著者

Yuki Miyatake Shinsuke Matsuzaki Manabu Taniguchi Hironori Takamura Kohei Yamada Tsuyoshi Hattori Toshiki Kameyama Takayuki Manabe Masaya Tohyama Taiichi Katayama

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.5-34, 2015-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Alternative splicing (AS) contributes to the generation of distinct mRNAs from the same pre-mRNA. This mechanism is highly conserved in eukaryotes and yields proteomic diversity. Furthermore, AS can be tissue- and developmental stage-specific and is an important process in the development of the central nervous system. Although these features suggest that AS variants contribute the complexity of the brain, the characteristics of most AS variants are unclear. Therefore, it is important to identify and examine novel AS variants in neuronal tissues to fully understand neuronal functions. We have identified a novel AS variant of murine disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (Disc1), a neural developmental gene. This variant lacks exon 2 and is named 'ΔE2'. We also show differences in the expression levels and localization patterns between ΔE2 and full length Disc1 (FL) in the murine brain. Differences in the subcellular localization patterns of both isoforms in cultured SK-N-SH cells suggest that ΔE2 has different functions compared with those of FL. Further functional analysis of ΔE2 may indicate additional roles of Disc1, and may further our understanding of the developmental mechanisms for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.

著者

Yandong Wang Yan Wu Xuelong Jin

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.35-44, 2015-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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China is a populous country, it is well known that there are many people who need treatment. The majority of patients are looking forward to big hospitals of urban to accept treatments. As the number of patients is increasing, the load of medical workers is more and more heavy. It is hard-won for medical workers to have a long holiday, because it will take a huge burden to colleagues. So to alleviate the mental stress has become a urgent affair instead of a long holiday. The Morita therapy is a kind of behavioral treatment which comes from Japan. It is valuable to consider whether this kind of treatment is useful for medical workers. We begin our research towards the direction of alleviating the mental stress of the hospital staff. As the core of the Morita therapy, it is important to understand the meaning of leting nature taking its course. It is impossible to alleviate the tension and reduce the incidence rate of obsessive compulsive disorder even if doing a lot of works. We advance our research based on this opinion. The fear in the obsessive concept is a difficulty in the Morita therapy. We want to provide a relaxing circumstance for patients to help them relax themselves. Thus we consider that it is impossible to help them relax by the use of music. Not all the music is available for one person. People have found that the treatment effect is related to the frequency of music. For example: some people hold the idea that listening to high frequency music does not have a good effect on people who are deeply mired in depression. However, letting them listen to the appropriate music has the effect of adjusting heart.

著者

Jinlong Cheng Bolin Chen

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.45-56, 2015-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Cerebrovascular disease is a kind of complications in diabetes mellitus which is induced by suger, fat and protein metabolic disorder. These series of nutrient metabolic disorder can lead to intracranial large blood vessels and microvascular lesions. About 20-40 percent of type 2 diabetes patients will suffer from cerebrovascular diseases which become the main causes of death in diabetic patients. Recently many kinds of pathogenesis have been found by researchers about cerebrovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, endothelial cell dysfunction, abnormal lipids metabolism and so on. The major clinical manifestations of diabetic cerebrovascular diseases are asymptomatic cerebral atherosclerosis, stroke, cerebral small vessel diseases and acute cerebral vascular diseases. This article will introduce the pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic cerebrovascular diseases in detail. We will also focus on its latest research progress.

著者

Yukiko Ishibashi Nobuo Izumo Keiko Iwata Tomomi Morikawa Toshiki Kameyama Yasuo Watanabe Takayuki Manabe Hideo Matsuzaki

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, pp.5-19, 2016 (Released:2017-05-09)

参考文献数

20

著者

Kohji Sato

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, pp.20-33, 2016 (Released:2017-05-09)

参考文献数

27

著者

Bolin Chen

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.52-61, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Intracerebral transplantation is a new therapy of neurological disorders. Among them the intracerebral transplantation of stem cells is a hot spot of international medical research. There are many methods of intracerebral transplantation of stem cells such as intraparenchymal transplantation, transplantation by the blood circulation injection, transplantation by cerebrospinal fluid injection and so on. The three methods have different characters and each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. In addition to this, the blood-brain barrier limits the use of the intracerebral transplantation of stem cells. Therefore several measures should be taken to increase the permeability of blood-brain barrier. This article will discuss the methods of the intracerebral transplantation of stem cells and openning methods of the permeability of blood-brain barrier.

著者

Atsumi Hiramoto Shu Takagai Kenji J Tsuchiya Katsuaki Suzuki Masatsugu Tsujii Norio Mori

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.5-23, 2014-05-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Background: Behaviors in infants may predict not only current developmental status but also later neurodevelopmental outcomes. Sucking is one of the earliest observable behaviors in infants. This study aimed to determine whether abnormal sucking behaviors in infants can predict the developmental outcome at 18 months or 3 years of age. Methods: A questionnaire asking abnormal sucking behaviors was used to survey mothers of children who visited one of 4 health centers for the routine 18-month- or 3-year-old health check-up in Japan. At the check-up, children were assessed by public health nurses whether he or she passed for age-appropriate developmental milestones. Results: A total of 472 responses were analyzed. The children were grouped into two groups according to the assessment by public health nurses: in 18-month-old children, 198 were typically developed (TD) and 52 were suspicious of developmental delay (DD); for 3-years-old, 164 were TD and 58 were DD. We found a significant difference in the rate of the lack of smooth suck and rest pattern between TD and DD groups across the two age populations. After controlling provable confounding factors, a logistic regression analysis showed significant association between the developmental delay and lack of smooth suck and rest pattern (P=0.004). Conclusion: The result suggests that the abnormality in suck and rest pattern of sucking in infants might be a predictor of developmental delay at 18-month- and 3-year-old of ages.

著者

Kohji Sato

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.24-42, 2014-05-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by the behavioral traits of impaired social cognition and communication, and repetitive and/or obsessive behavior and interests. Although there are many theories and speculations about the pathogenetic causes of autism, the aberration of the serotonergic system is one of the most consistent and well-replicated findings. Recently, Bonnin et al. have reported that placenta-derived serotonin is the main source in embryonic day (E) 10-15 mouse forebrain, after that period, the serotonergic fibers start to supply serotonin into the forebrain. E10-15 is the pivotal developing period, when cortical neurogenesis, migration and initial axon targeting are processed. Since all these events have been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of autism and they are highly controlled by serotonin signals, the increase of placenta-derived serotonin should have potential importance when the pathogenesis of autism is considered. I, thus, postulate a hypothesis that placenta-derived hyper-serotonin situations in the developing forebrain cause autism. The hypothesis is as follows. Various factors, such as inflammation, dysfunction of the placenta, together with genetic predispositions cause the increase of placenta-derived serotonin levels. The increase of placenta-derived serotonin levels leads to hyper-serotonin situations in the forebrain of the fetus. The increase of serotonin in the forebrain leads to mis-wiring in important regions that are responsible for the theory of mind. The increase of serotonin in the forebrain also reduces serotonergic fibers and increase microglia. These disturbances result in further network deficiency, leading to the autistic phenotypes.

著者

Bolin Chen Norio Mori

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.43-49, 2014-05-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Neural stem cells(NSCs) are a kind of cells, which come from nerve tissue with self-renewal and potentials of multiple differentiations. Applications of NSCs for therapy of neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or stroke, are particularly appealing as damage of the central nervous system is irreversible and the efficacy of conventional therapy is limited. With the development of molecular imaging, tracking and detection of transplanted NSCs have become a breakthrough of recent studies. Recent studies have focused on the application of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to trace and detect NSCs. This article will discuss the application of fMRI on the tracking and detection of NSCs after transplantation.

著者

Yi Sun Jialai Zhu Norio Mori

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.50-57, 2014-05-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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In recent years, small animal PET-CT, as a biomedical research technology, is widely used on the animal model research. High-resolution animal PET scanner has been developed that can provide accurate rates of cerebral glucose metabolism in conscious rats. This paper mainly discusses brain metabolic changes induced by radiation injury in according to glucose metabolism study in brain and the development of small animal PET

著者

Toshifumi Nanjo Takaomi Fukuhara Naoko Kameshima Daijiro Yanagisawa Shino Shimizu Takeshi Shimizu Akihiko Shiino Hiroyasu Akatsu Takayuki Yamamoto Ikuo Tooyama

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, pp.5-23, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Previous studies have reported that β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are observed in the nasal mucosa of postmortem human samples. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), nasal Aβ levels positively correlate with insoluble Aβ levels in the brain. However, it is difficult to measure Aβ content in human nasal smears. Here we report a novel and sensitive method of measuring Aβ42 content in the human nasal cavity and its application in normal human volunteers. We collected nasal smears by cotton swab from the mucosa of the inferior nasal concha and common nasal meatus of 26 normal volunteers with an age range of 23-78 years. The swabs were placed in microtubes and extracted with pure water. Extract solution was removed from each sample for protein assay and the remaining sample was added with formic acid, incubated at 70℃ for one hour, and then centrifuged in a centrifugal filter device to remove larger protein complexes and cellular debris. The filtrates were concentrated and then buffered before Aβ42 concentrations were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Samples from five volunteers were also assayed for Aβ42 content without pretreatment. Our novel method for collecting and assaying nasal mucosal smears enabled us to measure Aβ42 content in both the inferior nasal concha and the common nasal meatus of all cases examined, despite the levels being under detection limits (0.1 pmol/L) without pretreatment. There was significantly more Aβ42 content per gram of total protein in the inferior nasal concha (12.37 ± 5.98 pmol/g) than in the common nasal meatus (3.58 ± 1.94 pmol/g; P < 0.001). Thus, this method would be useful for AD screening.

著者

Xuelong Jin Zhaoqiang Zhang Wenli Jing Jie Zhao

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.5-16, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Objective: To study and evaluate a new internal capsule hemorrhage animal model. Methods: We established an internal capsule hemorrhage animal model using Horseley-Clarke technique. Internal capsule was orientated referring to Sawyer rabbit brain stereotaxic atlas. The model was duplicated by injecting 0.5 ml autologous arterial blood into hind limb of internal capsule. We used HE stain to observe the changes of brain tissues. Then somatosensory evoked potential, and intracranial pressure were measured. Results: Obvious hematoma was detected in brain tissues under light microscopes. The latency of N1 and P1 in somatosensory evoked potential prolonged and the peak-to-peak value of N2-P1 decreased. Meantime intracranial pressure increased. Conclusion: We established an internal capsule hemorrhage animal model successfully. Histopathologic changes of the brain tissues and abnormal somatosensory evoked potential were found. We observed an increase in intracrnial pressure. These can provide the reference for the study of intracerebral hemorrhage.

著者

Xiang-Lin Chi Yong-Peng Yu Ke-Ping Bi

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.17-36, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether group intensive rehabilitation (GIR) can significantly improve lower limb functional outcome in patients early after stroke compared to routine rehabilitation (RR). Ninty-four patients were enrolled in this study who received GIR, individual intensive rehabilitation (IIR) or RR. Lower limb motor function was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery (FM). Dependence was recorded using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), which is an index of daily living activities (ADL). Measures were taken before treatment and 3 weeks later respectively. Socioeconomics significance was assessed using rehabilitation cost-effectiveness ratio (CER). GIR and IIR produced greater gains than RR both in lower limb FM (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively) and MBI (p=0.007, p=0.026, respectively) at 3 weeks after intervention. There were no significant differences both in FM and MBI score changes of lower limb between GIR and IIR (p=0.365, p=0.782, respectively). GIR had lower CER than IIR and RR (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). There were significant differences in CER between the three groups. Subjects in GIR had lower CER compared with those in IIR and RR (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). Patients receiving GIR or IIR could make greater gains than those receiving RR in lower limb motor function and ADL early after stroke, while there were no differences between those receiving GIR and IIR, which indicated that this beneficial effect was attributed to higher intensity of therapy, but had nothing to do with group factors. GIR may be a pragmatic, effective and economical method for patients early after stroke allowing for the optimal utilization of resources.

著者

Yuan Ye Xingju Liu

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.37-47, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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CD34+ cell is attached with CD34 molecule which is a cluster of differentiation molecule presented on certain cells within the human body. The number of circulating CD34 progenitors has significantly increased in peripheral blood of brain during the fast hematopoietic recovery. CD34+cells can survive, migrate and differentiate towards astrocytes or neurons after transplantation. Moreover, they improve the neurological recovery after cerebral artery occlusion. CD34 molecule is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. This review is about the factors that lead to CD34+ cell proliferation in in-vivo or in-vitro.

著者

Shen Chen Yi Sun

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.48-54, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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In recent years, hematopoietic stem cells to repair damage well, especially in the CD34 positive cells as the representative of the hematopoietic cell become a research hotspot, but the CD34 positive cells in the body content low, how to get a large number of CD34 positive cells become one of the difficulties of CD34 positive cells. This article reviews the methods commonly used to collect CD34 isthmic cells now, convenient for researchers to find a suitable or find new research methods.

著者

Toshifumi Nanjo Takaomi Fukuhara Naoko Kameshima Daijiro Yanagisawa Shino Shimizu Takeshi Shimizu Akihiko Shiino Hiroyasu Akatsu Takayuki Yamamoto Ikuo Tooyama

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.5-20, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Previous studies reported that β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) were observed in nasal mucosa of postmortem human samples. In the model mouse of Alzheimer's disease (AD), nasal Aβ levels positively correlate with insoluble Aβ levels in the brain. However, it is difficult to measure Aβ content in human nasal smears. Here we have reported a novel and sensitive method of measuring Aβ42 content in the human nasal cavity. We collected nasal smears by cotton swab from the mucosa of the inferior nasal concha and common nasal meatus of 13 normal volunteers with an age range of 30-78 years. The swabs were put into microtubes and the protein content extracted with 700 μL of 80% formic acid. Ten microliters of the extract solution was removed from each sample to assay protein levels. The remaining 690 μL was incubated at 70℃ for one hour, transferred to a centrifugal filter device, and centrifuged for one hour at 14000 g to remove larger protein complexes and cellular debris. The filtrates were concentrated to 20 μL, and then neutralized by adding 480 μL of 1 M Tris. Finally, the Aβ42 protein concentrations were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit, with the samples from five volunteers assayed for Aβ42 content without pretreatment. Our novel method for collecting and assaying nasal mucosal smears enabled us to measure Aβ42 content in both the inferior nasal concha and the common nasal meatus of all cases examined here, despite the levels being under detection limits (0.5 pmol/L) without pretreatment. The mean levels of Aβ42 per total protein in the inferior nasal concha and common nasal meatus of normal controls were 6.24 ± 3.70 fmol/g and 2.10 ± 0.77 fmol/g, respectively. Thus, there was significantly more Aβ42 content per total protein in the inferior nasal concha than in the common nasal meatus (P<0.01). Thus, this method would be useful for AD screening.

著者

Mika Kimura Ryuzo Hanaie Ikuko Mohri Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono Masaya Tachibana Junko Matsuzaki Norihiko Fujita Yoshiyuki Watanabe Masako Taniike

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.21-42, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by a number of functional abnormalities including disruptions to language. Recently, abnormal connectivity in the brain has been reported as a neuronal basis of functional impairments in ASD. Using tractographical analysis of the arcuate fasciculus (AF) by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), we attempted to clarify the neuropsychological basis for the language impairment in ASD by investigating thirteen school-aged children with ASD and eleven age- and IQ-matched control subjects. As a result of the DTI examination, no statistically significant differences in the values of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity were found. In both TD and ASD groups, the FA score of the AF was higher in the left hemisphere than it was in the right. We revealed that in children with ASD, the FA values of the left AF showed a positive correlation between age, verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ). In addition, a negative correlation was found between RD values on the left AF with VIQ, FSIQ, and age in children with ASD. This is the first report to reveal a correlation between microconnectivity of the AF and VIQ in children diagnosed with ASD. Therefore, these findings suggest that the altered microstructural integrity of the AF may be related to verbal ability in ASD.

著者

Zhiming Zhang Benjin Nie Zhaolin Zhu

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.43-51, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

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Postoperative intracranial infection is a common clinical problem. As the development of neuroimaging and the appearance of powerful antibiotics, there is a great progress in the treatments and diagnoses of intracranial inflammations, however, the morbidity and mortality of intracranial inflammations is still high. In this paper, we make the statistics for the morbidity and mortality of 11578 postoperative intracranial infection cases, studying the reason and prevention experiences of several kinds of intracranial inflammations closely related to neurosurgery.

著者

Fumiyo Nagatani Junko Matsuzaki Moe Eto Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono Ikuko Mohri Masako Taniike

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.5-21, 2012-10-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

33

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype (AD/HD-I) is one of subtypes of AD/HD. Previous studies found that poor academic performance was the most common problem of children with AD/HD-I. Moreover a higher prevalence of substance dependence/abuse disorders and higher percentage experienced neurological disorders were reported in adults with this disorder. However AD/HD-I has a high risk of being overlooked due to the lack of objective measurement. To avoid these problems, it is necessary to find out children with AD/HD-I and start to intervene them early in life. AD/HD is reported to have deficits in executive function (EF), however, there have been no consistent findings regarding the presence and the characteristics of EDF in ADHD-I to date. To clarify EDF of AD/HD-I, we analyzed EF in children with AD/HD-I by using two tests designed to evaluate inhibition and working memory from CANTAB together with the BRIEF, a parent-rated scale. We found significant differences in many outcome measures of these CANTAB tests and most scales of the BRIEF between AD/HD-I and control children, indicating the presence of EDF in AD/HD-I. In addition, correlations between these tools were identified, especially in scales for working memory. We also examined predictors that distinguish AD/HD-I from controls by using discriminant analysis. In summary, outcome measures of CANTAB and the BRIEF are considered to be useful for determining AD/HD-I in young children. Short title as a running head: Assessment of executive function in children with AD/HD-I

著者

Jie Guo Yang Yao

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.22-31, 2012-10-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

35

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The scandal of melamine-contamination has not ended yet, the toxification of melamine continues to raise concerns for public health. It has been well known that fetus and infant periods play the most important role in brain development, then what effect on earth of melamine in children's center nervous system? In the present study, we investigated the effects of melamine (5×10^<-5>g/ml) on GABAergic synaptic activity, which reflecting the basal neurotransmission, in infant rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. The results showed that melamine significantly decreased the amplitude of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without altering spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs), illustrating a postsynaptic mechanism of melamine actions on GABAergic synaptic transmission. These results suggested that melamine could alter GABAergic synaptic activity in infant rats, and further damaged the function of learning and memory.