著者

實原 隆志

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.46-56, 2018 (Released:2019-10-02)

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Bei der letzten Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten sowie bei dem „Brexit-Referendum“ im Vereinigten Königreich wurden die Sozialen Netzwerke häufig genutzt. Demzufolge hat die deutsche Bundesregierung kurz vor der Bundestagswahl 2017 ein Gesetz entworfen, das die Betreiber von Sozialen Netzwerken in die Verantwortung nimmt, und dieses „NetzDG“ genannte Gesetz wurde noch im selben Jahr beschlossen und in Kraft gesetzt. Das NetzDG verpflichtet Betreiber großer Netzwerke, die die im Gesetz festgelegten Kriterien erfüllen, zur Umsetzung von Verfahren im Umgang mit Beschwerden über Inhalte, die im Sinne dieses Gesetztes rechtswidrig sind, und es schreibt eine Prüfung sowie ggf. eine Löschung dieser Inhalte vor. Falls ein Betreiber nicht halbjährlich über den Umgang mit Beschwerden berichtet, oder falls er kein Beschwerdeverfahren sowie Prüfungs- und Löschungssystem implementiert, soll dies als Ordnungswidrigkeit geahndet werden, für die Bußgelder von bis zu 50 Millionen Euro verhängt werden können. Aber es gibt auch viel Kritik am NetzDG, wobei sich die Kritik z.B. an der starren sowie kurzen Zeitspanne für die Prüfung einer (klaren) inhaltlichen Rechtswidrigkeit entzündet oder an der Möglichkeit, dass selbst bei einer Fehleinschätzung ein Bußgeld verhängt werden kann. Wären die „Schwellenwerte“ für die in den „Bußgeldvorschriften“ festgelegten Bußgelder hoch angesetzt, könnte man vielleicht der Kritik am NetzDG etwas entgegensetzen, aber die Regelungen lassen selbst bei leichten Verstößen gegen das NetzDG Bußgelder zu. Vorschriften dieser Art können dazu führen, dass Betreiber Inhalte löschen, selbst dann, wenn gar nicht klar ist, ob es sich um einen Gesetzesverstoß handelt. Zweifel am NetzDG bleiben daher angebracht, insbesondere aufgrund der Gefahr des „Overblocking“.

著者

大屋 雄裕

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.3-10, 2019 (Released:2019-11-20)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

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The current challenge for evidence-based policy making (EBPM) held in the Japanese government lacks clear definition and scope of application in itself. By reconsidering the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) as a source of EBPM, and comparing between the two ideas, the author indicates that EBPM shall not correspond to clinical practice on each individual patient, but to the research process in EBM, as to design and practice clinical trials, evaluate them to establish treatment guidelines which shall be respected prima facie in the medical practices. From this viewpoint, the author tried to lead some lesson against the Japanese EBPM practice on its limits and standards in evaluation, as to be unassertive in making policy to have wide and unpredictable influence over human rights, to incorporate cancellation conditions on policies to realize suppression effects, and to respect comparative legal studies.

著者

西貝 吉晃

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.36-46, 2019 (Released:2019-11-20)

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Because of the need to protect network-connected industries, especially critical infrastructures, and in order to respond to new forms of cyberattacks such as those using botnets, the German legislature has proposed another unauthorized access offense (StGB §202e) in addition to the existing StGB §202a. Compared to its predecessor, StGB §202e does not require that one overcomes a security measure to be applicable; it also has clauses that increase punishment in certain circumstances: acting for a fee, or acting for the purpose of impairing the function of critical infrastructures. German legal scholars also recognize the necessity of reforming to some extent current criminal law statutes to apply to the new forms of cybercrime, and this new statute would certainly make acts punishable that remain unpunishable under current criminal statutes. However, many opponents object the proposed StGB §202e because the punitive scope of this new offense is so broad that there is a major risk of punishing daily and unharmful acts. The discussions pertaining to StGB §202e in Germany illuminate some key points for creating appropriate regulations to prevent cyberattacks in Japan. In this article, I introduce the discussion about this theme to obtain some valuable information concerning Japanese cybercrime legislation.

著者

山本 健人

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.56-71, 2023 (Released:2023-08-26)

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The purpose of this article is to describe the ongoing debate around the emerging field of “digital constitutionalism” and to examine the significance of this debate, mainly for Japanese constitutional law studies. To this end, Section II of the article reaffirms the traditional understanding of constitutionalism and constitutional law. In Section III, I provide an overview of the changes in the environment surrounding constitutional studies brought about by digital technology: the strengthening of state power, the emergence of private power actors alongside the state, the dramatically enhanced exercise of fundamental human rights, and he increased risk of infringement on certain rights. In Section IV, I argue that, at present, digital constitutionalism can be seen as (1) an “ism” that aims to make the values of constitutionalism the basic principle of digital space and (2) an umbrella term that encompasses and collectively refers to a series of studies that analyze various ways to realize the values of constitutionalism in the digital space. In Section V, I address the following four questions (i) whether the basic principle of digital space can be the value of constitutionalism, (ii) how constitutional studies face the transformation or evolution of constitutionalism, (iii) whether digital constitutionalism offers specific measures to constitutionalization digital space, and (iv) what is the role of constitutional studies under the pluralism of legal orders in digital space.

著者

川野 智弘

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.004-014, 2022 (Released:2023-05-26)

参考文献数

15

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This paper examines the relationship between Act on the Protection of Personal Information and various business laws, with the Telecommunications Business Act, which was revised in June 2022, as the subject of the study. First, the contents of the revised Telecommunications Business Act as it relates to the provisions of Act on the Protection of Personal Information are explained. Next, the relationship between the new regulations under the revised Telecommunications Business Act and Act on the Protection of Personal Information will be analyzed and summarized. Finally, the relationship between the regulations of Act on the Protection of Personal Information in the private sector and various business laws in general will also be discussed.

著者

実積 寿也

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.29-40, 2020 (Released:2020-11-30)

参考文献数

20

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Net neutrality has been one of the most debated issues in the telecommunications policy arena since the 2000s. Japan is no exception, with the Japanese telecommunications authority working very hard to draft rules for net neutrality. In order to design optimal rules, we need to establish a clear and unambiguous definition of net neutrality in the Japanese context as well as policy measures to evaluate the optimality of the proposed policy package. To date, however, there is still no definition of net neutrality in the official document. There are only naïve applications of this concept that appear inconsistent with the articles of the Telecommunications Business Act of Japan, which aims to “ensure sound development of telecommunications and convenience for citizens and to promote the public welfare” (Article 1). In addition, because net neutrality rules have to provide solutions to the problems of the domestic market, there is no one-size-fits-all definition, i.e., the Japanese telecommunications authority must come up with its own unique version. In this article, the author proposes a definition of Japanese net neutrality. It discusses who should be responsible for securing net neutrality in the broadband market, how to measure the degree of neutrality, and how we should deal with the issue of fair pricing to help policymakers design an optimal policy package.

著者

石井 夏生利

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.11-27, 2017 (Released:2019-10-02)

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This article overviews laws and recent developments on protecting privacy and personal data in Canada, so that contribute to the future discussion in Japan. Canada has developed its own privacy and personal data protection system in line with respecting the efforts taken by the European Union and the United States. Privacy by Design, advanced by Dr. Ann Cavoukian, has been acknowledged worldwide. I have dealt with these surroundings on privacy and personal data protection in Canada in this article. The challenges which can be found from overviewing Canadian legislations are, for example, the limitations of Ombudsmen authorities both in the federal and the provincial level; the need for obliging Privacy Impact Assessments and data breach notifications; the issue on the jurisdiction between the federal law and provincial laws; data localization provisions enacted in a specific province, the concern about the “adequacy decision” made by the European Commission. Privacy by Design has played an important role to heighten the international presence of Canada, done by its special efforts. It has become well known also among Japanese stakeholders. However, we have not only to understand the notion of Privacy by Design, but also to consider how to implement the foundational principles. Trying to solve the domestic issues along with harmonizing the international developments is the common need both in Canada and Japan. It is necessary to continuously look at discussions in Canada because they are instructive for Japanese discussions.

著者

浜田 純一

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.1-2, 2021 (Released:2022-01-31)

著者

小川 亮

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.51-67, 2022 (Released:2022-08-28)

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Consent fatigue is one of the major problems for privacy protection. Why is consent to provide personal information necessary, then? Instrumentalists regard consent as an instrument to secure the interests of the consenter. The autonomy-based theory rgues respect for autonomy requires consent. This paper aims to show how instrumentalist explanation is justified, whilst the autonomy-based theory is not. Instrumentalism can obtain plausible justifications and guide practice sufficiently based on utilitarianism. On the contrary, the autonomy-based theory cannot propose any guidance for practice because of the problem of the incommensurability of value.

著者

神足 祐太郎

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.56-65, 2021 (Released:2022-01-31)

参考文献数

21

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This paper will provide an overview of the background and circumstances leading up to the proposed Digital Services Act package in the European Union and an introduction to the draft. Through this, the implications for freedom of expression of the debate on the enhanced responsibilities of online platforms in Europe will be examined. As indirect regulation by public actors through online platforms becomes increasingly important, it is necessary to consider the impact on private expression of both the hidden regulation by public actors and the regulatory powers of online platforms. A positive assessment can be made of the proposed Digital Services Act from the perspective of clarifying the scope of regulation by public actors and limiting the arbitrary control of private expression by online platforms. The proposed Digital Markets Act may contribute to pluralising the space for the expression of opinions through ensuring the possibility of competition between online platforms.

著者

小島 立

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.22-35, 2019 (Released:2019-11-20)

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The purpose of this article is to revisit the argument of the "Re-examination of the Scope of Illegal Downloading" of the contemplated revision of the Japanese Copyright Act in order to contribute to a better understanding of an important area of intellectual property law and information law. The expansion of the scope of illegal downloading was primarily understood as a countermeasure to combat "piracy", especially targeting unauthorized dissemination of "manga" contents on the internet. However, the regulation of the proposed bill prepared by the Agency for Cultural Affairs was so extensive that it would have had a serious chilling effect on the collection of information in our everyday activities. Although a number of committee members expressed strong reservations about the proposal, the council report was finalized. During the examination process within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the circumstances repeatedly shifted because of the wide-ranging opposition from various creators including the Japan Cartoonists Association. Amid the resulting political turmoil, the submission of the bill was finally postponed. This author was involved both in the discussion at the committee under the council and the lobbying of several LDP politicians. Based on this direct experience, this article reviews the current state of the rule-making process and identifies various problems related to this issue. By doing so, the author would like to present lessons for the future policy-making and rule-making in the area of intellectual property law and information law.

著者

新保 史生

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.64-77, 2017 (Released:2019-10-02)

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This paper focuses on the overview of the importance of legal issues which will underpin a future Robot Symbiosis Society.I would like to refer to the necessity of proceeding with academic research regarding Robot Law including AI and the Internet of Things, (IoT) and then tried to conduct research in the various, connected, interdisciplinary fields such as constitutional law, administrative law, civil law and criminal law.The current legal system is unlikely to be able to solve the conundrum of every potentially serious problems in a very different and new,autonomoous robot use environment.I really believe that it is possible for us all to provide the legal framework necessary to underpin this new social system.

著者

水谷 瑛嗣郎

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.141-143, 2020

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「査読あり」と誤設定したものを「査読なし」に訂正。

著者

高木 浩光

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.78-102, 2020

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The discussions made in the revision of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information in 2015 revealed the issues that could not be achieved with the amendment, and highlighted that a number of unresolved problems remain in current legislation. One of the issues that could not be achieved is that it was not realized despite being understood that it was necessary to include individual behavioral data recorded with device identifier as the subject of protection under the Act. And the unresolved problem with current legislation is, for example, that the interpretation of the sentence "can be easily matched with other information" in the definition of personal information has not been clarified. This series of papers attempts to propose a direction to solve the remaining issues for the next revision of the Act. Specifically, by focusing on the difference between "personal information" and "personal data", by clarifying the difference in interpretation between the sentence "can be easily matched with" and "can be matched with", we aim to unify only the provision on "personal information file" in the private sector and the public sector.

著者

高木 浩光

出版者

情報法制学会

雑誌

情報法制研究 (ISSN:24330264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.88-99, 2017

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<br> The discussions made in the revision of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information in 2015 revealed the issues that could not be achieved with the amendment, and highlighted that a number of unresolved problems remain in current legislation. One of the issues that could not be achieved is that it was not realized despite being understood that it was necessary to include individual behavioral data recorded with device identifier as the subject of protection under the Act. And the unresolved problem with current legislation is, for example, that the interpretation of the sentence " can be easily matched with other information " in the definition of personal information has not been clarified.<br> This series of papers attempts to propose a direction to solve the remaining issues for the next revision of the Act. Specifically, by focusing on the difference between " personal information" and " personal data " , by clarifying the difference in interpretation between the sentence " can be easily matched with " and " can be matched with " , we aim to unify only the provision on " personal information file " in the private sector and the public sector.<br> The following Part I, unresolved issues are listed, and what is the problem with each issue is shown.