著者

水本 篤 浦野 研 前田 啓朗

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.33-48, 2014-03-31

---

This study reviewed three representative aspects (themes, methods, and outcomes) of the published articles in ARELE, volumes 1 to 24. The review of 450 ARELE articles revealed the following results: (a) the 24 ARELE volumes could be divided into two periods (the first 12 and the second 12); (b) articles in each period have characteristic words to represent the themes peculiar to the period; (c) research themes have shifted from teaching to learning, with reading, vocabulary, assessment/testing, and motivation coming to the forefront; (d) articles are predominantly empirical studies, targeting learners at secondary and tertiary levels, and hypothesis generating, with a quantitative approach, while intervention studies are not common; (e) medium strength of effect size was obtained with a meta-analytical approach; (f) the effect size decreases toward more recent volumes, which may be a sign of theoretical refinement; (g) the statistical power of most studies is lower than it should be. A number of suggestions are offered for improving the quality of future research practice.

著者

板垣 信哉 杉山 恵 久保田 佳克

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.31-40, 2003-03

---

This paper reports the results of analyses of learner metatalk about Japanese language, English language, and English grammar while attempting to perform two types of "output-oriented" grammar exercises. Subjects were asked to write down their "retrospective reports" on how they performed the exercises. The data was then analyzed on the basis of the theoretical framework of the Output Hypothesis (Swain, 1985, 1998). It was found that the type and amount of metatalk were largely dependent on the type of grammar exercises and the English proficiency level of subjects. The results are also discussed in reference to grammar teaching as well as the three language learning functions of output; "noticing," "hypothesis-testing," and "metatalk."

著者

甲斐 あかり

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

全国英語教育学会紀要 (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.249-264, 2011

---

For many years, language researchers have been using retelling (free oral retelling) and recall (free written recall) tasks as both measures of reading comprehension and teaching aids. However, no research has yet directly compared these two tasks and some studies have just mixed the two tasks. The purpose of this study is to reveal both commonalities and differences between these two tasks. Attempts were made to examine (a) whether or not the quality and quantity of information reproduced differ between the two tasks, (b) which task facilitates reading comprehension more, and (c) how the two tasks influence readers' metacomprehension. The results for 69 undergraduate students showed that the quality and quantity of information produced by these two tasks did not differ, indicating that the levels of task difficulty were identical; in addition, they indicated that retelling facilitated reading comprehension more than recall. Furthermore, an investigation using a questionnaire revealed that retelling prompted readers to use more various strategies than recall. The reconstruction process as well as the various strategies that were used in the retelling condition is considered as the reason for the gains in deeper understanding. The empirical evidence supports the claim that retelling should be used as a teaching aid and recall as a measure of comprehension.

著者

森田 光宏

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-10, 2010-03

---

The purpose of the present study is to investigate how Japanese learners of English store and process derived words in their mental lexicon. L1 research in word recognition has given rise to three hypotheses. The affix stripping hypothesis claims that derived words are accessed by their component morphemes, while the full listing hypothesis claims that they are accessed as full forms. Hybrid hypotheses such as the Meta Model claim that the lexical properties of suffixes determine how derived words are processed. Our data show that Japanese learners of English with larger vocabulary sizes tend to decompose highly productive, semantically and phonologically transparent Level 2 suffixes, but not less productive, semantically and phonologically opaque Level 1 suffixes. On the other hand, the learners with smaller vocabulary sizes tend to process both kinds of suffixes by the Decompose Route. It is argued that the learners may have not acquired the meanings and phonology of the derived words with the less semantically and phonologically transparent suffixes. These results support hybrid hypotheses, even for L2 learners.

著者

小島 ますみ

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.151-160, 2010-03

---

This study investigated the significance of the effects of word-recognition speed, accuracy, and automaticity on three different English-reading proficiency groups: two groups of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and one group of native English speakers. In addition, whether the effects of word-recognition speed, accuracy, and automaticity varied according to word frequency levels was examined. Automaticity of word recognition was measured in terms of the coefficient of variation of reaction times (CV_<RT>), proposed by Segalowitz and Segalowitz (1993). Overall results showed that word-recognition accuracy and speed had significant effects in differentiating among the three reading proficiency groups, while moderate effects were observed for word-recognition automaticity on them. In other words, the more proficient a person becomes in reading, the more quickly, accurately, and automatically he or she can recognize words. Interestingly, the effects of word-recognition accuracy and speed grew larger when word frequency decreased, while such changes were not observed for word-recognition automaticity. These results suggest that learners need to recognize words with a wider range of frequency--not only accurately but also rapidly and automatically.

著者

前田 啓朗

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.253-262, 2008-03

---

This paper reports the practice of English language teaching for the first year university students in a listening class, intending to cooperate classroom teaching and individualized learning. A Web-Based Training (WBT) system is involved in order to overcome some problems which will be easily observed in the classroom teaching. Since each learner has different aptitudes, a certain instruction may be effective for some but ineffective for the others. It is true that instructions should be flexible so as to balance out the students' aptitudes. However, as far as a teacher controls the lessons, there still would be some difficulties for students to commit themselves to learning. Therefore, the present courses are planned to utilize the WBT system, named Gyuto-e, for the purpose of involving students into self-learning. Three kinds of questionnaires, which investigate learner beliefs, learning motivations, and vocabulary learning strategies, are conducted in the beginning and the end of the course. A hierarchical cluster analysis reveals the fact that the TOEIC test scores show there seem to be the positive tendencies compared with the students in other classes as well as that there are successful and unsuccessful learners who seem to show some particular tendencies of learner factors.

著者

卯城 祐司 土方 裕子 清水 真紀 中川 知佳子 古賀 功 大野 真澄 梅原 愛

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.31-40, 2007-03

---

A recall test is useful in that the test score is not affected by question items; however, this test is frequently criticized as being simply a memory test that does not measure pure reading comprehension. Although retrieval cues are sometimes provided to readers in order to decrease the effects of the memory load, it is unclear how these cues are related to the ideas recalled. The aim of this study is to examine what types of retrieval cues can promote recall performance of Japanese EFL learners. In Experiment 1, we investigated the relationship between learners' L2 reading proficiency and the importance level of recalled ideas. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of cue types on recall tests. In addition, the results of three types of recall tests - free recall, recall with main cues, and recall with detailed cues - were compared in order to elucidate the validity of cued recall tests. The results showed that retrieval cues did not promote recall performance. Moreover, we found that cued recall tests had lower correlations with L2 reading proficiency scores than free recall tests, which indicates that retrieval cues reduced the concurrent validity.

著者

卯城 祐司 甲斐 あかり 中川 知佳子 渡邊 芙裕美 星野 由子 清水 遥

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.11-20, 2009-03

---

The effects of reading perspective on summarization have not been investigated in previous studies even though many researchers have confirmed its influence on reading processes and comprehension. Through two experiments, the present study examined how EFL learners' perspective in reading affects their summary writing processes, including importance rating and application of macrorules. Experiment 1 showed that reading perspective influenced the reader's evaluation of information importance, whereas it had no significant effect on the selection of information to be included in summaries - a result which might have been caused by the lenient restriction on summary length. Hence, in Experiment 2, the effects of reading perspective were re-examined with a shorter summary task. Contrary to Experiment 1, the results revealed the significant influence of reading perspective on the selection of information as well as on the application of two other macrorules: generalization and construction. These findings suggest the importance of providing reading perspective in summary writing as well as the possibility that summary length influences the application of macrorules.

著者

長谷川 佑介

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.201-216, 2012-03

---

To develop vocabulary skills, it is necessary for language learners to know how words are used in context. However, past studies have rarely investigated how learners mentally establish the relationship between lexical items and contexts. To examine whether and how they retain contextual information in relation to the lexical items, an experiment was conducted with 46 university students. They incidentally learned 10 pseudowords in a glossed context and were asked to recall as much contextual information as they could. As a result, the participants incidentally constructed the word-context association for 42% of the items, but the rate was reduced to 20% after a one-month delay. The data were further analyzed in terms of two contextual variables: context informativeness and imageability. It was found that word-context connections were significantly affected by the interaction between the two variables. The result suggested that when the learners were asked to recall contextual information, they depended on mental imagery aroused from context if the presented context had less informativeness. Thus, it was revealed that learners constructed word-context association through reading under the influence of the two textual factors. The research findings suggest teachers constantly provide students with contextual input that is sufficiently imageable and/or informative.

著者

高田 智子

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.73-87, 2012-03

---

The CEFR-J, a framework of reference for Japanese EFL learners based on the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), was publicized in the form of a temporary version in 2010 (Tono, 2010). The next research phase is two-fold: the validation of the can-do descriptors and the exploration of the possibility of its implementation. The present study focuses on the latter, estimating the readiness for the implementation of the CEFR-J in junior high schools (JHSs) in Japan. A survey was conducted to examine whether the 30 language tasks stated as Al descriptors in the CEFR-J were experienced by 447 JHS students. The results show that over 50% of the participants said that they had experienced 28 out of 30 activities, suggesting that the current pedagogical practice in JHSs is relatively compatible with the learner-centered, action-oriented approach, which is one of the tenets of the CEFR. On the other hand, results also revealed that a few language tasks students actually did in class were not perceived as having been experienced, suggesting that raising students' awareness as language users may be one of the key issues in the integration of the educational philosophy of the CEFR.

著者

卯城 祐司 中川 知佳子 森本 由子 土方 裕子 渡邊 芙裕美 甲斐 あかり

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.201-210, 2008-03

---

There has been much research conducted to compare open-ended and multiple-choice tests from the viewpoints of construct and difficulty. However, almost no studies have examined the effects of question types in relation to test formats. Through two experiments, this study investigated how question types influence the difficulty of these two test formats. The results of Experiment 1 showed that question types affected item difficulty in open-ended tests; more specifically, thematic questions were the most difficult, followed by inference questions, and paraphrase questions were the easiest. In contrast, the result of Experiment 2, in which the same tests were conducted in the multiple-choice test format, revealed that item difficulty did not differ significantly by question type. In addition, we found that predictability of the results of the multiple-choice test was low compared to the open-ended test. Comparison of these two experiments suggested the importance of choice in the multiple-choice test. Close examination of choices indicated that overlap of words in correct choices and the text influenced the item difficulty.

著者

杉野 直樹 斎藤 栄二 高橋 貞雄 清水 裕子 根岸 雅史 野澤 健 石塚 智一 内田 照久 前川 眞一

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.221-230, 2003-03

---

The present study aims at explicating the influence of test taking strategies on the test item reliability in English language proficiency tests. Widely known test taking strategies include starting with a certain section that might require more time than others to answer so that test takers can allocate more of their time allowance on it, or, especially in multiple-choice format, marking an alternative based on wild guessing. Also widely speculated is that, in the Daigaku Nyushi Center English test (DNC test, henceforth), those test takers who find themselves running out of time are forced to rely on wild guessing in answering test items. Some English language proficiency tests, such as TOEFL or TOEIC, strictly instruct test takers to tackle a specific section so that they cannot use the first strategy, however, many of the entrance examinations administered in Japan do not have such restrictions. In order to examine the influence of these two test taking strategies, viz. the 'answering order' strategy and the 'wild guessing' strategy, we conducted a large-scale survey using two parallel tests with different question/answering orders. Our analysis of the data with simulated wild guessing shows that wild guessing would deteriorate the test item reliability. Furthermore, it shows that those test takers who had more time to answer the same section seem to be using the wild guessing strategy anyway, which has significant implications on the test format itself.

著者

中村 純作

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

全国英語教育学会紀要 (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.186-200, 1990

---

In the field of computerized English teaching, whether CAI, CALL or CMI, there arises the problem of representing numerical data in a form which can be easily grasped by both students and teachers. This is because the amount of accumulated data becomes so huge that it sometimes is very difficult to discover the tendency hidden in the data. In this article, some ways of graphically representing numerical data already installed in the CMI system developed by the author are reviewed, and the possibilities of a new method called Chernoff Faces, introduced to deal with the problem of representing the results of questionnaires, are explored.

著者

姉崎 達夫

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.171-180, 2003-03

---

The present study aims to clarify the effects of learning methods on EFL vocabulary learning. Three methods were compared, namely Context Learning, Collocation (COL) learning and Translation Learning, to learn ten adjectives. Two tests, an immediate and a delayed test, were conducted. Half of the contexts given in the learning phase were changed in the test phase to evaluate the effects of transfer. 144 subjects participating in this study were divided into two proficiency levels, advanced and weak. The results indicated that COL Learning and Translation Learning performed better than Context Learning on the immediate test, and that COL Learning performed better than Context Learning on the delayed test. The results suggest that advanced learners in COL Learning scored higher than those in Translation Learning and Context Learning, and that weak learners in Translation Learning and COL Learning scored higher than those in Context Learning.

著者

伊藤 隆

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.121-136, 2012-03

---

This study examined the impact of EFL learners' proficiency differences on their CMC interaction in two types of tasks. First, 114 university students were divided into three pairs: the higher proficiency learner (H)-lower proficiency learner (L) pair, the H-H pairs, and the L-L pair. Each pair performed a symmetrical convergent task. Second, they were split into four pairs: the higher proficiency sender (HS)-lower proficiency receiver (LR) pair, the lower proficiency sender (LS)-higher proficiency receiver (HR) pair, the HS-HR pair, and the LS-LR pair. Each type of pair completed an asymmetrical convergent task. In the symmetrical convergent task, the L in the H-L pair generally surpassed the L in the L-L pair in fluency and adequacy. In the asymmetrical convergent task, the LR in the HS-LR pair generally surpassed the LR in the LS-LR pair in fluency.

著者

渡邉 時夫 酒井 英樹 浦野 研

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

全国英語教育学会紀要 (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.101-110, 1996

---

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of teacher talk and the development of spontaneous production ability in the Japanese-speaking children learning English in a kindergarten immersion program. This was done by comparing the teacher talk of two different English-speaking teachers, L and R. These two classes were almost the same in terms of size, children's age, and curriculum. A comparison of the children's L2 development in the two classes revealed that the children in one class produced more creative English, whereas the children in the other used more set phrases. It was hypothesized that this difference may have been due to a difference in quality of L's and R's teacher talk. Analysis of their teacher talk confirmed this hypothesis.

著者

長井 千枝子 籔内 智 橋本 健一 菅井 康祐 横川 博一

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.61-70, 2010-03

---

This study investigated the use of verb subcategorization information during sentence comprehension by Japanese EFL learners, using a self-paced reading task with the embedded anomaly technique. In order to observe when the syntactic structure was determined, filler-gap sentences were constructed as stimuli. Four types of verbs were used: simple transitive verbs, dative verbs, infinitive complement verbs and intransitive preference verbs. The plausibility of the direct object of the embedded verb was also manipulated. The results demonstrate that the high proficiency learners utilize verb subcategorization information of simple transitive verb; however they do not use it automatically as natives. The results also indicate that they cannot utilize that of other types of verbs. The low proficiency learners show the difficulty in processing the sentences with long-distance dependencies.

著者

片桐 一彦

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

全国英語教育学会紀要 (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.221-230, 2010

---

The purposes of this study are (1) to longitudinally measure the listening and reading proficiency of Japanese senior high school (SHS) students for about three years and to investigate what percentage of the students made (a) progress, (b) little progress, and (c) negative progress in English learning during specific year(s); (2) to describe the longitudinal developmental patterns of the listening and reading proficiency of each student; and (3) to investigate how strongly their initial listening and reading proficiency in the month of April of their first year in SHS affect their progress during the approximately three years of SHS. Two hundred and fifty-two Japanese SHS students took TOEIC Bridge tests four times during their three years in SHS. The results of the analyses show that (1) even in a top-ranking SHS, it may be a little difficult to observe students' progress in a one-year period, (2) there are many different types of longitudinal developmental patterns in both listening and reading scores, and (3) the progress in listening scores might be affected by the initial listening score and the progress in reading scores may be slightly affected by the initial reading scores--the effect on listening scores might be higher.

著者

山西 博之 廣森 友人

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.263-272, 2008-03

---

This paper reports the current attempt to develop English language proficiency benchmarks (Can-Do lists) suitable for students at Ehime University. A survey was conducted in order to create the educational and achievement goals for the university's General English Education courses and the standards for assessing the level of achievement of those goals. This paper focuses especially on the benchmark of the writing course and describes the concrete procedure by which it was established. If we set appropriate achievement goals and assessment standards we can decide on assessment standards and methods that conform to them. Once such standards and methods have been decided, we can use them as the basis for developing more effective teaching methods. Thus, this paper will be a beneficial source of information for both language educators and curriculum designers who intend to create more appropriate educational and achievement goals for their students and improve methods of teaching and evaluation suitable for them.

著者

岡部 純子

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.61-69, 1994-07

---

A number of studies have attempted to determine the writing mechanism of EFL/ESL writers. However, only a limited amount of research with an empirical approach has been offered, and this has hindered the generalization of each study's findings. This paper reports a study which investigated to what extent L1 writing ability and EFL proficiency contribute to the quality of EFL composition written by Japanese university students. Forty students were asked to take an English proficiency test and then to write two compositions on the same topic; one in Japanese and the other in English. The scores ofholistic evaluation of the students' L1 and EFL composition and scores on a language proficiency test were examined by correlational analysis, multiple regression analysis and factor analysis. The study showed that EFL proficiency accounted for the quality of EFL composition better than L1 writing ability did.