著者
福井 幸太郎
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.111, no.4, pp.564-573, 2002-08-25
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
2 2

A pit survey, near-surface ground-temperature monitoring, DC resistivity tomography, and an eighteen-year interval survey elucidate the internal structure and the recent movements of the active protalus rampart in the Kuranosuke Cirque, the northern Japanese Alps. Permafrost was found beneath the lower part of the protalus rampart by using ground temperature monitoring and DC resistivity tomography. The results of DC resistivity tomography suggest that the materials of the protalus rampart has a at least 15 m in thickness. Four targets placed on the lower part of the protalus rampart moved at mean horizontally rates of 2.4 to 7 mm a<SUP>-1</SUP> between 1983 and 2001. These displacements probably occurred due to permafrost creep and/or deformation in the lower part of the active layer.
著者
吉田 明夫 青木 元
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.111, no.2, pp.212-221, 2002-04-25
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
1 2

We show that conspicuous seismic quiescence occurred in large areas along the coast of the Japan Sea before the 1891 Nobi, 1964 Niigata, 1983 Central Japan Sea, and 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake. If we had noticed the quiescence that had appeared since the late 1980s along the northern coasts of Shimane, Tottori, and Hyogo Prefectures and had remembered the feature that a large earthquake in the coastal region of the Japan Sea is likely to be preceded by a widely extended seismic quiescence along the coast, we could have paid close attention to the focal region of the Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake. We think the occurrence of seismic quiescence in a large area before a large earthquake implies that the preparatory process proceeds not only in the focal region, but in the circumferential areas as well.
著者
大村 纂
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.106, no.6, pp.890-893, 1997-12-01

スイスにある10大学中6大学に地理学教室が存在し, そのすべてが理学部または環境学部に付属しており, 自然地理学と人文地理学はほぼ半々でよい調和を保っている。中でもスイス国立工科大学 (ETH), バーゼル大学, ベルン大学およびチューリッヒ大学 (これをスイスでは通常一国立, 三カントン立大学と総称する) の主要大学では3講座以上の規模で独立した学課を担い, また広域な一般教養の教育に参加している。加えるに, スイスの中・高等学校における教員養成の責任もあずかる。
著者
日本地学史編纂委員会 東京地学協会
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.127, no.6, pp.835-860, 2018

<p> The development of geomorphology, human geography, history and methodology of geography, regional geography, and geographic education in Japan from 1945 to 1965 are described. Research objectives and methodologies of geomorphology diversified during this period. A series of natural disasters triggered by earthquakes and typhoons raised social demands for disaster prevention and national land-use management. Full-scale geomorphic studies, fused with geology and engineering, started. Historical geomorphology of lowland plains and process geomorphology began to develop, adding to traditional descriptive geomorphology. The Research Institute for Natural Resources and the Geographical Survey Institute contributed to the postwar reconstruction of geomorphology. Aerial photo interpretation and quantitative land surface analyses developed. A hierarchical landform classification for lowland plains was established and applied to many plains in Japan and developing countries, in order to predict areas subject to flooding and land use planning. The postwar education system increased the number of physical geographers. They contributed to the land classification of Japan as a whole and increased interest in Quaternary environmental changes such as climate and sea level changes, as well as crustal movements, which have produced landform diversity. In 1956, they established the Japan Association for Quaternary Research in cooperation with geologists, anthropologists, and archaeologists. Human geographical research in postwar Japan was far more active and diverse than in the prewar years. This was partly the result of an increase in academic posts devoted to human geography in relation to curriculum reforms in secondary and higher education. Initially, settlement geography was a major field of study. Subsequently, historical geography and economic geography were gradually popularized with the establishment of specialized academic societies, which were dedicated to both fields of study. Among the newly emerging fields were urban, social, and cultural geography. The history and methodology of geography were viewed as overarching fields connected to both physical and human geography. Despite ongoing diversification within geographical research, various topics in these fields were addressed by Japanese geographers. This reflected long-lasting debates concerning the disciplinary identity of geography itself. Regional geography and geographic education concerned both physical and human geography. These research fields were invigorated because of the relative importance of geography in Japan's secondary and higher education systems up to the early 1960s.</p>
著者
DEMAREE Gaston R. MAILIER Pascal BEILLEVAIRE Patrick 三上 岳彦 財城 真寿美 塚原 東吾 田上 善夫 平野 淳平
出版者
東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.127, no.4, pp.503-511, 2018
被引用文献数
4

<p> ルイ・テオドール・フュレ神父(1816-1900年)は,パリ外国宣教会の宣教師として極東に派遣された。日本の琉球諸島・沖縄の那覇における彼の気象観測原簿の発見は,19世紀日本の歴史気候学に新しい進展を開くものである。フュレは,1855年2月26日に沖縄の主要な港である那覇(19世紀の文献ではNafaと綴っていた)に到着した。1856年12月から1858年9月まで,彼は1日5回(午前6,10時,午後1,4,10時)の気象観測を行った。水利技師アレクサンドル・デラマーシュ(1815-1884年)は,フランス海軍兵站部によってフュレ神父に委託された気象測器の検定を行った。気象観測は,1850年代のフランスで使われていた気象観測方式に従って実施された。気圧観測データは,気圧計の読みとり値,気圧計付随温度計の読みとり値,そして温度補正した気圧の数値で記載されている。気圧データは,必要に応じて,1850年代に使われたデルクロスとハイゲンスの公式を用いて検定・補正された。この歴史的な気圧観測データを現在の那覇における気圧平年値と比較した。観測期間中の1857年5月に台風が接近通過したことが,ルイ・フュレ神父によって目撃されている。ほかにも何度か気圧の低下が観測されているが,おそらく発達した低気圧の通過によるものであろう。そうしたなかで,オランダ船ファン・ボッセが多良間諸島の近くで難破したことがあったが,船長と彼の妻や船員達は島民に救助された。その後,彼らは沖縄の那覇に移送されたが,そこで3名のフランス人宣教師と出会い,最終的に出島のオランダ交易所からバタビア(現在のジャカルタ)へと航行した。</p>
著者
GROSSMAN Michael J. 財城 真寿美 三上 岳彦 MOCK Cary
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.127, no.4, pp.457-470, 2018
被引用文献数
2

<p> 歴史文書は,気象官署による測器を用いた公式気象観測が開始される以前の台風復元において,貴重な情報源となる。本稿では,1877年の日本(北海道,本州,四国,九州)に影響をおよぼした台風について,詳細な情報を含む5つの資料(1:日本で出版された英字新聞,2:歴史天候データベース,3:日本の灯台気象観測記録,4:イギリスおよびアメリカ合衆国の船舶の航海日誌,5:中央気象台の気象観測表)の検証を行った。そしてこれらすべての資料から,1877年において日本に上陸もしくは接近した4つの台風事例(6月11日,7月26-27日,8月25-27日,10月11日)が明らかとなり,歴史文書は,日本における暴風雨の位置,移動経路,風速,気圧,被害などに関する詳細な情報を含んでいることが裏づけられた。歴史文書に記録された台風に関する情報は,台風の襲来頻度や強度,挙動に関する理解を,気象観測や台風観測の詳細な数値データが十分に得られない過去の時代にまで,さかのぼる可能性を有しているといえる。</p>

1 0 0 0 臺湾の地震

出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.7, pp.400a-401, 1895
著者
T O
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.7, pp.406a-407, 1921
著者
大崎 晃
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.109, no.1, pp.87-105, 2000
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
2 1

Various studies have been carried out on whaling mainly by American vessels throughout the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans in the 18th and 19th centuries. The studies cover firstly the natural history of whales; secondly, an enlarged geographical view in accordance with the expansion of operating areas, almanac of whaling activities, and studies on whaling from the standpoint of the social sciences. Naturally, there are many unsolved problems in social science studies with their relatively short history. Nevertheless, the writer seeks to identify-by approaching new resources and references-the conditions that made New England the center of whaling in the 18th and 19th centuries.<BR>The writer wishes to point out that the favorable environment for investors made it possible for them to acquire enough funds to start whaling businesses. In those days, new vessels were built and used ones were purchased by consortiums supported by joint small investments in each vessel. A consortium, unlike companies today, did not try to increase the number of vessels. It dissolved itself when a vessel was no longer used or was sold. There are two explanatory theories; deficiency of capital for ship building and losses due to various accidents. These two theories do not necessarily seem to match the facts. As for the former case, investors allocated small amounts for many vessels at the same time. As for the latter, there already existed insurance to cover sea accidents although not a poor hunt. Accordingly, many consortiums were repeatedly established or dissolved. At the same time, each consortium provided good opportunities for investors.<BR>Under these circumstances, no individual risked owning a whaling vessel by investing a substantial amount. Instead, investors left the management of their vessels to an agent. The agent was one of the investors in a consortium, but his investment was modest. He was also a merchant who handled supplies of necessities for voyages of vessels, and sales of whale products upon a vessel's return. Therefore, an agent, like other investors, tried to expand his sales by investing small amounts in many vessels, and at the same time protected himself from a poor catch. Even if a loss was incurred, it was covered by profits from other vessels and sales. Thus the fund provided by other investors was also protected.<BR>Profits from whaling to the crew members were distributed by a lay system. According to this system the crew had to share the risks of fluctuating whaling fortunes, but even in this case the investors' fund was always protected.<BR>Conventional social restrictions upon employing crew members had already been removed, and a new employment custom based on a distribution of profit was established. The contract between the whaling management and the crew was renewed at each voyage. In this case, head hunters were active. They provided crew members with information on the personal experience of each master of a vessel, and on the productivity of each vessel. These facts were very important because they affected the distribution of profits, and the crew selected the next vessel based on such information provided by head hunters.<BR>Under such circumstances, investments encouraged further investments in New England, and whaling developed into an industry. New England attracted many people with professional skills and knowledge, and became the center of the American whaling business. It lasted much longer in the region than in any other parts of the country.