著者

沢口 昭聿

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.156-165, 1962-02-28 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

10

著者

佐藤 俊治

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.69-74, 2002-03-25 (Released:2010-01-20)

参考文献数

15

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近年, 哲学者の関心をひいている量子力学解釈の1つに, 様相解釈modal interpretationがある.様相解釈は次のことを狙った解釈である : シュレディンガーの猫のパラドクスに陥ることなく, 収縮なしの理論を構築すること.そのための戦術として, 様相解釈は量子系を特徴づける2種類の概念装置を用いる.すなわち, 通常の (量子力学的) 状態stateのほかに, 新たに性質propertyを導入する.これら二重の記述を巧妙に使いわけ-誤解を恐れずあえて一言でいえば, 状態をもちいて予測をし, リアリティについては性質をもちいて語る, ということをおこなう-いま述べた目的を果たそうとする試みが, 様相解釈の研究プログラムである.現在, 性質を具体的にどう定義するかにかんし, 複数の提唱が並存している.様相解釈という語はそれらの総称であり, 多くの論者がいずれか/いずれものアイディアを, あるいは展開し, あるいは批判する議論を戦わせている.しかし, 中でもとくに議論の俎上にのぼる機会が多いのが, ファーマースとディークスによる提唱である (Vermaas and Dieks 1995, ファーマース-ディークス様相解釈とよぶことにする).本論では, これを取りあげ, 論じる.ファーマース-ディークス様相解釈は次の2点をその基本アイディアのうちに含む.一方で, ある時刻に1つの合成系を成す諸部分系が, おのおのに, 自身の性質を所有するさいの (同時) 結合確率が, 明示的に定義される.他方で, 性質のダイナミクスが認められる.そのさい, 性質ダイナミクスが安定性テーゼstabilitythesisとよばれる条件を満足することが, 通常, 要請される.安定性テーゼを認めるとき, 本論のいう相互独立性テーゼを認めることが自然である (いずれのテーゼも詳細は後述).しかし, 以上のアイディアを十分実現可能なある具体的実験状況に適用するなら, 矛盾を生じる.本論はこの点を示す.結論は次のとおり : 《安定性テーゼ, かつ, 相互独立性テーゼ》と, 《同時結合確率の定義》とが, 両立しない事例が存在する.

著者

玉虫 和子 渡辺 正雄

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.130-136, 1960-04-15 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

20

著者

三浦 謙

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.71-75, 1999-03-31 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

8

著者

北島 雄一郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.9-15, 2010 (Released:2017-09-10)

参考文献数

12

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The basic idea of interventionist theories of causation is this: X causes Y iff there is a possible intervention on X for Y, and if the value of X were changed as a result of that intervention, then the value of Y would change. These theories are subdivided into reductive and non-reductive accounts. Reductive accounts, advanced by Menzies and Price (1993), reduce the notion of causation to a non-causal notion of intervention, while according to non-reductive accounts advanced by Woodward (2003), such a reduction is not possible. In the present paper, I investigate causation in algebraic quantum field theory from Woodward's point of view. I define the necessary condition for no causal relationship between the local algebras associated with two spacelike separated region, and show that this condition always holds under the usual axioms of algebraic quantum field theory.

著者

宮地 正卓

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.93-98, 2000-03-31 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

8

著者

上田 完次

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-6, 1995-12-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

14

著者

丹治 信春

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.165-166, 1993-12-25 (Released:2010-05-26)

著者

松永 俊男

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.129-133, 1989-12-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

26

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ダーウィンの自然選択説は, 生物の適応形質を無目的な自然的原因によって生じたものとして説明する。これは, 生物のもつ合目的性を非目的論的な世界観の立場でとらえたものである1)。では, 生物にとって合目的性が認められない非適応形質 (non-adaptive character) を, 自然選択説はどのように理解するのであろうか。非適応形質の存在を認めることは, 自然選択説を否定することになるのであろうか。本稿ではこの問題を考えてみたい。前半ではこの問題に関するダーウィン以来の歴史的経過の大筋をたどり, 後半では現代の進化論における論争を考察する。

著者

堀内 進之介

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.97-107, 2020 (Released:2020-04-11)

参考文献数

43

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Along with the advancement of science and technology, the quest for enhancement that can complement and modify human nature towards a better-than-well state is becoming a reality. One of the most tenacious criticisms of enhancement rests on the understanding that a persons’ nature should remain unmediated, thus, advocating the authenticity of human nature. Scholars against this bio-conservative critical position state that it is a conceptual mistake to derive “ought” from “is”. If the latter indication is valid, it is essential for bio-conservatives to present values, principles, and arguments that can refuse enhancement in alternative ways. In contrast, if advocates of technological progress (techno-progressives) want to lend a robust support to enhancement, they should present persuasive arguments rather than merely critiquing the lacunae in bio-conservative arguments. In this survey paper, we focus on contentions put forth by the techno-progressives against the bio-conservatives in attempting to justify enhancement, We especially scrutinise the case made by James Hughes, who advocates the convergence of technological progress and democratic social change.

著者

下村 寅太郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.135-138, 1976-02-25 (Released:2014-03-11)

著者

藤井 保憲

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.63-67, 1991-03-25 (Released:2009-09-04)

著者

鈴木 生郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1-2, pp.15-33, 2017 (Released:2017-09-07)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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Four-dimensionalism and three-dimensionalism are two rival theories of persistence. They give contrasting pictures of persistence of material objects, but it is still under dispute what is the proper formulation of their difference. In this paper, I aim to propose a new formulation of it, in light of which each theory can be properly understood. To this end, first I set three theoretical desiderata for a desirable formulation of the difference between two theories. Next, I consider three representative formulations, which I call respectively, ‘the temporal part formulation,’ ‘the temporal instantiation formulation,’ and ‘the spatiotemporal location formulation.’ I argue that they fail to meet the desiderata in some way or other. The temporal part formulation fails to meet all of three. The temporal instantiation formulation, properly understood, captures important aspects of the distinction, but fails to meet at least one desideratum. The spatiotemporal location formulation fares the best among the three formulations, but still has some deficiencies. Third, I argue that an appropriate combination of the temporal instantiation formulation and the spatiotemporal location formulation is even better and meets all the desiderata. Finally, I draw some implications from the previous discussion for the incompatibility of four-dimensionalism and presentism.

著者

上野 健爾

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1-2, pp.3-15, 2016-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

59

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In the present notes we shall discuss history of algebraic geometry form Riemann to today. Emphasis is placed on the development in 20th century. We shall show that there are three driving forces of the development, namely the Riemann hypothesis of algebraic curves over finite fields, theory of algebraic functions and compact Riemann surfaces, and geometry of algebraic curves and surfaces.

著者

倉橋 太志

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.93-101, 2014-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

21

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Rosser's provability predicates were introduced by Rosser to improve Godel's first incompleteness theorem. First, we survey the research on Rosser's provability predicates developed by Guaspari and Solovay, and Arai. Secondly, we investigate the formalization of existential version of Yablo's paradox based on Rosser's provability predicates, and show that this formalization can give independednt sentences for any consistent theory. At last, we prove that there is a consistency statement defined by using Rosser's provability predicate, which cannot be proved in arithmetic.

著者

伊藤 直樹

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.43-54, 2012-09-30 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 1

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In this paper, I will explore the metatheory in psychology and human science in relation to Dilthey's psychology. I will utilize two methods. First, I will examine Dilthey's psychology in late 19th-century Germany. I have found that Dilthey's psychology has two characteristics; not only empirical psychology but also metatheory of psychology. However, due to this ambiguity his psychology was criticized by both psychologists and philosophers in his day. And at the same time, the metatheory which his psychology contained vanished from the main stream of psychology. Second, I will reconsider Dilthey's psychology from these two characteristics. His empirical psychology is the foundation of various sciences in that it stands between the sciences and their object. On the other hand, his meta-psychology provides a principle to his psychology which is considered a basic science. As a result, Dilthey's meta-psychology opens up a world of a person-centered point of view to psychology and the human sciences.

著者

鈴木 生郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.13-24, 2011-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

19

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This paper aims to show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism, a theory of persistence, and Eternalism, a theory about the ontological nature of time, gives us the best solution to a widely known problem of the harm of death. To begin with, we argue that the following two claims are plausible: Termination Thesis, which says that people go out of existence when they die, and Harm after Death Thesis, which says that death harms people at some time after their death. Next we point out that there is an apparent conflict between these claims, as Epicurus and other philosophers argued. Then we show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism and Eternalism enables us to settle the conflict. Finally we show that the combination is preferable to two alternatives which have been discussed in the literature, namely, the combination of Four-dimensionalism and Eternalism (H. Silverstein), and the combination of Three-dimensionalism, Presentism and Meinongianism (P. Yourgrau).

著者

筒井 晴香

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.59-66, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

17

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David Lewis's theory of convention is one of the most influential studies on convention. In this article, I will investigate the role of higher-order expectations (HOEs) in this theory. Each agent's HOEs of other agents' expectations and behaviors are a distinctive feature of Lewis's theory. Using Margaret Gilbert's argument, however, it can be shown that HOEs are not necessary for the emergence or continuation of convention. I will show that HOEs are indispensable for characterizing conventional actions as rational ones, referring to the idea of interpretationism in the philosophy of mind.

著者

出口 康夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.19-37, 2010 (Released:2017-09-10)

参考文献数

17

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Scientific experiments are often in disputes. Their qualities are challenged. Doubts are casted if their results are proper or fake. Under such polemical circumstances, how did scientists reach agreements on the qualities of experiments and their proper outcomes? By appealing to his idea of ‘experimenters' regress’, Harry Collins rejected an accepted answer to this question, and gave his own. This paper proposes a counterexample to his views that is taken from the ‘measurement networking’ for standard values of fundamental physical constants. Examinations of a sort of meta-analysis; i.e. statistical technique that is conventionally used in the networking, reveal that, in contrast to Collins' answer, the agreements at issues can be attained only in a holistic way and simultaneously within the network.

著者

依岡 輝幸

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.45-52, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

48

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It is well known that the Continuum Hypothesis is independent from the axioms of set theory by the results of Kurt Godel and Paul Cohen. However, there are some set theorists who do not consider that this independency of the hypothesis is the ultimate answer of the continuum problem and who think the validity of the hypothesis should be determined. Recently, several ideas have been proposed to decide the hypothesis. In this paper, we introduce two ideas to determine the truth of the Continuum Hypothesis, which are related to the concept of forcing absoluteness. One is the concepet of forcing axioms, and the other is Ω-logic.