著者
本位田 菊士
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.12, pp.1747-1784,1866-, 1981

<p>What kind of title a ruler (monarch) took is an important matter to show the characrer of a given state. The fact that the Ritsuryo-state of Japan in eighth century was based on the Chinese constitutional system and that the monarch at that time took a special title 'Tenno' (天皇, lit. ten=heaven, no=empror) should be remarked. By means of the inscription on the iron sword which was discovered recently in Sakitama-Inariyama, an old mound, we see that a monarch of Japan in fifth and sixth century was called 'Daio' 大王. The change from 'Daio' to 'Tenno' was made after seventh century according to the international negotiation with China. Therefore it seems to be sure that the name of 'Tenno' came from Chinese term. If it is true, from which Tenno of China Japanese governor took its name? And for what did he adopt the title 'Tenno'? To answer these questions, I tried to consider the thought background of the motive in this paper. Among the past studies on Tenno, Sokichi Tsuda's paper 'Tenno-ko' is a representative one. In this paper, he told that 'Tenno' had two meanings : one is the Divine Being from a point of astrological view, the other a fictitious character's name as an emperor from a view point of superhuman being with divine power. Each meaning is mainly based on the religious concept implying a metaphorical meaning of a monarch. There is a recent opinion, by Shigeru Watanabe and Haruyuki Tono, that Japanese usage is bound to that of 'T'ien-huang' 天皇 and 'T'ien-hou' 天后 used in the reign of Kao-tuung 高宗 in T'ang. There is also Yukihisa Yamao's opinion that a title of 'Tenno' which unified separated functions of T'ien-tzu 天子 and Huang-ti, 皇帝 was newly created in the reign of Tenji, but I cannot follow him. I make much of the siginificance of the establishment of 'Tenno' as a title of a monarch, but I cannot follow the view that a title of 'T'ien-huang' in the reign of Kao-tsung brought forth its adoption in Japan directly. Because T'ien-huang in the reign of Kao-tsung did not mean to strengthen the right of the monarch at all, but, on the contrary, to rationalize the direct imperial rule of Tse-t'ien-wu-hou 則天武后. And it may be said that a title of a monarch which was based on Huang 皇 as well as Tenno did not exist at all in China befofe T'ang. For example, T'ai-shang-huang 太上皇 was a dignified title for the monarch after his abdication or demise. In An-p'ing-hsien-wang Fu ch'uan 安平獻王誤孚伝 (Chin shu 晋書) 'T'ien-huang, T'ien-huang-chih-hou' 天皇・天皇之后 was used with a meaning of a dignified title for the past monarch. So I suppose that 'Tenno' at first had no clear meaning of a title of a monarch when the name came into Japan. Therefore I do not think the oldest date when the name was imported to Japan is bound to the first year of the Shang-yuan 上元 (674 A.D.) in the reign of Kao-tsung. In Suiko period when the first direct connection with Chinese title of a monach was made, the monarch called himself 'Tenshi (T'ien-tzu)' 天子 contrasting with a title 'Huang-ti' 皇帝 of China. This shows that Japanese side at that time accurately understood the title of a monarch of China. Taking these facts into consideration, I infer as follows : Till the end of seventh century a present ruler was called 'Tenshi 天子 '(Kotei 皇帝) as well as 'Daio' which was still used among the nation, and the past monarchs were called 'Tenno'. The name of 'Tenshi' means a very name of Chinese monarch, and at the same time, among the nations of Northeast Asia including the Japanese, the name means Ame-tarashi-hiko 阿毎多利思比弧 (Sui-shu 隋書), a noble man from the Heaven. While 'Tenno' in contrast with 'Tenshi', must be</p><p>(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)</p>
著者
本郷 和人
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.112, no.12, pp.1899-1935, 2003

The present article offers a new view of the important political disturbance within the Kamakura Bakufu that occurred during the eleventh month (shimotsuki霜月) of 1285 in an attempt to clarify the political situation within the Bakufu during its later years.The conventional political history of the incident is based on the assumption that the warrior class was unconditionally one composed of natural administrators.However,the author is not convinced that they were all that knowledgeable about the art of governance at the time the Bakufu was founded.At that time,the local land proprietors of the Kanto region formed a political mechanism known as a "bakufu" to protect their rights,which led to start their carrers as administrators.They learned how to govern only through experience over time.An analysis of the amendments and revisions made to the Seibaishikimoku成敗式目 code shows that the Bakufu only became serious about politics and governance after the civil war of 1221.An excellent example of this is the "welfare" measures to nurture the people (bumin撫民) adopted during the Kencho建長 era (early 1250s).On the other hand,the order issued during the Einin永仁 era concerning debt remission was aimed solely at Bakufu vassals (gokenin御家人) and can hardly be looked upon as an act of governing the country.In this sence,the Bakufu should be looked upon as having two different aspects : people forming the mechanism for the Bakufu to govern the country,and those forming an organization to protect the interests of gokenin.Focussing on the remission of debt issue,we can observe political conflict arising within the Bakufu at the time of the Mongol invasion,which can be interpreted in terms of opposition between the above "administrator" and "gokenin interest" groups,the former being represented by Adachi Yasumori安達泰盛,the latter by Taira Yoritsuna平頼綱.The clash that occurred between them known as the Shimotuski incident resulted in the defeat and decline in influence of the "administrator" group who felt the Bakufu should be involved in governing the whole country.The resulting Bakufu organization,which became over-concerned with protecting the interests of its gokenin constituency,would sooner or later lose the support if the other elements of society,resulting in its eventual fall.
著者
立石 博高
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.88, no.7, pp.1134-1154,1208-, 1979

La revuelta de las ciudades castellanas, que comenzo en Toledo en abril de 1520, y termino en la batalla de Villalar en abril de 1521, es conocida con el nombre de las "Cmunidades". Suponemos que la tarea aclaratoria de esta revuelta constituye la premisa fundamental para la comprension de las caracteristicas estructurales de la sociedad moderna castellana. Porque despues del fracaso de esta, Castilla se subordino a la politica exterior de la monarquia absoluta de los Austrias que sacrificaba el pais considerandolo como mero arsenal de hombres y materiales, y no acontecio ningun alzamiento grave durante el Antiguo Regimen. En el capitulo primero estudiamos, para conocer las aportaciones historiograficas anteriores sobre el tema, las interpretaciones de las Comunidades segun las diferentes etapas hasta nuestfos dias. En la primera mitad del siglo XIX, predomino la interpretacion liberal, la cual valoraba la revuelta como un movimiento precursor de la libertad y al mismo tiempo, nacional contra el absolutismo "foraneo". Sin embargo, desde mediados de ese siglo, aparecen criticas contra esta interpretacion, cuyas corrientes se cristalizaron en la tesis de G.Maranon caracterizada como el "culto al Imperio". El considero la revuelta como medieval y feudal contra el poder absoluto moderno y unificador del pais. La revaloracion de la revuelta de las Comunidades comenzo a finales de la decada de 1950 por J.Vicens Vives, E.Tierno Galvan, etc. Y en la del '60, J.A.Maravall presento una valoracion completamente opuesta a la de Maranon. Segun el, las Comunidades fue la primera "revolucion moderna". Los aspectos economicos de la revuelta fueron analizados por J.Perez, historiador frances, que vio en el fondo de la revuelta, los conflictos economicos existentes entre los productores de panos y los exportadores de lanas. J.I.Gutierrez Nieto presto atencion al movimiento antisenorial acaecido en el mismo periodo y lo considero como el factor determinante, tanto en el desarrollo de la revuelta como en la formacion del bando realista. Ademas, el insistio en que el enfrentamiento basico se dio entre la nobleza territorial y las ciudades en torno al regimen senorial. En el capitulo segundo, examinamos las interpretaciones recientes y presentamos varias dudas sobre estas. Estamos de acuerdo con J.Perez en considerar la revuelta como la crisis economica y social de la epoca, pero no podemos aceptar los intereses opuestos en el conflicto de las lanas como la causa fundamental del movimiento. Tampoco aceptamos la interpretacion de Gutierrez Nieto, porque no suponemos que las ciudades eran tan marcadamente antisenoriales, aunque reconocemos que hay que profundizar bien el aspecto antisenorial en los senorios y su influencia en el movimiento. Pensamos que las causas sociales de la revuelta habria que encontrarlas, ante todo, en la transformacion sufrida por las ciudades castellanas situadas entre el Duero y el Tajo, despues de la Baja Edad Media, y por eso, se presento como un movimiento de "le caractere communautaire" (P.Chaunu). En cuanto al caracter ideologico de la revuelta, aceptamos que fue un movimiento progresivo, constitucional y democratico, pero no admitimos que fuera esa "revolucion moderna" de que hablan algunos historiadores, puesto que la idea politica de los sublevados no sobrepaso las restricciones de la sociedad estamental. Creo que se impone, ante todo, una aclaracion detallada y concreta de lo acontecido en las ciudades, desde antes de la revuelta.
著者
渡辺 千尋
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.122, no.3, pp.366-389, 2013

The present article is an attempt to clarify the actual situation involving Japan's legal authority within Japanese settlements in China and characteristic features of the Japanese government's policies regarding them through a description of the actual processes involved in the construction of Japanese settlements in China and the formation of institutions regarding them. The establishment of Japanese settlements and related institutions in China following the 1st Sino-Japanese War marked the start of involvement by the Japanese government in their administration. Although the research to date on the subject has regarded Japanese settlements in China and Korea as basically similar, in terms of their international environments, the process of transforming Korea into a Japanese protectorate following the conclusion of the 1904 Japan-Korea Protocol lies in stark contrast to China, which was under unequal treaties signed with several world powers. Here the author focuses on the Settlement Corporations Law (居留民団法) of 1905, which laid the legal basis for the administration system in Japanese settlements in China and Korea, in an attempt to compare how the Law was implemented in each country. The analysis shows that in the case of China, the belated establishment of Japanese settlements had to be implemented by adjusting to the existing interrelationships involving other foreign governments, foreign concessions and local residents.
著者
寺尾 美保
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.124, no.12, pp.37-61, 2015

本稿は、個別華族の実証研究を通じ、華族の側から華族資本の生成と展開についての研究をすすめようとするものである。その際に、華族資本を総体として扱うのではなく、他の華族と区別して大名華族資本として検討を行った。具体的には島津家を検討対象として、島津家が資本家となるまでの段階を追究することを通じて、大名華族資本の誕生の画期を探ることを目指したものである。<br>明治十年に金禄公債を受給した華族は、岩倉具視の熱心な説得によって十五銀行の株主となった。これは、華族資本の生成のために政府が作った道筋である。しかし、島津家の帳簿の詳細な分析からは、十五銀行の配当が、大名華族としての基本的な生活を支えた反面、それだけでは次なる投資を行うための資金を持ち得なかったことが明らかとなった。このことは、十五銀行の配当が各家でどのように管理運用されたかを検証することなくしては、資本の誕生をここにおくことができないことを意味している。また、大名華族には、華族として求められる支出の他に、旧藩の発展に寄与することも求められており、後者の支出をいかに制限するかが該期の重要な課題であった。この点の克服期も大名華族資本の誕生を知るための視角となるであろう。<br>島津家では、旧藩関係者への直接的な貸付を行わない代わりに、旧藩との関わりが深い第五国立銀行株を長期保有することで資産の保護に努め、会計管理体制の再編を行い、二四年に所有していた日本鉄道株を全て売却して資金を得たことを画期として、その後の積極的な株式投資を可能にしていた。本稿では、この時点を大名華族資本の誕生と捉え、次なる画期を株主に高額の配当をもたらした十五銀行満期の時であったと位置づけた。<br>金禄公債(十五銀行株)は、大名華族資本を誕生させるまでの大名華族を支え、彼らが資本家となる体制を整えるための猶予を与えたと評価されよう。
著者
堀川 康史
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.125, no.12, pp.1-24, 2016

応永2年(1395)閏7月、九州探題今川了俊は京都に召還され、翌年2月までに解任された。室町幕府の九州政策の大きな転換点となったこの解任劇は、足利義満期の政治史や地域支配を論じるうえで不可欠の事件として知られているが、その政治過程、とりわけ解任に至った理由・経緯については不明な点が少なくない。本稿は、1390年代前半の九州情勢との関わりを重視する立場から、これらの点について検討を加えるものである。検討の結果、解任の理由は了俊と九州大名との協力関係の断絶とそれにともなう九州経営の崩壊に求められることが明らかになった。その経緯は以下の通りである。まず両島津氏との関係について見ると、長く対立関係にあった了俊と両島津氏は、明徳2年(1391)に和平を結んだものの、探題派国人の権益保護と両島津氏との和平は両立せず、和平の成立後まもない時期から南九州では局地的紛争が発生した。了俊は反島津氏を掲げる南九州国人一揆の意向もあって和平の破棄を決断し、明徳5年(1394)2月以降、再び両島津氏との戦いに突入していった。ついで大友氏との関係に目を転じると、応永初年に大友親世と有力庶家の田原・吉弘両氏の間で内訌が生じた際、了俊は反親世派を支援したことで親世と断交した。親世は大内義弘・両島津氏と結ぶことで了俊に対抗し、結果として応永2年までに了俊は大友・大内・両島津の三者と敵対関係に陥った。この九州大名との協力関係の断絶が、了俊の九州経営を崩壊に導いていくことになった。最後に足利義満はというと、通説とは異なり京都召還の直前まで了俊を支援していた様子が読みとれる。しかし、有力大名が揃って了俊に敵対し、九州経営の崩壊が徐々に明らかになったことにより、最終的に義満は了俊の解任を決断したと考えられる。応永3年(1396)2月、渋川満頼の探題就任が九州諸氏に報じられ、20年以上に及んだ了俊の九州経営はここに終わりを迎えることになったのである。
著者
高杉 洋平
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.122, no.1, pp.36-60, 2013

Following the Armistice which concluded the First World War, there occurred a strong international trend toward anti-militarism, and in Japan, as well, public opinion toward military downsizing gained traction. On the other hand, since Japan had not participated significantly in the actual fighting during the War, the Army's equipment was now utterly outdated in comparison with the armies of Europe and the United States, and a call arose for the modernization of the Armed Forces. Given these conditions, in 1925 Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige reduced the Army's strength by four infantry divisions and used the budget funding so released to modernize its equipment, thus accomplishing disarmament and modernization in one stroke. His political position was strengthened through this so-called "Ugaki Drawdown", and he was touted to be a promising candidate for Prime Minister. In 1925, returning to the post of minister of war in Hamaguchi Osachi's cabinet, Ugaki embarked on a second round of military reforms, which like his first arms reduction plan, aimed at disarmament combined with modernization. However, the plan ran aground after meeting fierce opposition from the General Staff, causing Ugaki to resign his position in the Cabinet. As to the question of why Ugaki's reform concept succeeded in the first arms reduction plan, but failed in the second, while the two plans have received considerable time and attention from researchers to date, they have focused mainly on each reform plan separately, and thus have had little success in clarifying the various factors which led to the success of one and the failure of the other. From this perspective, the author of the present paper compares the two reform plans on the basis of a sequential interrelationship, and attempts to clarify the various factors within and without the Army that destined each plan to success or failure, while examining the extent to which Ugaki and the General Staff were aware of those factors.
著者
長野 壮一
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.12, pp.1-37, 2017

フランス革命後における中間団体をめぐる政治文化を考える際の基本概念に「団結」と「結社」がある。団結と結社は従来の研究において関連付けて論じられることが多かったが、両概念の連関は必ずしも自明ではない。なぜなら、そもそも刑法典において団結と結社はそれぞれ別の項目で記載されており、また団結と結社のいずれか片方にしか言及していない研究も散見されるためである。先行研究の多くが団結と結社を関連付けて論じた要因として、刑法典における団結禁止規定(第414~416条)の改正について論じる際に従来の研究が主として依拠した史料(立法院委員会による法案趣旨説明)において、結社権への言及が多く見られたという点が指摘できる。そこで本論文は、法案によって示された中間団体認識が同時代における言説体系の中でどのような位置付けにあったのかを解明するため、委員会による趣旨説明にとどまらず、法改正に関連する史料を網羅的に分析した。<br>その結果として明らかとなったのは次の事実である。法案審議の過程においては、公序の観点から家族的結社を推奨し団結権を否認する立場と、労働の自由の延長として結社権と団結権を肯定する立場が併存していた。しかしながら、最終的に成立した法案はいずれの立場とも完全には相容れず、結社は個々人の利害の集合である団結とは異なり団体としての利害を持つとする認識、並びに団結権は結社権に至る通過点であるとする認識からなる折衷的な立場を取った。法案は時代の趨勢に反し、立法者独自の中間団体認識に立脚していたのである。こうした立法者の戦略は団結権法認を成功へと導くには有効であったが、その一方で結社の法的立場は曖昧なまま残された。団結法改正の過程で示された中間団体認識はその後、第三共和政初期の社会政策において常に問い直される帰結となるだろう。
著者
前田 亮介
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.118, no.4, pp.589-614, 2009

After the inauguration of the Imperial Diet in 1890, the Meiji State, the oligarchic Government called hanbatsu 藩閥, needed to reorganize itself in its relationship with the popular parties, which were seriously attacking the hanbatsu in order to retrench administrative expenditure. In this situation, the Hokkaido Reform was one of the most symbolic issues of the hanbatsu's self-reformation, because there had been the image of administrative waste in Hokkaido which was ruled by Kuroda Kiyotaka 黒田清隆, the leader of the Satsuma clan 薩派, who had long resisted the Diet System. In May 1891, the Matsukata Masayoshi 松方正義 Cabinet was set up and tried to overcome the problem of these maladies, which was a weakness of the hanbatsu Government. His "expansionist policies" 積極主義, including the Hokkaido Reform, were epochmaking in that the oligarchs could face the parties by using the excess revenue left over from the first Diet session for the manifestation more attractive than the parties', although that surely meant great damage for the Satsuma clan. The Hokkaido Reform by the Matsukata Cabinet progressed in two phases: staff reform and administration reform, both meant to protect Hokkaido from the parties' advance. First, at the initiative of the Minister of Interior Affairs Shinagawa Yajiro 品川弥二郎, large-scale personnel reduction, including the Director General of Hokkaido Government of the Satsuma clan, was carried out before the second session of the Diet. While Shinagawa and the new Director General Watanabe Chiaki 渡辺千秋 failed to reform Hokkaido sufficiently, the popular parties still attacked the Government through the Hokkaido problem. As the second reform, Shinagawa and Watanabe gradually planned to vest great authority in the Director General and the Hokkaido Government, compelling the cabinet to make the latter independent from the Department of the Interior before the third session of the Diet. In spite of the agreement of Ito Hirobumi 伊藤博文, however, the administration reform project unfortunately collapsed with the resignation of the Matsukata Cabinet, in July 1892, activating political conflict about the bargaining chip of Hokkaido. But, throughout this process, the Satsuma clan failed to mention their special interests in Hokkaido decisively. Instead, the popular parties, especially the Jiyuto 自由党, advanced on Hokkaido. This was in parallel with the Satsuma clan's fall in the Government and the parties' rise in the central political situation. In the face of Diet System, the oligarchs' monopoly of power in the Hokkaido was denied, and the fundamental political restructuring, namely the hanbatsu's self-reorganization, occurred.