著者

Shuso Takeda Kentaro Yaji Kenji Matsumoto Toshiaki Amamoto Mitsuru Shindo Hironori Aramaki

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.331-334, 2014-02-01 (Released:2014-02-01)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 4

---

Few studies have examined xanthocidin, a biotic isolated from Streptomyces xanthocidicus in 1966, because its supply is limited. Based on its chemical structure, xanthocidin has the potential to become a lead compound in the production of agrochemicals and anti-cancer drugs; however, it is unstable under both basic and acidic conditions. We recently established the total synthesis of xanthocidin using the FeCl3-mediated Nazarov reaction, and obtained two stable derivatives (#1 and #2). The results of the present study demonstrated that these derivatives exhibited the inhibitory activity of topoisomerase IIα, known as a molecular target for cancer chemotherapy, and this was attributed to the respective exo-methylene ketone group without DNA intercalation. The results obtained also suggest that these derivatives may have value as lead compounds in the synthesis of topoisomerase IIα inhibitors.

著者

Ryohei Aoyagi Megumi Funakoshi-Tago Yosuke Fujiwara Hiroomi Tamura

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.b14-00378, (Released:2014-09-11)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

5 35

---

Recent epidemiological studies showed that coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, presumably due to suppression of excess fat accumulation in adipocytes. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of coffee on adipocyte differentiation has not been well documented. To elucidate the mechanism, we investigated the effect of coffee on the differentiation of mouse preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. Coffee reduced the accumulation of lipids during adipocytic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. At 5% coffee, the accumulation of lipids decreased to half that of the control. Coffee also inhibited the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor controlling the differentiation of adipocytes. Furthermore, coffee reduced the expression of other differentiation marker genes, aP2, adiponectin, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), GLUT4, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), during adipocyte differentiation. Major bioactive constituents in coffee extracts, such as caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, showed no effect on PPARγ gene expression. The inhibitory activity was produced by the roasting of the coffee beans.

著者

Takashi Kawaguchi Kanako Azuma Takuhiro Yamaguchi Satoru Iwase Tadaharu Matsunaga Kimito Yamada Hironobu Miyamatsu Hironori Takeuchi Norio Kohno Takao Akashi Sakae Unezaki

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.b14-00452, (Released:2014-09-09)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

13

---

With the shift of a large proportion of cancer chemotherapy recipients to ambulatory care, the role of hospital pharmacists has changed, and their provision of information is essential care for cancer patients. There is little research on pharmacist–patient relations, particularly about pharmacist counselling, in Japan. To meet patients' needs, pharmacist counselling should be optimized. Here, breast cancer patients' preferences for pharmacist counselling were assessed using a discrete choice experiment. Bayesian nonlinear optimal methodology was employed to obtain six attributes (attitude of pharmacist, quality of information, explanation of side effects, frequency of pharmacist counselling before starting chemotherapy, cost of pharmacist counselling, and follow-up with the pharmacist after starting chemotherapy) of two to three levels each. The attributes and levels were used to create 12 hypothetical scenarios that were divided into two questionnaires of six choice sets each. Two hundred eighty participants were randomly assigned to complete one of these questionnaires (blocks). Attributes were analyzed by conditional logit model to determine significant predictors of patient preferences. The responses of 278 patients to 1667 scenarios were analyzed. Attitude of pharmacist, quality of information, cost of pharmacist counselling, and follow-up with the pharmacist after starting chemotherapy were significant predictors of patient preferences, with quality of information receiving the highest priority. Thus patients receiving pharmacist counselling before starting chemotherapy prefer to interact with a pharmacist with a friendly, interested attitude who provides individualized information. Further research is needed to elucidate the information that Japanese patients consider most important and to enhance pharmacist–patient communication.

著者

中川 満夫 村田 剛 下川 晃彦 本田 俊哉 児島 昭次 内山 充

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

衛生化学 (ISSN:0013273X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.5, pp.301-308, 1984-10-31

---

The methods for analyzing residual methylene blue and malachite green in the muscle and liver of rainbow trout and eel were established. Since methylene blue and malachite green in the muscle and liver homogenates were effectively extracted by n-butanol in the presence of ZnSO_4,the recoveries of methylene blue and malachite green were determined by measuring the optical density (665 nm for methylene blue, 620 nm for malachite green) of butanol solution extracted from the liver and muscle homogenates containing the dyes. However, the optical density of malachite green in butanol solution extracted from the liver homogenates was measured at 500 nm, 620 nm and 700 nm, and was then calculated from the following equation ; Net OD_<620>=(MOD_<620>-OD_<700>)-[(OD_<500>-OD_<700>)×0.4815-0.0033] MOD_<620> : OD observed at 620 nm : malachite green + pigments of liver homogenates The recoveries of methylene blue and malachite green added to the muscle homogenates were 80-87% and 80-88%, respectively. The limits of detection in the muscle were 0.1 μg/g for both dyes. Also, the recoveries of methylene blue and malachite green added to the liver homogenates were approximately 85-87% and 88-95%, respectively. As little as 0.5 μg/g of both dyes in the liver was detectable. On the other hand, when rainbow trout were exposed to 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 ppm of malachite green solution at 16℃ for 1 h, residual amounts of malachite green in the muscle and liver were 1.41±0.28 μg/g (muscle) and 5.9±1.2 g/g (liver), 2.41±0.11 μg/g (muscle) and 10.1±1.4 μg/g (liver), and 5.90±1.61 μg/g (muscle) and 19.1±2.8 μg/g (liver), respectively. Also, when eel were exposed to 3.0 ppm of methylene blue solution at 16℃ for 1,2 and 3 h, residual amounts of methylene blue in the liver was 1.20±0.3 μg/h, 1.10±0.5 μg/2 h and 0.90±0.2 μg/3 h, respectively, and residual methylene blue in the muscle could not be detected.

著者

TAKENAGA MITSUKO HIRAI AIZAN TERANO TAKASHI TAMURA YASUSHI KITAGAWA HARUO YOSHIDA SHO

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics (ISSN:0386846X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.5, pp.201-208, 1987-05

被引用文献数

5 22

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The in vitro effect of cinnamic aldehyde, a main component of Cinnamomi Cortex, on platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in human platelets was studied. Cinnamic aldehyde reduced platelet aggregation of both platelet rich plasma and washed platelets, dose-dependently. This compound also decreased the formation of the metabolites of AA such as thromboxane B_2 (TXB_2), 12-hydroxy heptadecatrienoic acid and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in collagen-stimulated washed platelets. The conversion of exogenous [^<14>C] AA to cyclooxygenase metabolites or 12-lipoxygenase metabolite was not altered significantly by the addition of cinnamic aldehyde. On the other hand, collagen-induced released of [^<14>C] AA and its metabolites from washed platelets prelabeled with [^<14>C] AA was markedly reduced by the addition of cinnamic aldehyde. These results suggested that cinnamic aldehyde suppressed the release of AA from platelet membrane phospholipids and then reduced the formation of thromboxane A_2. This inhibitory effect of cinnamic aldehyde on AA release and TXB_2 formation may contribute to reduced platelet aggregation.

著者

Takaaki Kitajima Masashi Muroi Naomi Yamashita Ken-ichi Tanamoto

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.74-80, 2014-01-01 (Released:2014-01-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 8

---

Body and excrement extracts from Dermatophagoides farinae were used to study stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The excrement extract stimulated nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent reporter activity to an extent similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse macrophage cell line, J774A.1, but the activity of the body extract was negligible. The excrement extract also activated NF-κB in HEK293 cells expressing TLR1/TLR2, TLR2/TLR6 and CD14/TLR4/MD-2, whereas no activation was observed in cells expressing TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 or TLR9. Although the excrement extract required co-expression of CD14, TLR4 and MD-2 in HEK293 cells to activate NF-κB, efficient activation was still observed in I-13.35 cells, a bone-marrow macrophage cell line established from LPS-hypo-responsive C3H/HeJ mice. The excrement extract activated NF-κB in HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 alone, but the activation was significantly increased by co-expression of CD14. Polymyxin B inhibited CD14/TLR4/MD-2- and CD14/TLR2-mediated activation of NF-κB but not the activation in I-13.35 cells. These results indicate that CD14/TLR4/MD-2-dependent and CD14/TLR2-dependent mechanisms are involved in the activation of NF-κB by the excrement extract of D. farinae and suggest that the extract also contains substances that activate NF-κB through non-TLR-mediated mechanisms.

著者

山下 泰藏

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

no.385, pp.227-234, 1914-03-26

---

其一,アミグダリン酸の酸誘導體につきて著者はアミグダリン酸バリウムに無水醋酸と醋酸曹達とを作用せしめて得たるアセチール誘導體がアルカリに不溶解なることと其分析數C_<32>H_<38>O_<18>なることより六アセチールアミグダリン酸のラクトン體なることを唱へ又アミグダリン酸バリウムに冷時にベンツオイルクロリドを作用せしめて五ベンツオイール化合物を得たるも亦アルカリに不溶なるを以て四ツのベンツオイール基のみが水酸基と交換し一つはアミグダリン酸の炭酸基と混合無水酸の状態にあることを論ぜり又無水安息香酸の作用によりては八アセチール化合物に相當する物質を得たるも元來アミグダリン酸には七箇の水酸基あるのみなるを以て他の一つは亦無水酸の状態に附加せることを述べたり 其二、芳野櫻花蕾の配精體櫻葉及櫻花のクマリン香氣は生時に之を發せずして或る醗酵を受けて初めて生ずるものなればクマリンはもと他の化合物恐くは配糖體の状況にて植物體中に存在するもの、如し著者は此見地より芳野櫻の蕾を取扱ひしに珈琲酸の配糖體を得たるのみなりき

著者

/ 篠田 純男 篠田 純男

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

衛生化学 (ISSN:0013273X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.4, pp.239-249, 1995-08-31

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The decade of the 1990s is witnessing a resurgence of cholera on a global scale. Cholera entered Latin America after almost 100 years and for the first time in the 20th century in an explosive fashion beginning with concurrent outbreaks in several coastal cities in Peru in late January 1991. The origin of the strains of Vibrio cholerae responsible for the initial outbreaks in Peru remains an enigma. Across the globe, in October 1992 a series of outbreaks of cholera-like illness in Southern India was found to be caused by a non-O1 serogroup which was subsequently classified as Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. As with the Latin American epidemic, the O139 serogroup spread with amazing speed and in the matter of a year affected all the cholera endemic areas in India and several neighbouring countries in south-east Asia. Imported cases of O139 V. cholerae has now been reported from several countries across the globe. These two events have dominated the global cholera scenario in the 1990s and both these events are reviewed.

著者

/ 篠田 純男 篠田 純男

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

衛生化学 (ISSN:0013273X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.4, pp.239-249, 1995-08-31

参考文献数

78

---

The decade of the 1990s is witnessing a resurgence of cholera on a global scale. Cholera entered Latin America after almost 100 years and for the first time in the 20th century in an explosive fashion beginning with concurrent outbreaks in several coastal cities in Peru in late January 1991. The origin of the strains of Vibrio cholerae responsible for the initial outbreaks in Peru remains an enigma. Across the globe, in October 1992 a series of outbreaks of cholera-like illness in Southern India was found to be caused by a non-O1 serogroup which was subsequently classified as Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. As with the Latin American epidemic, the O139 serogroup spread with amazing speed and in the matter of a year affected all the cholera endemic areas in India and several neighbouring countries in south-east Asia. Imported cases of O139 V. cholerae has now been reported from several countries across the globe. These two events have dominated the global cholera scenario in the 1990s and both these events are reviewed.

著者

Maki Ohno Kiyoto Motojima Teruo Okano Akiyoshi Taniguchi

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.5, pp.813-817, 2009-05-01 (Released:2009-05-01)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

12 25 8

---

Primary human hepatocytes are extensively used to study the potential of drugs to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP). However, the activities of these enzymes decrease rapidly during culture. Previously we reported that in a layered co-culture system with HepG2 and bovine endothelial cells, the expression levels of various CYP genes were significantly increased compared with the monolayer cultured HepG2 cells. Here, we examined the induction of CYP gene expression by an inducer by examining the effect of phenobarbital treatment on CYP gene expression in the co-culture system. In the layered co-cultured HepG2, expression of the CYP2C and CYP3A family genes was induced by phenobarbital treatment. We also detected CYP3A4 enzyme induction using this co-culture system. Moreover, the induction of hepatic drug transporters by phenobarbital was detected. These results suggest that functional regulation of the CYP and transporter gene pathway is retained in these layered co-cultured cells. Thus, this system may serve as a useful model for in vitro pharmacological studies on the coordinated regulation of transport and metabolism.

著者

瀬崎 仁

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.4, 1996-04-01

著者

Genki Terashi Yuuki Nakamura Hiromitsu Shimoyama Mayuko Takeda-Shitaka

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.8, pp.744-753, 2014-08-01 (Released:2014-08-01)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

6

---

In the absence of experimentally determined three dimensional (3D) structures of proteins, the prediction of protein structures using computational methods is a standard alternative approach in bioinformatics. When using the predicted protein models to compute the native structure of an unknown target protein, estimating the actual quality of the protein models is important for selecting the best or near-best model. Moreover, estimates of the differences between the protein models and the native protein structure are obviously useful to end users who can then decide on the utility of the models for their specific problems. This article describes two new single-model quality assessment (QA) programs, pure single-model QA method (psQA) and a template based QA method (tbQA), that we developed. psQA is a pure single-model QA program that uses a neural network method to predict residue–residue distance matrices of the native protein structures. tbQA is a quasi-single-model QA program that mainly uses target-template sequence alignments and template structures. The performance of these two model QA programs was analyzed in a data set of 24022 models for 94 targets from the 10th critical assessment of protein structure prediction (CASP10) experiment.

著者

木方 正 永井 勝幸 宮本 郁夫 渡辺 利明 鵜飼 茂夫

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.4, pp.286-288, 1990-04-25

被引用文献数

4

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Biological activities of two galactomannans (CI-P and CI-A) isolated from the insectbody portion of Chan hua (fungus : Cordyceps cicadae) were studied. CI-P having low affinity for concanavalin A (Con A) exhibited potent carbon-clearance activity in mouse, although both polysaccharides had little antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 in mice. Furthermore, CI-P and CI-A was found to have potent hypoglycemic activity in normal mice, and CI-A having high affinity for Con A showed slightly higher activity than CI-P.

著者

Yuika Harada Miki Hiasa

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.7, pp.1090-1095, 2014-07-01 (Released:2014-07-01)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

3 8

---

It is well established that vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is responsible for vesicular storage of nucleotides such as ATP, and that VNUT-expressing cells can secrete nucleotides upon exocytosis, playing an important role in purinergic chemical transmission. In the present study, we show that VNUT is expressed in intestinal L cells. Immunohistochemical evidence indicated that VNUT is present in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) containing cells in rat intestine. VNUT immunoreactivity is not co-localized with GLP-1, a marker for secretory granules, and synaptophysin, a marker for synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs). Essentially the same results were obtained for GLUTag clonal L cells. Sucrose density gradient analysis confirmed that VNUT is present the light fraction, unlike secretory granules. These results demonstrate that intestinal L cells express VNUT in either the unidentified organelles at light density other than secretory granules and SLMVs or a subpopulation of SLMVs, and suggest that L cells are purinergic in nature and secrete nucleotides independent of GLP-1 secretion.

著者

足立 昌子 置鮎 雅美 西川 明子 小林 正

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

衛生化学 (ISSN:0013273X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.167-171, 1995-04-30

被引用文献数

1

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Suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels in air samples collected with a high-volume air sampler from the Kobe area in Japan were measured. Furthermore, the evaluation of the source apportionment to SPM was investigated by the chemical mass balance (CMB) method based on nine elements, i.e., Ca, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Zn and V, as an index element. The sum of the percent contributions to SPM from six main sources (soil, marine, fuel oil combustion, iron-and-steel industry, refuse incineration, cement particles) was calculated to be about 25%. Among these sources, fuel oil combustion showed the largest contribution.

著者

Jeoung-Hee Ha Maan-Gee Lee Soo-Min Chang Jae-Tae Lee

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.7, pp.1414-1417, 2006 (Released:2006-07-01)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 11

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Fossilia Mastodi OSSIS, which is a skeletal fossil of a Mastodon, an ancient mammal, has been found to have anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activities in Oriental medicine. In this study, in vivo characterization of the sedative activities of Fossilia Mastodi OSSIS was performed in order to obtain basic information for the development of a putative natural sedative. The 80% methanol extract of Fossilia Mastodi OSSIS given per os at a dose of 3 g/kg in mice showed anxiolysis, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping time, reduced locomotor activity, and anticonvulsive activity. Fossilia elicited GABAA receptor-mediated anxiolysis. The data obtained suggest that the 80% methanol extract of Fossilia Mastodi OSSIS contains some biologically active principles with sedative activity.

著者

渡辺 正純 豊田 満里子 今田 伊助 森本 浩

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin (ISSN:00092363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.176-182, 1974-01-25

被引用文献数

1

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Urinary metabolites from rabbits dosed with phylloquinone and dl-α-tocopheryl acetate were examined. We found that phylloquinone was excreted as conjugate forms of 2-methyl-3-(5'-carboxy-3'-methyl-2'-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-3-(3'-carboxybutyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone, and dl-α-tocopheryl acetate was excreted mainly as the conjugate form of 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(5'-carboxy-3'-hydroxy-3'-methylpentyl)-1,4-benzoquinone lactone and in small amounts, as the conjugate form of 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(3'-carboxybutyl)-1,4-benzoquinone.

著者

曲淵

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

no.222, 1900-08-26

著者

Tohru Obata Yuka Suzuki Noriko Ogawa Ippei Kurimoto Hiromitsu Yamamoto Tadahide Furuno Takuma Sasaki Motohiro Tanaka

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.5, pp.802-807, 2014-05-01 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 11

---

Sapacitabine (CS-682 or CYC682; 1-[2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-pentfuranosyl]N4-palmitoyl cytosine), a novel antitumor 2′-deoxycytidine analogue, shows a marked reduction in the water solubility because of the fatty acid side chain on the N4 group of the cytosine moiety. Poor water solubility is one of the important reasons why sapacitabine does not exert maximum antitumor activity. Therefore, we attempted to improve the water solubility of sapacitabine using a novel surfactant, Soluplus®, which consisted of a polyvinyl caprolactam–polyvinyl acetate–polyethylene glycol graft copolymer. In this study, we examined whether Soluplus® increased the water solubility and an antitumor activity of sapacitabine. The cytotoxicity of Soluplus® alone was lower than that of Tween 80 and Kolliphor® D-α-tocopherylpolyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). The water solubility and the chemosensitivity of sapacitabine against several tumor cell lines to sapacitabine markedly increased upon using Soluplus®. In addition, the potential of Soluplus® including sapacitabine in increasing the antitumor activity was compared with sapacitabine alone in vivo. Although the total dose in the experimental period was considerably lower than the effective dose of sapacitabine alone, the life span of mice treated with sapacitabine containing 40 mg/mL Soluplus® increased by 150%. If Soluplus® was used as the solubilizing agent in clinical trials of sapacitabine, a low administration dose was appeared to require, and thus side effects might be prevented.

著者

Hiroko Ushikubo Yui Tanimoto Kazuho Abe Tomohiro Asakawa Toshiyuki Kan Tatsuhiro Akaishi

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.5, pp.748-754, 2014-05-01 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2 11

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Amyloid β protein (Aβ) self-assembles into insoluble fibrils, and forms the senile plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease. 3,3′,4′,5′-Tetrahydroxyflavone, a synthetic analogue of the natural flavonoid fisetin, has been found to potently inhibit Aβ fibril formation. In the present study, we investigated how inhibition of Aβ fibril formation by this flavonoid affects Aβ conformation and neurotoxicity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of Aβ1-42 (20 µM) incubated with or without 3,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone demonstrated that 3,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone (100 µM) rapidly caused formation of atypical Aβ conformers, which appeared as a very broad, smear-like band in the high molecular weight region and were distinguishable from soluble Aβ oligomers or mature Aβ fibrils. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that large spherical Aβ aggregates were preferentially formed in the presence of 3,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone. The SDS-resistant, smear-like band on SDS-PAGE and the large spherical aggregates in TEM both disappeared after heat treatment (100°C, 10 min). Furthermore, a neurotoxicity assay with cultured rat hippocampal neurons demonstrated that Aβ incubated with 3,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone was significantly less toxic than Aβ incubated without the flavonoid. These results suggest that the newly synthesized fisetin analogue 3,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone directly produces atypical, large Aβ aggregates and reduces Aβ toxicity.