistical seismology." In this paper, I would like to focus on the meteorological studies of earthquakes from the late 19^ <th> century to the interwar period, which are not well known. Hoping to contribute to the question of "when do the earthquakes break out," Omori, with some knowledge in meteorology, analyzed the relationship between earthquakes and meteorological phenomena, using atmospheric pressure in particular. His "meteorological approach" had its origin in his instructors' era since they regarded meteorology as their model in both disciplinary aim and methodology. Some of Omori's colleagues followed his tactics seriously even after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, although it is said that after this earthquake there was a methodological turn to basic (geo) physics. I argue that the desire to predict when the earthquakes occur manifested itself in "meteorological seismology" and would like to shed some light on the environment in which this research program subsequently evolved.

著者

和田 正法

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.287, pp.186-200, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

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The Imperial College of Engineering (ICE, or Kōbu-Daigakkō) in Tokyo, founded in 1873 under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Works, was one of the most prominent modern institutions of engineering education in early Meiji Japan. The college offered seven (later eight) courses in engineering. A total of 211 students graduated from ICE in seven times commencements during 13 years of operation until its merger with the contemporary University of Tokyo in 1886. Historians have recognized that ICE offered better engineering education than other colleges, such as the University of Tokyo and the succeeding Imperial University, because ICE offered higher-level practical training under governmental enterprises. Focusing on the closure of ICE, this paper reappraises its educational role in Meiji Japan. It shows that the government established ICE not because of the demand from industry, but to train engineers and professors to substitute for foreign employees, a process that was largely complete by around 1882. At the same time, there were two major failings in the educational system: (i) Higher educational institutions were completely separated from lower schools. The level of the original curriculum of ICE was too high to recruit capable candidates. (ii) Meiji Japan lacked a comprehensive plan for technical education. The government totally ignored the training of foremen and technicians. Given these two shortcomings of the Meiji educational system, ICEʼs superiority was insignificant. Facing financial difficulties, the government had no choice but to close it.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.299, pp.199, 2021 (Released:2022-08-01)

著者

相馬 尚之

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.296, pp.311-326, 2020 (Released:2021-10-06)

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This paper discusses the significance of the novels included in the German author Hanns Heinz Ewersʼ (1871–1943) popular science book Ameisen (The Ants, 1925). After World War I, the destruction of the existing social norms led scientists and novelists to engage in the research of social insects. Ewers, a best-selling author during the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the interwar period, wrote a book about ants to criticize modern science, which had become so professionalized and jargon-laden that laypeople did not understand it. The peculiarity of Ewersʼ work lies in three &quotmyrmecomorphic" novels that transplanted the behaviors of ants into human society. This paper focuses on two of those three novels, Jungfernzeugung? (Parthenogenesis) and Armer Freddy (Poor Freddy), and clarifies how these fantasy novels function as satire on scientists. In Jungfernzeugung?, for example, Ewers mixed a traditional motif and the newest scientific accomplishment: succubus and parthenogenesis in sea urchins. Through this mixture of literary and scientific imaginations, he attached a (pseudo-)scientific explanation to the old myth and strong suspicion to the exactness of science. Ewersʼ myrmecomorphism not only satisfied the curiosity of the masses but also exposed how the latest study of biology was full of analogical thoughts and social ideologies. Through its excessive obscenity and curious resonances, which aligned with the trend in biologism-especially with the scientific worldview expressed by monists like Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919)-Ewersʼ myrmecomorphism revealed the hidden cultural aspects, such as misogyny and homophobia, in exact natural science.

著者

中尾 麻伊香

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.268, pp.187-199, 2013 (Released:2021-07-12)

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This paper examines how radiation medicine has contributed to the popularization of hot springs in modern Japan. In the early 20th century, radium was a precious material used for medical purposes, and people wanted to use it for therapeutic purposes as well as to enhance their health, without knowing about its harmful effects. Radium hot springs became fashionable in Japan and its colonies in the 1910s. The boom of "radium hot springs" was generated through the relationship between Japanese scholars, national policy, and local villages. In 1909, medical scientist Kaichiro Manabe, and physicist, Denichiro Ishitani, found "radium emanation" (radon) in several hot springs and reported that these highly reputed hot springs contained radium emanation. At the Atami hot spring, Manabe lectured that radium provided the real potency behind the hot spring and determined the hot spring's life and death. Manabe presented a modern scientific explanation for the hot spring's traditional values. As scholars reported that radium provided the real potency of hot springs, local hot spring villages seized on the scientific explanation and connected their developments with national policies. This paper illustrates how the discourse about radium, which came from the field of radiation medicine, connected traditional and modern values as well as the central and regional terrains.

著者

山中 千尋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.263, pp.138-147, 2012 (Released:2021-07-20)

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This paper gives an overview of the thoughts and activities of a leading Japanese chemist of the early modern era in Japan, Dr. Joji Sakurai, on the promotion of science as the nation modernized. Past studies have regarded Sakurai as important mainly for his work as a chemist; however, his works that have now come to be seen as most important are those on the promotion of science, in his later life. Focusing on the context and development process of Sakurai's thoughts and activities, as well as their content, the author casts new light on Sakurai's work with reference to previously unexamined primary materials (Sakurai's own writings). It is found that Sakurai's philosophy originated in his experience studying abroad in England; was shaped by his teaching and administrative work at the Imperial University of Tokyo; and was developed in the establishment of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), the National Research Council, and was then used in the Foundation for the Promotion of Scientific Research in the early twentieth century. Sakurai devoted himself to creating a better environment for scientists by institutional support based on his international experiences and academic network. His unique ideas and practical actions to see them realized, fostering creative, international-minded scientists with adequate government financial support, are undoubtedly the main reasons that led to evaluate Sakurai as the leading promoter of Japanese science and research rather than as a pure chemist.

著者

横田 陽子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.250, pp.65-76, 2009 (Released:2021-08-04)

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Within the history of public health in Japan, Shibasaburo Kitasato is widely known for introducing bacteriology to Japan in the Meiji. This paper looks into the factors behind the success of the Institute of Infectious Diseases (IID), which Kitasato headed, focusing specifically on Kitasato's strategy, institutional rivalries in the medical world and early development in the field of bacteriology. Kitasato used IID to spread bacteriology through a bacteriology training course and the publication of a professional journal, both modeled on the German system, which Kitasato absorbed during his previous studies in Germany under Robert Koch, who was one of the founders of bacteriological science. At the time, doctors related to the university system and those related to sanitary administration competed for leadership in the medical world in Japan. The latter had pushed for IID to be established, and the outbreak of plague in 1899 gave them the opportunity to successfully lobby the Diet into passing legislation that enlarged enrollment in the bacteriology course and earmarked money specifically to IID. In the late 19th century, the application of knowledge from the nascent field of bacteriology led to major advances in the fight against infectious diseases, which led to rapid accumulation of knowledge about bacteria, in turn. Thus, Kitasato emphasized that bacteriology should be mission-oriented and based in sanitary administrations. Indeed, as sanitary administrations were on the frontline of the battle against infectious diseases and as IID laboratories were connected to the sanitary administrations, IID succeeded in dominating the field of bacteriology.

著者

矢島 道子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.244, pp.257-260, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

著者

佐藤 靖

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.244, pp.209-219, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

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After World War II, many former military engineers found employment at the Japanese National Railways, especially the Railway Technical Research Institute, and made significant contributions to the postwar development of railway technology. In particular, a contribution by a group of former Navy engineers led by Tadashi Matsudaira to the solution of vibration problems of rolling stocks has been dealt with repeatedly in historical narratives. According to those conventional narratives, Matsudaira and others successfully applied advanced theoretical expertise that he had acquired through wartime aeronautical research to the vibration problems, which had troubled empiricist railway engineers. This article reexamines how former aeronautical engineers and conventional railway engineers tackled the vibration problems. It argues that what actually characterized the research style of conventional railway engineers was conservatism, which did not encourage the fruit of academically oriented research to turn into actual changes in the design of rolling stocks. On the other hand, Matsudaira and other former Navy engineers had the research style characterized by practical orientation and creativity, which became a catalyst for change at the Japanese National Railways. This article thus compares the two different engineering cultures, examining engineers' practices and approaches as well as their social environments and social values. The changes in the engineering culture of the Japanese National Railways shown in this article implies the importance of discussing the continuities and discontinuities in other scenes of technological development from the prewar period to the postwar period.

著者

中村 滋 杉山 滋郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.240, pp.209-219, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

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HOSHINO Kasui (1885-1939), who graduated in mathematics from Tokyo Higher Normal School, wrote and published The Study of Geometry by the CHART System, a math study book for entrance exams, in 1929. Since then, the study books, which are named CHART System, have been published for over 75 years. Therefore, it can be said that the CHART System is an established method of study used in study books. However, there exists no previous research on the CHART System or its founder, HOSHINO Kasui. This paper clarifies the following two points: 1) Origin of the CHART System: The CHART System was developed by Hoshino Kasui in cooperation with his business involving the publication of a monthly magazine and several study books for entrance exams as well as through his managing and teaching experiences in a cramming school. 2) Features of the CHART System: The features of the CHART System become evident upon comparing the solution provided by Hoshino and that provided by a previous study book with regard to the same question. Hoshino led students to the solution by providing CHARTs, which were precepts based on solution scenarios that did not require dependence on rare inspiration. Hoshino's CHART System, which he extracted from numerous solution scenarios, was the first step in the compilation of solutions to questions in study books into a manual.

著者

伊東 俊太郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.236, pp.225-231, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

野澤 聡

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.237, pp.1-10, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

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While Johann Bernoulli's mathematical researches are well-known and highly appreciated, his researches on mechanics have been less studied. His researches on mechanics have been regarded as an inconsistent aggregation of Cartesian, Newtonian and Leibnizian physics; applying calculus to mehcanics as a Newtonian, advocating "vis viva " as a Lebnizian and adopting vortex theory as a Cartesian. The present paper is aiming at showing insufficiency of traditional researches, which arbitrarily selected examplars from Johann Bernoulli's texts and did not read them as such. The author has argued that Johann Bernoulli used common and consistent framework of "loix de la communication du mouvement " (laws of communication of motion) in his papers of 1724 and 1734. These "loix " embodies both conservation of quantity of motion and that of "vis viva ". In the former paper, he applied the law to collision of two bodies. He extended the explanation to the collisions of multiple bodies and to the motion in a resistent medium. In the latter paper, he introduced the mechanism of "torrent central " (central stream). He applied the same law to it and explained gravitation on the basis of the collisions of subtle matter. These above aspects of his original researches have been overlooked, because his texts were not interpreted properly. The author has also suggested that the "loix de la communication du mouvement " is a crucial concept to understand Johann Bernoulli's mature researches on mechanics consistently.

著者

恒川 清爾

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.236, pp.177-190, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

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The Meiji government started constructing a new country by hiring engineers from European countries. But soon trained Japanese engineers replaced them. This paper analyzes the characteristics and roles of these Japanese engineers in Meiji era, by looking at their social and educational backgrounds. At the beginning of Meiji era, a major group of the engineers were artisans and the people who received short term and practical training. They built railways and harbors and conducted waterworks by themselves. They gained a status equal to those of new graduates of college or university. But the workers and contractors of projects usually did not get a good public recogniton, though some of them had good civil engineering skills. After the middle of Meiji era,, graduates of colleges and universities took the managerial positions and became the supervisors of almost all civil engineering projects. This did not mean that the projects needed more higher level of technologies. The engineers who actually supported civil engineering projects were artisans and gishu or middle class engineering officers, who were mostly the graduates of short term training schools. Some graduates of foreign countries and constructors actually contributed to construction engineering, but did not receive fair recognition especially after a bureaucratic system was established. This was a major factor why Japan stayed far behind in the advancement of construction engineering.

著者

木原 英逸

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.230, pp.111-114, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)