著者

丸山 浩明

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.5, pp.799-814, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

55

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This paper begins with a review of the progress of scientific geography in Brazil, and proceeds to explain academic exchanges between Japan and Brazil. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Geography in Brazil made great breakthroughs in the 1930's by actively absorbing scientific geography from Western nations, especially from France. (2) The notable progress in Brazilian geography owes much to the contributions of academic societies established in the 1930's, i.e., Institute Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Conselho Nacional de Geografia (CNG), Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros (AGB), and several leading universities. (3) Academic exchanges between Japan and Brazil in the field of geography started after World War II, when Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Brazil. The main subject of early research by Japanese geographers was the adaptation and settlement process of Japanese immigrants in Brazil. (4) From 1966, overseas scientific research expeditions by members of Tokyo University of Education and the current University of Tsukuba were conducted under Grant-in-Aid for scientific research. (5) Brazil has achieved great economic growth as a member of the BRICs. Social and environmental problems caused by rapid agricultural and fuel development have been the main subjects of Brazilian studies.

著者

瀬川 真平

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.5, pp.867-873, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

3

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This paper presents an overview of the current status of geography in Indonesia with particular reference to the university education system. Geography as a discipline apparently occupies a peripheral position in the academic institutions of Indonesia as shown by the fact that so far only three universities offer geography-majors among the nation's some four-hundred colleges. The geography of Indonesia today is characterized by three major trends. The first is a preference for physical geography in accordance with the perception that geography as a whole is one of the natural sciences. The second trend can be observed in the remarkable emphasis placed upon new technologies applying spatial information, which are both subject of study and advanced tools. Finally, geography seeks to play an active role as a practical science within the context of a nation addressing development and integration.

著者

岡橋 秀典 南 埜猛 澤 宗則 スッバイヤー S.P.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.5, pp.874-890, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper examines the present status of geography in India and problems based on trends in modern history, geography education and research. Geography has developed remarkably in higher education since the country won independence from Great Britain. Large numbers of universities and colleges have been established since the 1960s, and departments of geography have also opened rapidly with a spatial bias towards the North India Region. In 1992, 66 university departments in the country taught geography and undertook research. Human geography receives more emphasis than physical geography. In the former, agricultural geography and urban geography were the most active fields of the research. Regional planning has also occupied the interests of geographers under the country’s planned economy. In recent years, the technologies using computers such as GIS and remote sensing have been introduced into the discipline, and have driven development in geography departments. However, various problems are pointed out in the present status of geography. There are questions about innovation in geographical theory, methodology and education.

著者

増田 富士雄 佐藤 智之 伊藤 有加 櫻井 皆生

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.5, pp.892-904, 2013

被引用文献数

2

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 We propose Shazam stratigraphy as a new analytical method based on facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. This method is applied to a recently developed borehole database and subsurface geology in the Osaka Plain. Using the method, the shapes of lithofacies boundaries in subsurface sections are optimized for sedimentary faces and changes. The optimized boundary allows interpretation of seismic sections. The result is better recognition and reconstruction of depositional systems, geomorphological evolution, and tectonics. Irregular sequence boundaries, flat transgressive ravinement surfaces, and sawtooth downlap surfaces of the prograding depositional system are key boundaries for this method.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.2, pp.Cover02_1-Cover02_2, 2009

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&emsp;ゾルンホーフェンは南ドイツのミュンヘンとニュールンベルグの中間に位置する小さな町で,その名を世界的に有名にしているのは,中生代ジュラ紀後期(約1億5000万年前)の石灰岩とそこから産出する化石である.この石灰岩は,表紙写真のように板状で緻密なためにローマ時代から壁や床などの建築材料として使用され,また1793年からはリトグラフ用の石版石としても使用されてきた.大規模な採石がされるようになると,保存のよい化石が多数発見されるようになった.そのなかでも最も有名なのは始祖鳥化石で,現在までに10標本がゾルンホーフェンから発見されている.<br>&emsp;ゾルンホーフェンの駅前には2008年に改築された化石展示を中心とした博物館(B&uuml;rgermeister-M&uuml;ller-Museum)があり,40km西方のロマンチック街道沿いの中世都市ノルトリンゲンにはリースクレーター博物館がある.南ドイツに行く機会があればぜひ訪れてほしい地質系博物館である.<br>(写真・文:白尾元理)

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.3, pp.139-140, 1893-03-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

星埜 由尚

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.2, pp.155-160, 2020-04-25 (Released:2020-05-12)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3

著者

田中 絵里子 畠山 輝雄

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.6, pp.953-963, 2015-12-25 (Released:2016-01-27)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study clarifies contemporary perceptions of Mount Fuji on the basis of the sensibilities of the Japanese people, who are influenced greatly by subjective and sentimental ways of viewing landscapes. Over the course of history, the way in which the Japanese have perceived Mount Fuji has changed due to experiences in each successive era, whether these have been natural disasters that accompanied eruptions, the shifting vista of Mount Fuji as seen from moving political capitals, or the development of mountain-climbing routes; in other words, reflecting of subjective factors such as individuals' perceptions of nature and culture within the context of such experiences. This study is a quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire survey of contemporary Japanese perceptions of Mount Fuji following its registration on the UNESCO World Heritage List. From the results of the analysis, when considering the way Mount Fuji is perceived from the Japanese sense of landscape, a comparison with ways Mount Fuji was perceived in the past indicates the following: while some aspects of contemporary perception of Mount Fuji have been inherited from a past that reflects underlying Japanese views of nature and culture, there are also newer aspects that have originated from a more recent overall national experience of the movement for World Heritage registration and the social background revealed in media coverage following registration. However, no significant differences are found as to whether individual respondents' had ever climbed to the summit or lived in a region where Mount Fuji is visible. This appears to be a result of increased exposure to various of information on Mount Fuji in the mass media, which have provided supplementary information to citizens living far away or who have no personal experience of Mount Fuji. This can be said to have formed a unified national view of Mount Fuji.

著者

宇根 寛 青山 雅史 小山 拓志 長谷川 智則

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.2, pp.287-296, 2015

被引用文献数

6

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&emsp;The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake brought severe damage caused by wide-ranging soil liquefaction across the Tohoku and Kanto districts. In Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture, heavy liquefaction damage occurred in a small area, which was not accurately predicted by the existing liquefaction hazard map. The authors consider the reason to be land history, such as landform development and artificial landfill, which was not taken into account in the assessment of liquefaction risk. Accordingly, Abiko City has revised the hazard map to take account of micro-landform classifications using land condition maps, old edition maps, and aerial photographs with the assistance of the Geospatial Information Authority's support team.

著者

宮部 直巳

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.122-126, 1954-09-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

1

著者

青山 雅史

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.4, pp.583-593, 2002-08-25

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

4 1

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Mean annual air temperature (MAAT), mean annual surface temperature (MAST), bottom temperature of winter snow cover (BTS), and morphometric parameters of rock glaciers indicate the states of the rock glacier activities in the Yari-Hotaka mountain range, Northern Japanese Alps. The air temperature conditions at the Mountain Hut Minamidake suggest that this monitoring site belongs to the discontinuous permafrost zone. The BTS and MAST values at the North and South Okiretto rock glaciers indicate the occurrence of permafrost. BTS and MAST at the Tenguppara I rock glacier indicate the absence of permafrost. At the North Minamisawa rock glacier, MAST was slightly above 0 &deg;C, accordingly degrading permafrost that possibly exists in this rock glacier. These rock glaciers are not moving at present, as inferred from the morphologic and vegetational characteristics of these rock glaciers. These results suggest that the North Minamisawa, North Okiretto, and South Okiretto rock glaciers are of the inactive type, and Tenguppara I rock glacier is of the fossil type. The other rock glaciers in this mountain range are of the fossil type, as inferred from collapse and subdued forms, and extensive vegetation cover.

著者

古村 孝志 武村 俊介 早川 俊彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.3, pp.576-587, 2007-08-25

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

5 9

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Large and prolonged shaking with long-period ground motions having periods of about 7 sec were observed in central Tokyo during the Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan, M6.8 earthquake on 16 July, 2007. The observed ground motions from a dense nationwide strong motion network (KNET and KiK-net) demonstrate clearly that the long-period ground motions consist of Rayleigh waves, which developed at the northern edge of the Kanto Basin and were induced by conversion from the S waves radiating from the earthquake source. The amplitude and the duration of the long-period surface waves were enhanced dramatically as they propagated in the Kanto Basin, which has a thick cover of sedimentary rocks overlaying rigid bedrock. Observed ground motions of long-period signals at the center of Tokyo from the 2007 Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu event correlated well with observations from the Chuetsu earthquake on 23 Oct. 2004 (<I>M</I> 6.8). By analyzing waveform data from the main shock and aftershocks of the 2007 Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake and the Chuetsu earthquake in 2004, it is found that the long-period surface wave having a dominant period of about 7 sec at the center of Tokyo is developed efficiently by a large earthquake with a magnitude greater than about M6.5-7, but it is not developed by small earthquakes of less than about <I>M</I>6.5.

著者

大橋 聖和 竹下 徹 平内 健一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.4, pp.473-489, 2020-08-25 (Released:2020-10-02)

参考文献数

108

被引用文献数

2 4

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Knowledge of the strength of faults in the continental upper crust is critical to our understanding of crustal stress states, coseismic faulting, and lithospheric deformation. In this paper, we investigate time- and displacement-dependent fault-zone weakening (softening) over geological time caused by the hydrothermal alteration of rock, the development of faulting-related structure and fabric, and changes in the relevant deformation mechanisms. In the shallow portion of the continental seismogenic zone (< 5 km), hydrothermal alteration induced by comminution and fluid flow along fault zones progressively enriches weak phyllosilicates. The development of phyllosilicate-aligned fabric with increasing shear strain leads to an effective weakening with increasing cumulative fault displacement. In the deep portion of the seismogenic zone (> 5 km), frictional–viscous flow occurs in combination with friction contributed by phyllosilicates and the dissolution–precipitation of clasts after the introduction of water, phyllosilicates and anastomosing fabrics all increasing with greater fault displacement. In addition, the water weakening of quartz and feldspar is an important softening process in the deeper portion of the seismogenic zone (> 10 km). The smoothing of fault-zone topography by the shearing of irregularities and asperities, as well as the thickening of the fault zone, leads to a reduction over time in the bulk frictional resistance of a fault as displacement increases. These time- and displacement-dependent weakening processes of fault zones give rise to diverse strength and stress states of the crust depending on its maturity and may provide clues to reconciling the stress–heat flow paradox of crustal faults.

著者

鎌田 浩毅

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.6, pp.734-740, 1999-12-01

参考文献数

4

著者

鎌田 浩毅

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.1, pp.Plate1-Plate2, 1996

著者

源

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.50b-52, 1932-01-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

宇根 寛 青山 雅史 小山 拓志 長谷川 智則

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.2, pp.287-296, 2015-04-25 (Released:2015-05-14)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

5 6

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The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake brought severe damage caused by wide-ranging soil liquefaction across the Tohoku and Kanto districts. In Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture, heavy liquefaction damage occurred in a small area, which was not accurately predicted by the existing liquefaction hazard map. The authors consider the reason to be land history, such as landform development and artificial landfill, which was not taken into account in the assessment of liquefaction risk. Accordingly, Abiko City has revised the hazard map to take account of micro-landform classifications using land condition maps, old edition maps, and aerial photographs with the assistance of the Geospatial Information Authority's support team.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.7, pp.386-387, 1891-07-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

寺田 寅彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.6, pp.471-479, 1915-06-20 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小澤 一仁

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.1, pp.146-167, 2008-02-25 (Released:2010-02-10)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

8 8

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The vicinity of the oceanic Mohorovicic discontinuity, transitional zone between the oceanic crust and mantle, is characterized by the common occurrence of dunite consisting mostly of olivine with small amounts of chromite. The most plausible formation mechanism of such dunite is believed to be an open-system reaction between pyroxene-bearing mantle peridotites, residues of partial melting, and basaltic silicate melts, partial melting products and the main ingredient of the oceanic crust. It is, therefore, important to specify the reaction stoichiometry and rates of influx and separation of basaltic melt involved in the reaction to better understand the formation mechanism of the transitional zone. Geological, petrological, and geochemical observations of ancient oceanic crust-mantle sections (ophiolites) and dredging and drilling of the current ocean floors provide key information for constraining the reaction processes. The status quo of studies on ophiolites and the ocean floor related to this subject is reviewed.