著者

鈴木 敏

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.7, pp.307-317, 1889

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.9, pp.440-440, 1889

著者

飯本 信之

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.153-172, 1941-04-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

村内 必典

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.83-85, 1964-04-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

秋元 菜摘

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.4, pp.523-544, 2016-08-25 (Released:2016-09-12)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

8 7

---

Recently, governments of some cities have adopted urban policies, based on a compact city concept to facilitate accessibility, mainly for mobility-impaired people among Japan's ageing society. The government of Aomori city has planned a popular compact city model, or a centralized urban physical structure, by controlling the urbanized area of the Mid-city zone (population-incentive zone) in the city master plan established in 1999. The effects of measures for providing accessibility to the central railway station as a representative facility of the city center are analyzed, and the implications for urban policy based on a centralized compact city design in Aomori city are investigated. Accessibility, as represented by time-distance to the central station, is measured based on a road network analysis and timetables of train and bus services. As a result, it is observed at a level where most of the population can reach the facility. The simulations are based on the following measures: 1) supporting migration inside of the Mid-city from the Outer-city forming the suburbs; and 2) improving the frequency of bus transportation in the Toyama housing district, a case-study area in the suburbs. The major findings are as follows. 1) Accessibility to the central station by train is improved with migration and the effects are greater for elderly people. It seems to be useful to strengthen these effects if migration is only into the Inner-city. Although variations in migration measures are found under several conditions, accessibility is finally improved to almost the same level. Therefore, it is important to continue migration support measures, even if the pace is slow. 2) Accessibility to the central station by bus from the Toyama housing district is improved substantially under a situation where the frequency of bus services is increased until five-fold. The effect is also improved for elderly people. Some suburban cores such as large housing districts should be set or maintained at least the short-term aims of urban policy, because the population is already distributed in the suburbs and the level of functions of daily life should be maintained there. Lastly, it is important that the city master plan refers to the phasing of centralization from the suburbs, especially, about methods and times. If it is considered that the suburban cores continue independently in the process of compact city policy, the government of the city should include the cores in the urban structure and the city master plan should be revised.

著者

太田 陽子 柏木 修一 桜井 一賀 池田 潤

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.1, pp.25-38, 1988-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 2

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Awashima is a small (7 × 2 km) island on the continental shelf along the wetsern coast of northern Honshu, and uplifted with northwestward tilt associated with the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Figs. 1 and 5). NAKAMURA et al. (1964) proposed a cumulative character of the coseismic uplift since the middle Miocene, of the island, based on the comparison of terrace profile and geologic structure of Tertiary sedimentary rocks with the coseismic tilt by the Niigata earthquake. This paper intends to establish such a progressive tilt of the island, on the basis of the detailed investigation of marine terraces.Marine terraces of Awashima are divided into H, M1, M2 and L terraces (Fig. 2). They are abrasion platforms and no tephra and terrace deposits are found, except thick deposits of L terrace at Uchiura area. The most extensive terrace, M1, can be regarded to be formed at the time of the last interglacial maximum (ca. 125 ka). The height of the former shoreline of M1 terrace ranges from ca. 75 in to the northeast to ca. 50 m to the southwest, indicating a notable northwestward tilt, which is similar to that of the 1964 earthquake, but having much steeper gradient. The gradient of the northwestward tilt of M1 terrace (20 × 10-3) is about 67 times of that of the coseismic tilt at the time of 1964 earthquake (0.3 × 10-3). It suggests that the similar coseismic uplift has repeated since the last interglacial maximum with interval of about 1900 years. Estimated resultant coseismic uplift is about 1.1 m at the northeastern part of the island, where M1 terrace is 75 m high, which is approximately same to the height estimated by the amount of coseismic resultant uplift of 67 times. Thus, average recurrence interval of the major earthquake resulting in the coseismic uplift of Awashima is estimated to be about 1900 years from the comparison of amount of both tilt and uplift.However, no significant difference is observed in terrace profiles of Ml, between A-B, parallel to strike of the tilt, and C?D or E?F, normal to it (Fig. 4). Therefore, terrace profile seems to be an unsuitable indicator for the detection of tectonic deformation, unless much steeper tilt has occured. Distribution of H and M2 terraces is too limited to discuss the deformation pattern.L terrace at Uchiura is underlain by thick marine deposits attaining ca 60 m thick, suggesting that it was formed in association with the postglacial sea level rise. No datable material was found despite examination of many borehole data and our excavation works. L terrace is subdivided into L1, L2 and L3 terraces. Episodic or intermittent emergence, probably coseismic, should have occurred at least 3 times since ca. 6000 yBP. It is consistent with the result obtained by Mi terrace. The height of L1 terrace is ca. 11 m above mean sea level, which means average uplift rate is ca. 1.5 m/ka, it is much larger than 0.7 m/ka for Mi terrace. Northwestward tilt of the lower terraces, however, is not confirmed by this study, owing to the limited distribution.

著者

末岡 茂 田上 高広 堤 浩之 長谷部 徳子 田村 明弘 荒井 章司 山田 隆二 松田 達生 小村 健太朗

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.1, pp.84-101, 2010-02-15 (Released:2010-05-21)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

9 8

---

Quantitatively estimating denudation is generally difficult because it essentially involves the removal and loss of materials in situ. The denudation rate of mountainous areas in Japan has commonly been studied from the volume of sediment in a basin or catchment. Nonetheless, the availability of these methods is constrained spatially by upstream area and temporally by depositional age. In the last few decades, thermochronometric methods that evaluate thermal history using radiometric-dating methods have been used to evaluate the denudation and tectonic history of orogenic belts around the world. The advantages of thermochronometric methods are that we can calculate the denudation rate at each sampling point and that combining multiple methods and/or target minerals enables us to calculate denudation rates in multiple periods. However, thermochronometric methods have been applied to areas with extraordinarily high denudation rates in island arc areas such as Japan. Thus, the effectiveness of thermochronometric methods for estimating denudation rates in island arc areas has not been demonstrated. We applied apatite and zircon fission-track thermochronometry to granitic rock samples collected from outcrops and a borehole to estimate the tectonic history of the Rokko area, southwest Japan. Previous studies suggested that the Rokko Mountains have been uplifted by active faulting along their northern and southern margins during the Rokko movements, a Quaternary tectonic movement in the Kinki district. However, the tectonic history of the Rokko area prior to 1 Ma has not been revealed due to a lack of prevalent geologic markers. We estimated average denudation rates in various periods based on apatite and zircon FT ages and previously reported radiometric ages. We obtained denudation rates at about 0.04-0.10 mm/yr after about 30 Ma, 0.05-0.7 mm/yr during 50-30 Ma, 0.7-4.0 mm/yr during 70-50 Ma. The denudation rate after the deposition of the Kobe Group (36.9-30.4 Ma) is estimated to be in the 0.01-0.1 mm/yr order, while bedrock uplift rate after about 1 Ma is estimated to be about 0.5 mm/yr. Thus, the tectonic activity of the Rokko Mountains area prior to 1 Ma has been relatively low.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.12, pp.836a-839, 1899-11-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

山岸 明彦

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.197-207, 2003-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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The results of an experimental test for verifying the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all living organisms (universal ancestor, commonote) was a hyperthermophile (Miyazaki, et al., 2001), are explained. In the experiment, mutant enzymes with ancestral aminoacids were made using a gene engineering technique. The mutant enzymes were purified and tested for thermostability. The mutant enzymes with ancestral aminoacids showed higher thermostability than the contemporary hyperthermophile enzyme. The results suggest that the common ancestor of all living organisms was a hyperthermophile. The argument related to the hyperthermophilic common ancestor hypothesis was reviewed with respect to the experimental test.

著者

深石 一夫 田上 善夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.2, pp.176-182, 1993-04-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

19

---

In order to reconstruct the winter climate in Japan in the 18th century, the authors tried to gather weather records of old diaries written in that period. The winter climate in Japan is influenced by the east high-west low pressure pattern and its severity is highly correlated with the frequency of the pressure pattern on a seasonally or monthly time scale. The weather distribution pattern under the west high-east low pressure type is characterized by the bad weather in Japan Sea Coast and fine one in Pacific Coast.By the use of the character of the weather distribution pattern under the winter pressure, the frequencies of the typical winter days are interpreted from the weather distribution diagram made for the research period on a daily base from 1st November of the former year to the 31 st March of the year. The stations of the diaries gathered for the study are Hirosaki, Takada, Kanazawa, Sabae, Tottori and Hagi as Japan Sea Coast, Hachinohe, Morioka, Nikko, Kofu, Ise, Kyoto, Ikeda, Tsuyama and Usuki as inland or Pacific Coast.The results obtained from the study are shown in Figure 1 as an annual number of the frequency of winter pressure days. On the same time scale, the freezing dates and the records of unusual weather in winter (cold or mild) are composed in the figure. The relationsbetween the frequency and other historical documents are investigated.The secular changes of severity in winter were well coincided with the other weather proxies. The cold winter years can be found in the decades in the 1700s-1710s, the former 1730s, the 1750s and the former 1780s. The warmer winter years were in the decades in the 1720s, the 1740s, the 1770s, and the 1790s. Unusual severe winters recorded in the periods are not always identical to the frequency of the winter pressure days, because of its temporal or local effects.

著者

市橋 伯一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.6, pp.871-880, 2020-12-25 (Released:2021-01-18)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

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All living organisms found so far consist of cells with a micro-water droplet surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Such a compartment structure is necessary for living organisms to repress the amplification of parasitic entities. This role of cellular structures is especially important for the primitive lifeforms that first appeared on ancient Earth. This complex lipid-based cell boundary is considered to have been acquired later in the long evolutionary history of life. Instead, ancient life-forms utilized cell-like structures that could be supplied from the ancient Earth environment. What kinds of structure could be utilized by ancient life-forms? Reviewed here are previous hypotheses regarding ancient cell-like structures, such as compartment structures formed inside a hydrothermal vent or on a rock surface, water droplets in the air that spread from geysers, and vesicles composed of simple amphiphilic molecules. Also introduced are a recent experimental verification of droplets in the air repressing parasite amplification using Spiegelman's RNA replication system. Our understanding of the origins of cellular structures is still limited because of a lack of appropriate experimental examinations based on a deeper understanding of the ancient Earth environment, which can be achieved only by collaborations between geologists and biochemists.

著者

太田 陽子 渡辺 満久 鈴木 康弘 澤 祥

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.1, pp.18-34, 2003-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2 2

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A remarkable surface rupture appeared in the 1999 Chichi earthquake, in central Taiwan. The nature and location of the earthquake fault was studied in detail immediately after the earthquake (e.g., Central Geological Survey, Taiwan, 2000). Its location to the pre-existing active fault trace, however, was unknown. We wish to establish a location relationship between the earthquake fault and the pre-existing active faults which are mapped from photo interpretation at a scale of 1 : 20, 000, taken in 1970's, supplemented by field observation. The identified active faults are divided into four types from I to IV, depending on their certainty as active faults as well as their location accuracy. A Type I fault is where the active fault is definite and location is certain, II is also an active fault, but with a little uncertainty as to exact location due to subsequent erosion of the fault sacrp, and also because of sedimentation on the foot-wall, and III is a concealed fault beneath the younger sediment. Type IV appeared as a lineament without any clear evidence of deformed morphology. After mapping these active faults, we added the location of our observation to the 1999 surface rupture and GPS sites for measuring the earthquake fault using CGS map (2000).We present eight areas to show the exact relationship between active fault trace and earthquake fault trace and summarized them into Fig. 10. We concluded that most (ca. more than 80%) of the earthquake fault trace occurred exactly on the active fault of Type I and II. The earthqauke fault often appeard even on lineament of Type IV, implying that this lineament should be mapped for the acive fault map. On the young alluvial lowland where it is too young to record past faulting, the earthquake fault still appears on the probable extension of known active fault trace. The earthquake fault sometimes jumps from one fault to another where two or three active fault traces are recognized. Although we can not explain the reason for such a jumping, the earthquake fault still appears on one of the known faults. Therefore, repeated faulting activity during the late Quaternary on the same trace was confirmed for the Chelugmu Fault. This implies the detailed mapping of many other active faults in Taiwan, including Type III and IV, is essential for the understanding of future rupture locations.

著者

松山 洋

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.1, pp.17-31, 2023-02-25 (Released:2023-03-09)

参考文献数

31

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Given the lack of studies on the characteristics of precipitation at Haha-jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, they are investigated using daily precipitation data from AMeDAS Haha-jima (August 30, 2007-December 31, 2020) and the Oki-mura Water Supply Branch of Ogasawara Village (January 1, 1978-December 31, 2017). A regression equation is produced to estimate daily precipitation at AMeDAS using data at Oki-mura for each month; then, they are applied to estimate daily precipitation at AMeDAS from January 1, 1978 to August 29, 2007. The monthly precipitation analysis for the period from January 1978 to December 2020 reveals that precipitation in February at Haha-jima decreased with a 5% significance level. In contrast, precipitation in September at Chichi-jima increased with a 5% significance level. A comparison between the histograms of daily precipitation on both islands in the former (1978-1999) and latter (2000-2020) periods reveals that in February 2000-2020, precipitation of 10-19 mm/day class on both islands decreased, along with a decrease of 20-29 mm/day class at Haha-jima. During the period September 2000-2020, the maximum daily precipitation on both islands surpassed previous records, and precipitation of 70-89 mm/day class increased on both islands. Most of the heavy daily precipitation occurred either during the approach or the passage of a tropical depression or a typhoon.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.Cover03_1-Cover03_2, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

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泥火山噴出物は粘性が高いため約8mの高さをもち,現在でも成長している.噴出口からは間欠的に泥,地下水,メタンを主とするガス,石油が噴出している.噴出箇所は,北東–南西方向の走向をもつ旗山断層に沿っており,地形的には尾根部に位置している.約200m四方の平坦地には数箇所の噴出口があり,それぞれ噴出物の粘性が異なる. (写真・解説:田中和広,宮田雄一郎 2006年6月27日撮影)

著者

浜田 好弘 田中 和広 宮田 雄一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.408-423, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

9 8

---

The geology and geochemistry of mud volcanoes in Taiwan was investigated to elucidate the relationship between their distribution and geological structure and the mechanism of ascending fluid migration from deep underground regions caused by abnormal pore water pressure. A detailed geological survey was carried out to describe the geological structure and the stratigraphy of mud volcanoes in the Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation in the Hsiaokunshui area. Groups of several to tens of mud volcanoes are distributed along the anticline axis within an area of 400 m in diameter. Mud volcanoes are classified into three types on the basis of differences in their morphological features (pudding type, crater type and pool type) corresponding to three types of erupted groundwater having different viscosities. As a result of geochemical studies on groundwater that erupted from mud volcanoes, it is shown that the geochemistry of groundwater that erupted from mud volcanoes distributed along the anticline, such as the Hsiaokunshui mud volcanoes, is characterized by lower δ18O ratios and high concentrations of soluble ions compared to those distributed along the Chishan Fault. Also, it is concluded that pressurized groundwater diluted by water produced during the dehydration of clay minerals ascended through the Chishan Fault and along the Hsiaokunshui anticline. On the other hand, on the basis of high δ18O ratios, it is suggested that the groundwater of mud volcanoes along the Chishan Fault was quickly expelled from underground regions deeper than those along the Hsiaokunshui anticline. Also, the groundwater of mud volcanoes along the Hsiaokunshui anticline ascended through a variety of paths from the mud chamber to the ground surface, and consequently various types of mud volcanoes were formed on the ground surface.

著者

中田 英二 千木良 雅弘

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.511-532, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

10 9

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Understanding erosion processes is important to prevent natural disasters such as slope failure and bedrock erosion in immature sedimentary rocks. Pliocene–Pleistocene illite-rich, non-smectite mudstone of the Gutingkeng Formation is distributed over 250 km2 in southern Taiwan, forming badlands (locally called moon-world) with mud volcanoes nearby. These volcanoes erupt saline water and natural gas, and producing a Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- rich unsaturated Popcorn crust, which covers the mudstone slope surfaces in the moon-world area. In the crust porewater, ion strength reaches about 10 mol/L; zeta potential on particle surfaces shows a highly positive voltage. Repulsion occurs between particles under this high voltage in the crust, which is rapidly slaked to form mud by heavy precipitation. The zone that is rapidly slaked by precipitation reaches 10-20 cm beneath the crust surface. Ion strength of porewater of fresh mudstone is 0.5 mol/L approaches 0 mV (range 0.2-0.5 mol/L, pH 4-6). The surface charge of particles decreases with the infiltration of precipitation into the crust and fresh rock, with a minus surface charge occurring with increased rain infiltration. This leads to many cracks forming on the surface of mudstone, which is different from the mechanism of rapid slaking. Evaporation from the 10-20 cm-thick zone between the crust and the underlying fresh mudstone would stop if water was not supplied from depth, which is supported by in-situ measurements of water evaporation in the field. These mudstones erode readily under high precipitation because of the repulsion caused by the high ion strength of porewater. High-salinity porewater including mudstone is distributed near the active mud volcanoes where saline water rises and there is a rapid uplift rate. Rapid slaking occurred with some elements in the concentrated crust and near the surface drying zone.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.268, 1902-04-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

新井 健司

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.6, pp.1265-1274, 2009-12-25 (Released:2010-03-23)

参考文献数

12

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Investigations of disasters caused by past earthquakes are useful when taking measures against earthquake disasters that may occur in the near future. In western Saitama Prefecture, there have been few reports so far on damage caused by earthquakes occurring beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area; however, a remarkable description was found in the annual report of the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan. According to the report, a slope in Hanno town failed over a width extending 640-660 m caused by the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. The author investigated the location of the failed slope and details of damage. A family in Kusumi, Hanno city (Hanno town at that time), suffered from a landslide caused by a past earthquake which is considered to be the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. The slope beside their residence extends for about 700 m to the east along the Hirayama ridge, and descends steeply toward the Iruma River. Many scars from small landslides are left on the entire surface of the slope. These topographical features suggest that several landslides occurred on this slope following the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake. As a result, the author has come to the conclusion that the failed slope reported by the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan was located along the Hirayama ridge, and several landslides occurred on this slope. It is possible to recognize that a strong quake shook Hanno town, which is located far from the epicenter.

著者

榧根 勇

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.7, pp.793-805, 1993-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

33

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A Fuudo of Bali, Indonesia is discussed through aspects of water and agriculture in Bali. The concept of Fuudo used here, which may be translated into Western words as clima, oikos, or milieu, is the same as that defined by Teturo Watsuji or Tokuji Chiba. Discussed in details are the difference in Hindu gods between India and Bali, the concept of direction in Bali, and the triad principle in Bali. Importance of the triad principle which is fundamentally different from the dualism in the Western world is stressed.

著者

田中

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.107, 1922-02-15 (Released:2010-12-22)