著者
斯波 義信
出版者
東洋文庫
雑誌
東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho (ISSN:03869067)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.100, no.2, pp.66-70, 2018-09
著者
斯波 義信
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.76, no.3, pp.241-257, 2022 (Released:2022-09-13)

The idea of broadly classifying social classes into the simin “Four Occupations” of the shi (gentry scholars/bureaucrats), nong (peasant farmers), gong (artisans), and shang (merchants) first appeared in China during the spring and autumn periods. Subsequently, the system of state bureaucracy emerged under the unified empire of the Qing and Han dynasties after the Warring States period. In this context, the policy of Fuguo Qiangbing (“enrich the country, strengthen the military”) was adopted, and the Four Occupations came to be ranked in a manner that discriminated between the different occupations; that is, with the merchants and artisans, who were viewed as inferior, being subject to heavier taxes, as well as being conscripted for military service and excluded from becoming bureaucrats. Thus, discrimination became firmly entrenched in the national attitude of the Han dynasty. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)
著者
斯波 義信
出版者
東洋史研究會
雑誌
東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1, pp.131-146, 1992-06-30
著者
板垣 雄三 永田 雄三 斯波 義信 佐藤 次高 湯川 武 後藤 明
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
重点領域研究
巻号頁・発行日
1988

本研究計画は最終年度にあたり、総括班の連絡と調整のもとに研究活動のとりまとめが行なわれた。具体的には1.研究会の開催:公開性を原則とし、研究班組織にとらわれず、また研究分担者以外の研究者も参加した多様な形式の研究会が組織され成功した(3年間に191回)。とくに総括班の機能性を発揮して、クウェ-ト危機、地震、都市環境に関するセミナ-など現実の問題に即応した研究会がもてたことも成果のひとつである。2.第2回国際会議(中近東文化センタ-との共催 12月27〜29日)を開催し国際共同研究を充実させた。3.成果の流通:共同研究の新しいモデルとして、研究分担者や関連研究者に研究成果を迅速に公開することを目的とした出版活動も順調に行われた。3年間の出版物は231点になる。4・成果の公開性:特に今年度は研究成果の社会的還元のために、大学院生・学部学生を対象としたサマ-・スク-ル(7月23〜27日)を、一般市民を対象とした講演会を各地(仙台・大阪・福岡など)で開催した。1991年2月11〜12日の「大学と科学」公開シンポジウムー都市文明イスラ-ムの世界ーにも全面協力した。2.全体の研究活動のとりまとめとして全体集会(12月1〜2日)を開催し、共同研究・比較研究の総括がなされた。また、招へいしていたDale F.Eickelman、Hassan Hanafiの両氏より国際的見地からの評価ととりまとめに対する助言をうけた。3月23日には本研究のしめくくりの研究会を予定している。5.新たな理論枠組みに基づく研究成果のとりまとめとして、研究分担者全員および関連研究者が執筆に当たる『事典「イスラ-ムの都市性」』、『イスラ-ム都市研究史ー歴史と展望』、『イスラ-ム都市から世界史をみなおす』等の刊行が準備されている。
著者
斯波 義信
出版者
東洋文庫
雑誌
東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho (ISSN:03869067)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.100, no.2, pp.66-70, 2018-09
著者
斯波義信
雑誌
東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.1, pp.289-317, 1985-03

Famine relief in Imperial China was one of the integral social functions, that the people expected the government to fulfill. Meanwhile, it has come to be known recently, that the disaster which frequented traditional China so often, rarely occurred on a nation-wide scale. This finding suggests that the topic of famine relief should be properly studied in the context of regional settings—with due specification of when and where famines occurred, what were the patterns of distribution of wealth, resources and population in the area affected by the disaster, what was the level of intra- or inter-regional trade, what institutional framework there was at the regional level to cope with the problem, and who then took the initiative in such a framework.In this essay, the author attempts to investigate the case of Han-yang 漢陽 in the years of 1213 and 1214 when the prefecture suffered from heavy drought. At the time, the resources in the Middle Yangtze region remained less utilized as a whole. But, the demand for provisioning a big army corps stationed at Ê-chou 鄂州 (present-day Wuchang) gave encouraging impetus to the rise in a thriving regional trade centered around Ê-chou. As Han-yang was located close to Ê-chou, on the opposite bank of the Yangtze river, both demand and supply of necessities for the people of Han-yang came to rely heavily upon the functions discharged by regional commerce. When a year-long drought hit Han-yang, Huan Kan, the magistrate of prefecture and a renowned disciple of Ch'u Hsi, took the initiative in the fight against the calamity. He mapped out an excellent plan. For the relief of those who could not sustain themselves, he ordered to sell at reduced price the rice he gained through prompt purchased from merchants or by appropriating rice from storage granaries.As to the needs of the poor, beggars and short-term migrants from other drought-stricked areas, he supplied them with free rice derived from emergency-granaries. The reasons why this measure won eventual success may be attributed partly to the excellence of the plan itself and partly to his good fortune in inheriting a handsome amount of storage-rice which his predecessors accumulated in the official granaries. The detailed records of his relief measure, discussed in this essay, throw light upon many of the dark problems surrounding what the actual socio-economic conditions were like in the region of the day.