著者

山岸 明彦

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.197-207, 2003-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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The results of an experimental test for verifying the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all living organisms (universal ancestor, commonote) was a hyperthermophile (Miyazaki, et al., 2001), are explained. In the experiment, mutant enzymes with ancestral aminoacids were made using a gene engineering technique. The mutant enzymes were purified and tested for thermostability. The mutant enzymes with ancestral aminoacids showed higher thermostability than the contemporary hyperthermophile enzyme. The results suggest that the common ancestor of all living organisms was a hyperthermophile. The argument related to the hyperthermophilic common ancestor hypothesis was reviewed with respect to the experimental test.

著者

深石 一夫 田上 善夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.2, pp.176-182, 1993-04-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

19

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In order to reconstruct the winter climate in Japan in the 18th century, the authors tried to gather weather records of old diaries written in that period. The winter climate in Japan is influenced by the east high-west low pressure pattern and its severity is highly correlated with the frequency of the pressure pattern on a seasonally or monthly time scale. The weather distribution pattern under the west high-east low pressure type is characterized by the bad weather in Japan Sea Coast and fine one in Pacific Coast.By the use of the character of the weather distribution pattern under the winter pressure, the frequencies of the typical winter days are interpreted from the weather distribution diagram made for the research period on a daily base from 1st November of the former year to the 31 st March of the year. The stations of the diaries gathered for the study are Hirosaki, Takada, Kanazawa, Sabae, Tottori and Hagi as Japan Sea Coast, Hachinohe, Morioka, Nikko, Kofu, Ise, Kyoto, Ikeda, Tsuyama and Usuki as inland or Pacific Coast.The results obtained from the study are shown in Figure 1 as an annual number of the frequency of winter pressure days. On the same time scale, the freezing dates and the records of unusual weather in winter (cold or mild) are composed in the figure. The relationsbetween the frequency and other historical documents are investigated.The secular changes of severity in winter were well coincided with the other weather proxies. The cold winter years can be found in the decades in the 1700s-1710s, the former 1730s, the 1750s and the former 1780s. The warmer winter years were in the decades in the 1720s, the 1740s, the 1770s, and the 1790s. Unusual severe winters recorded in the periods are not always identical to the frequency of the winter pressure days, because of its temporal or local effects.

著者

市橋 伯一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.6, pp.871-880, 2020-12-25 (Released:2021-01-18)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

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All living organisms found so far consist of cells with a micro-water droplet surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Such a compartment structure is necessary for living organisms to repress the amplification of parasitic entities. This role of cellular structures is especially important for the primitive lifeforms that first appeared on ancient Earth. This complex lipid-based cell boundary is considered to have been acquired later in the long evolutionary history of life. Instead, ancient life-forms utilized cell-like structures that could be supplied from the ancient Earth environment. What kinds of structure could be utilized by ancient life-forms? Reviewed here are previous hypotheses regarding ancient cell-like structures, such as compartment structures formed inside a hydrothermal vent or on a rock surface, water droplets in the air that spread from geysers, and vesicles composed of simple amphiphilic molecules. Also introduced are a recent experimental verification of droplets in the air repressing parasite amplification using Spiegelman's RNA replication system. Our understanding of the origins of cellular structures is still limited because of a lack of appropriate experimental examinations based on a deeper understanding of the ancient Earth environment, which can be achieved only by collaborations between geologists and biochemists.

著者

太田 陽子 渡辺 満久 鈴木 康弘 澤 祥

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.1, pp.18-34, 2003-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2 2

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A remarkable surface rupture appeared in the 1999 Chichi earthquake, in central Taiwan. The nature and location of the earthquake fault was studied in detail immediately after the earthquake (e.g., Central Geological Survey, Taiwan, 2000). Its location to the pre-existing active fault trace, however, was unknown. We wish to establish a location relationship between the earthquake fault and the pre-existing active faults which are mapped from photo interpretation at a scale of 1 : 20, 000, taken in 1970's, supplemented by field observation. The identified active faults are divided into four types from I to IV, depending on their certainty as active faults as well as their location accuracy. A Type I fault is where the active fault is definite and location is certain, II is also an active fault, but with a little uncertainty as to exact location due to subsequent erosion of the fault sacrp, and also because of sedimentation on the foot-wall, and III is a concealed fault beneath the younger sediment. Type IV appeared as a lineament without any clear evidence of deformed morphology. After mapping these active faults, we added the location of our observation to the 1999 surface rupture and GPS sites for measuring the earthquake fault using CGS map (2000).We present eight areas to show the exact relationship between active fault trace and earthquake fault trace and summarized them into Fig. 10. We concluded that most (ca. more than 80%) of the earthquake fault trace occurred exactly on the active fault of Type I and II. The earthqauke fault often appeard even on lineament of Type IV, implying that this lineament should be mapped for the acive fault map. On the young alluvial lowland where it is too young to record past faulting, the earthquake fault still appears on the probable extension of known active fault trace. The earthquake fault sometimes jumps from one fault to another where two or three active fault traces are recognized. Although we can not explain the reason for such a jumping, the earthquake fault still appears on one of the known faults. Therefore, repeated faulting activity during the late Quaternary on the same trace was confirmed for the Chelugmu Fault. This implies the detailed mapping of many other active faults in Taiwan, including Type III and IV, is essential for the understanding of future rupture locations.

著者

松山 洋

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.1, pp.17-31, 2023-02-25 (Released:2023-03-09)

参考文献数

31

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Given the lack of studies on the characteristics of precipitation at Haha-jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, they are investigated using daily precipitation data from AMeDAS Haha-jima (August 30, 2007-December 31, 2020) and the Oki-mura Water Supply Branch of Ogasawara Village (January 1, 1978-December 31, 2017). A regression equation is produced to estimate daily precipitation at AMeDAS using data at Oki-mura for each month; then, they are applied to estimate daily precipitation at AMeDAS from January 1, 1978 to August 29, 2007. The monthly precipitation analysis for the period from January 1978 to December 2020 reveals that precipitation in February at Haha-jima decreased with a 5% significance level. In contrast, precipitation in September at Chichi-jima increased with a 5% significance level. A comparison between the histograms of daily precipitation on both islands in the former (1978-1999) and latter (2000-2020) periods reveals that in February 2000-2020, precipitation of 10-19 mm/day class on both islands decreased, along with a decrease of 20-29 mm/day class at Haha-jima. During the period September 2000-2020, the maximum daily precipitation on both islands surpassed previous records, and precipitation of 70-89 mm/day class increased on both islands. Most of the heavy daily precipitation occurred either during the approach or the passage of a tropical depression or a typhoon.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.Cover03_1-Cover03_2, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

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泥火山噴出物は粘性が高いため約8mの高さをもち,現在でも成長している.噴出口からは間欠的に泥,地下水,メタンを主とするガス,石油が噴出している.噴出箇所は,北東–南西方向の走向をもつ旗山断層に沿っており,地形的には尾根部に位置している.約200m四方の平坦地には数箇所の噴出口があり,それぞれ噴出物の粘性が異なる. (写真・解説:田中和広,宮田雄一郎 2006年6月27日撮影)

著者

浜田 好弘 田中 和広 宮田 雄一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.408-423, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

9 8

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The geology and geochemistry of mud volcanoes in Taiwan was investigated to elucidate the relationship between their distribution and geological structure and the mechanism of ascending fluid migration from deep underground regions caused by abnormal pore water pressure. A detailed geological survey was carried out to describe the geological structure and the stratigraphy of mud volcanoes in the Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation in the Hsiaokunshui area. Groups of several to tens of mud volcanoes are distributed along the anticline axis within an area of 400 m in diameter. Mud volcanoes are classified into three types on the basis of differences in their morphological features (pudding type, crater type and pool type) corresponding to three types of erupted groundwater having different viscosities. As a result of geochemical studies on groundwater that erupted from mud volcanoes, it is shown that the geochemistry of groundwater that erupted from mud volcanoes distributed along the anticline, such as the Hsiaokunshui mud volcanoes, is characterized by lower δ18O ratios and high concentrations of soluble ions compared to those distributed along the Chishan Fault. Also, it is concluded that pressurized groundwater diluted by water produced during the dehydration of clay minerals ascended through the Chishan Fault and along the Hsiaokunshui anticline. On the other hand, on the basis of high δ18O ratios, it is suggested that the groundwater of mud volcanoes along the Chishan Fault was quickly expelled from underground regions deeper than those along the Hsiaokunshui anticline. Also, the groundwater of mud volcanoes along the Hsiaokunshui anticline ascended through a variety of paths from the mud chamber to the ground surface, and consequently various types of mud volcanoes were formed on the ground surface.

著者

中田 英二 千木良 雅弘

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.511-532, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

10 9

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Understanding erosion processes is important to prevent natural disasters such as slope failure and bedrock erosion in immature sedimentary rocks. Pliocene–Pleistocene illite-rich, non-smectite mudstone of the Gutingkeng Formation is distributed over 250 km2 in southern Taiwan, forming badlands (locally called moon-world) with mud volcanoes nearby. These volcanoes erupt saline water and natural gas, and producing a Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- rich unsaturated Popcorn crust, which covers the mudstone slope surfaces in the moon-world area. In the crust porewater, ion strength reaches about 10 mol/L; zeta potential on particle surfaces shows a highly positive voltage. Repulsion occurs between particles under this high voltage in the crust, which is rapidly slaked to form mud by heavy precipitation. The zone that is rapidly slaked by precipitation reaches 10-20 cm beneath the crust surface. Ion strength of porewater of fresh mudstone is 0.5 mol/L approaches 0 mV (range 0.2-0.5 mol/L, pH 4-6). The surface charge of particles decreases with the infiltration of precipitation into the crust and fresh rock, with a minus surface charge occurring with increased rain infiltration. This leads to many cracks forming on the surface of mudstone, which is different from the mechanism of rapid slaking. Evaporation from the 10-20 cm-thick zone between the crust and the underlying fresh mudstone would stop if water was not supplied from depth, which is supported by in-situ measurements of water evaporation in the field. These mudstones erode readily under high precipitation because of the repulsion caused by the high ion strength of porewater. High-salinity porewater including mudstone is distributed near the active mud volcanoes where saline water rises and there is a rapid uplift rate. Rapid slaking occurred with some elements in the concentrated crust and near the surface drying zone.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.268, 1902-04-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

新井 健司

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.6, pp.1265-1274, 2009-12-25 (Released:2010-03-23)

参考文献数

12

---

Investigations of disasters caused by past earthquakes are useful when taking measures against earthquake disasters that may occur in the near future. In western Saitama Prefecture, there have been few reports so far on damage caused by earthquakes occurring beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area; however, a remarkable description was found in the annual report of the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan. According to the report, a slope in Hanno town failed over a width extending 640-660 m caused by the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. The author investigated the location of the failed slope and details of damage. A family in Kusumi, Hanno city (Hanno town at that time), suffered from a landslide caused by a past earthquake which is considered to be the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. The slope beside their residence extends for about 700 m to the east along the Hirayama ridge, and descends steeply toward the Iruma River. Many scars from small landslides are left on the entire surface of the slope. These topographical features suggest that several landslides occurred on this slope following the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. As a result, the author has come to the conclusion that the failed slope reported by the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan was located along the Hirayama ridge, and several landslides occurred on this slope. It is possible to recognize that a strong quake shook Hanno town, which is located far from the epicenter.

著者

榧根 勇

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.7, pp.793-805, 1993-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

33

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A Fuudo of Bali, Indonesia is discussed through aspects of water and agriculture in Bali. The concept of Fuudo used here, which may be translated into Western words as clima, oikos, or milieu, is the same as that defined by Teturo Watsuji or Tokuji Chiba. Discussed in details are the difference in Hindu gods between India and Bali, the concept of direction in Bali, and the triad principle in Bali. Importance of the triad principle which is fundamentally different from the dualism in the Western world is stressed.

著者

田中

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.107, 1922-02-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

大嶋 和雄

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.6, pp.967-975, 1991-12-05 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

36 37

著者

藤原 治 太田 耕輔 青島 晃

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.4, pp.309-325, 2023-08-25 (Released:2023-09-08)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

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Array coring survey at the site of Yonezu Pond, which is depicted on a 1680s map, revealed a sand bed deposited by a tsunami caused by the 1498 CE Meio Earthquake occurred in the eastern Nankai Trough. This sand bed consists mainly of medium-grained sand, 10-15 cm thick, forming large ripples or dunes that record the reversal of tsunami inundation and return flows. Our age model based on radiocarbon dating limits the depositional timing of the sand bed to c. 1440-1600 CE. Only a tsunami could have generated a flow fast enough and long enough in duration to deposit a large amount of sand in Yonezu Pond, which at that time was more than 1.2 km inland from the coast and river. The facies change from peat to clay and pollen composition before and after the Meio tsunami suggest that the tsunami had a significant impact on the vegetation around the pond, especially herbaceous vegetation. Plant opal analysis revealed that paddy field devastation occurred with the formation of the Meio tsunami deposit.

著者

柴田 勇

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.3, pp.131-138, 1963-06-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

28

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Common geological features of the known kimberlite-occurring regions in the continents are briefly described with special notice to certain tectonic processes that seem to be linked to the eruption of kimberlites.Some investigators suppose that kimberlite magma originated in the peridotite layer just below the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Judging, however, from the tectonic processes prior to the eruption of kimberlites in most regions and the structural model concerning to the crust and the upper mantle supported by the writer, sources of kimberlites might be in more deeper part of the mantle than the peridotite layer.

著者

砂村 倫成 野口 拓郎 山本 啓之 岡村 慶

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.6, pp.1160-1173, 2009-12-25 (Released:2010-03-23)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

3 2

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Hydrothermal circulations supply a huge amount of chemical species into the deep sea. More than 99% of chemical species emitted from high-temperature hydrothermal fluids flow into the deep sea and construct deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Observations of hydrothermal plumes have led studies of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, such as locating deep-sea hydrothermal vents, locating deep-sea volcanic eruptions, and calculating geochemical fluxes from sub-seafloor to deep ocean. Hydrothermal plumes affect the microbial community in deep seas by supplying many reduced chemicals, which are possible energy sources of chemolithotrophic microbes. This paper (1) reviews physical, chemical, biological studies of hydrothermal plumes and (2) discusses novel field survey technology and ecological infection of sub-seafloor to the deep-sea environment.

著者

大渡 忠太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, pp.355-358, 1899-05-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

白岩 孝行 山口 悟

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.4, pp.476-485, 2002-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

13 12

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More than 400 glaciers exist in the mountains of Kamchatka Peninsula and they constitute the southern boundary of present-day glacierization along the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The mass balances of the glaciers are characterized by decadal and interdecadal oscillations, and they are closely related to those observed in the glaciers of Pacific North America. A negative relation was also found for the net accumulation timeseries reconstructed by ice cores from Ushkovsky Volcano, Kamchatka, and Mt. Logan, Canada, for the last 170 years. Because the oscillations of the net accumulation rate and the average annual δ 18O reconstructed from Ushkovsky-ice-core seem to be closely correlated with the so-called Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index, it was suggested that the mass balances of the glaciers at both sides of the North Pacific had been affected not only by global warming trends but also by the interdecadal climate variability that had dominantly been occurring over the North Pacific.

著者

安江 恒 久保 典子 赤尾 実紀子 佐野 雅規 中塚 武

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, no.1, pp.49-59, 2019-02-25 (Released:2019-04-03)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 1

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Ring width, maximum density, and δ18O chronologies of Tsuga diversifolia and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis growing in a sub-alpine forest at Mt. Senjo in the Akaishi Mountains were developed. Ring width and maximum density were measured with X-ray densitometry. Tree-ring δ18O was measured using a mass spectrometer after cellulose extraction. The chronologies developed have significant positive correlations with monthly temperatures in July, August, and September, with the exception of the ring width of T. diversifolia. The transfer functions for July-September temperature were developed using the four chronologies and were verified statistically. The transfer functions reveal a high coefficient of determination, whereas statistical verifications were not successful with rather low RE, CE, and sign test. The estimated temperatures since 1774 partially agreed with reported climate changes based on historical records. The results indicate that estimated temperature is weak for reconstructing increasing trends and low-frequency variations of temperature, although it is potentially useful for higher frequency temperature changes in local areas.

著者

日本地学史編纂委員会 (東京地学協会)

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.2, pp.166-185, 1994-04-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

1 1