1 0 0 0 臺湾の地震

出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.7, pp.400a-401, 1895
著者
立見 辰雄 菊池 徹 久野 久
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.1, pp.17-33, 1957-03-30 (Released:2009-11-12)
参考文献数
78
著者
T O
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.7, pp.406a-407, 1921

1 0 0 0 OA 黄尾島

著者
宮島 幹之助
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.11, pp.647-652_1, 1900-11-25 (Released:2010-10-13)
被引用文献数
1
著者
平野 直人
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.2, pp.195-206, 2017-04-25 (Released:2017-06-12)
参考文献数
55
被引用文献数
2 5

Geoscientists, who previously had limited direct knowledge of the petrological/geochemical mantle below oceanic regions, were largely restricted to areas near mid-ocean ridges, back-arc spreading centers, and hotspots. Petit-spot lavas and xenoliths provide direct information on the asthenosphere and the lithosphere of subducting plates because the magma that erupts from petit-spot volcanoes originates from the asthenosphere and ascends along the concavely flexed zone prior to the outer-rise along the trench. Such volcanoes have been reported at subduction zones worldwide (e.g., the Japan, Chile, Java, and Tonga trenches). The isotopic composition of petit-spot lavas indicates a heterogeneous asthenosphere, and geobarometric analyses of xenoliths show a higher geothermal gradient in the lithosphere than that predicted previously by the GDH1 model, meaning that conventional theory about the subducting lithosphere needs to be revised in the light of recently obtained petit-spot data. Melt fractionation is thought to occur in the middle lithosphere, given that bulk compositions show fractionation trends in the absence of phenocrysts, in spite of raising lherzolitic xenoliths from ∼45 km depth. The most important indicators of petit-spot input to the lithosphere are high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in petit-spot magma, which might explain the low seismic velocity and high electrical conductivity of the oceanic asthenosphere just below the subducting oceanic plate. Because carbon-rich melt ascends through the lithosphere to the seafloor as a petit-spot, it is likely to metasomatize the lithosphere just prior to its subduction.
著者
佐藤 大祐 澁谷 和樹
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.124, no.6, pp.965-977, 2015-12-25 (Released:2016-01-27)
参考文献数
27
被引用文献数
2 3

The development process and usage patterns of second-home areas at the foot of Mt. Fuji are clarified by analyzing their expansion process, capital, and owner behavior. After World War I, in 1929, Fuji Kyuko Company, profiting from a business boom, started to develop a second-home area south of Lake Yamanaka [Yamanaka Kohan Bessochi]. This approach, by which a private company borrowed a section of Imperial Gift Land from Yamanashi Prefecture and established a second-home area, served as a model for developments at the northern foot of Mt. Fuji. In the early 1960s, second-home areas were developed north of Lake Yamanaka and at Fujizakura Highland south of Lake Kawaguchi. With the opening of the Chuo and Tomei Expressways in 1969, there were large capital flows into the creation of up-scale second-home areas at Juriki Highland, Fujigamine Highland, and Asagiri Highland, as well as around Lake Kawaguchi from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s. Large railway, trading, and paper manufacturing companies, as well as local developers, started to create second-home areas throughout the high-growth period. These investors, therefore, competed for land at the foot of Mt. Fuji. As a result, speculative capital flowed into development projects in second-home areas. This speculation created the potential for massive environmental destruction. Consequently, local governments concluded agreements with second-home owners' associations to clarify management responsibilities. Owners are most frequently at their second homes on weekends and during summer vacations in the hot months from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures at the foot of Mt. Fuji are below 30°C. Owners also visit frequently at weekends and holidays in the spring and autumn. The second-home areas around Mt. Fuji, therefore, are both summer and weekend resorts, because they are located within a two-hour commute from Tokyo by car. The second-home areas, moreover, receive many migrants from urban areas, including aged persons, who seek an attractive natural environment at a relatively low price.
著者
山下 亜紀郎
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.122, no.6, pp.1039-1055, 2013-12-25 (Released:2014-01-16)
参考文献数
27
被引用文献数
1 4

The purpose of this study is to review the history of urban water use in Tokyo focusing on two water sources: surface water and groundwater. First, the following four matters are picked up chronologically: expansion of metropolitan waterworks, enhancement of surface water resources, progress of land subsidence, and groundwater pumping. Second, the change of groundwater use and current conservation policies are clarified for some municipalities. Finally, sustainability of urban water use is discussed. Originally, the water source of metropolitan waterworks was surface water. With increased water demand, the waterworks developed surface water resources in areas remote from Tokyo. Despite increased water demand, groundwater pumping was restricted because of serious land subsidence. Industrial water shifted the water source from groundwater to surface water with the construction of industrial waterworks. On the other hand, groundwater use as residential water has been partially maintained in the Tama Region, western Tokyo. Municipalities in the Tama Region promote policies to maintain groundwater use and recharge. For sustainable urban water use, efforts both to avoid a further increase of water demand and to maintain local groundwater resources are necessary. Moreover, in terms of water security at the time of a disaster or water shortage, a sustainable urban water supply system should include both an extensive water supply system and a local system of water supply.
著者
スンドボリィ オーケ
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.87, no.3, pp.115-129, 1978

この論文は, 異った気候下の河川営力についての一般的議論を含んでいる。自然の河川営力の正当な知識が, 純粋に科学的理由にとって又社会的利益にとって, きわめて重要である。将来の開発について予測し得る環境危険因子の予報は, 物理的計画においては本質的な要素である。水文学的法則 (regime) と沈積物生産とは, 気候によって大きく支配される。併し, それらは又相互に関連し, 殆んど独立していない多数の異った因子によって影響される。植生, 基盤岩石, 土壌条件, 地形, 水路形態 (geometry) が, これらの因子の若干例である。いくつかの典型的な例が, 異った気候地域からあげられる。北極地域において河流の営力に関する永久凍土の影響が議論され, 例証される。湿潤中緯度気候では, 季節性や冬季の雪氷のあり得る存在の影響が, 他のものとの問で, 議論される。乾燥気候においては植生の部分的欠除や, 大量の急激な洪水流の生起が議論され, それらの営力における意義が強調される。乾燥地帯における, 河流営力とくに河床荷重の運搬と地形景観の一般的地形学的発達との問の密接な関係が指摘される。熱帯では, 植生は他の因子と共にかなり重要な役割を演ずる。例えば, 火山地域における「ラハール」の作用は又, 川の性格に関して重要であるだろう。<BR>結語の部分では, いくつかの一般的概念が提示される。基礎的な水力学的作用と河川の営力は, 気候や他の外的条件にかかわらず同じであり (同一性の概念), 又多くの川の営力の率とその地形学的堆積学的結果は直接, 間接に, 気候たとえば永久凍土, 河氷, 雪と植生によって支配される (気候制約の概念) ことが指摘される。すべての川には流量と沈積荷重との間に, 河流の営力と地形発達の一般的性格を決定する均衡及び均衡に準ずるものがある (水と沈積物の関連) 。川の作用は, 又流域の他の部分における条件と作用によっているので, 全流域を複合単位として取扱うことが必要である (基礎的単位としての流域) 。異った頻度と大きさについての地形学的事象の重要性は気候と共に変化する。これは更なる研究の重要な課題である (頻度と規模の関連) 。川の営力における人の影響は, 次第に, より重要になっている。人間活動の影響の予測に充分な方法を開発することが必要である (人間の影響) 。営力地形学は長い期間の地形発達において, 気候や他の因子たとえば人間の影響までを蔽って用いることにより, 有用な語となるだろう。
著者
尾鼻 浩一郎 藤江 剛
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.2, pp.113-123, 2017-04-25 (Released:2017-06-12)
参考文献数
34
被引用文献数
2 2

An important site of hydration and alteration of the incoming oceanic plate prior to subduction, the trench-outer rise region determines the distribution and amount of water transported into the Earth's mantle by subduction of the oceanic plate. Recent seismic surveys conducted in the northwest Pacific Ocean indicate reductions of seismic velocities within the oceanic crust and the uppermost mantle of the incoming Pacific plate toward the trench. These velocity reductions probably reflect hydration and alteration of the Pacific plate prior to subduction, although there are regional variations in the crustal structures of the oceanic lithosphere. Besides structural change, the stress regime within the incoming Pacific plate, which is derived from seismicity observations in the trench-outer rise region of the Japan Trench after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, suggests that extensional stress of the incoming Pacific plate extends down to a depth of about 40 km. However, normal-faulting earthquake activity within the incoming Pacific plate was limited at depths shallower than about 20 km before the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The change of the depth extent of normal-faulting earthquake activity suggests that the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake changed the stress regime within the incoming Pacific plate. Distribution and focal mechanisms of shallow seismicity within the oceanic crust indicate that seismicity is affected by the pre-existing structure, which probably formed at the mid-ocean ridges. Heterogeneity and pre-existing structure of the incoming oceanic lithosphere should be taken into account when considering hydration and alteration of the oceanic lithosphere subducting into the trench.