著者

舩戸 修一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.13-24, 2009 (Released:2012-12-24)

参考文献数

81

著者

栗本 修滋

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.37-48, 2004 (Released:2013-09-28)

参考文献数

20

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The residents of village communities have been obtaining fuel by cutting down trees on nearby mountains or harvesting grasses for use as agricultural fertilizer. These nearby mountains have come to be known as Satoyama. However, starting in the 1960’s, the rapid proliferation of chemical fertilizers led to fossil fuels taking the place of wood fuel. As a result, the Satoyama underwent changes and social problems involving maintenance and management of Satoyama were encountered, including the threat to the existence of the diverse range of wildlife found there. Although government administrators and volunteers are attempting to maintain and manage these Satoyama through the use of modern technology, this technology remains underdeveloped. This report describes my experiences during my participation as a forestry engineer in activities targeted at sharing the Satoyama scenery once again during the course of reconstruction of a local community by residents of a village scheduled to be flooded by a dam in the town of Mirasaka in Hiroshima prefecture. The residents have expressed the significance of sharing the scenery of their Satoyama while taking advantage of daily conversations and local technologies for sharing their Satoyama scenery. I understood the significance expressed by the residents and deployed forestry technologies based on that understanding. The residents accepted these forestry technologies when they judged that they could contribute to the sharing of their Satoyama scenery. Since Satoyama have been maintained and managed by local technologies, it will be necessary to establish technologies for Satoyama maintenance and management by accumulating technologies accepted by local residents.

著者

岩本 由輝

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.18-29, 2011 (Released:2013-04-20)

参考文献数

13

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Population decline, caused by increasing social mobility, and the related immigration of Hokuriku Jodo Shinshu-sect Buddhists were precipitated by the need to redevelop agriculture, reduce poverty and restore the Mutsu-Nakamura domain’s troubled finances in the latter part of the Tokugawa period. In the following paper, the memoranda of Kowata Hikobei (a rural administrator with the social position of samurai, who, along with his father, worked to organize the immigration) are used to explore the intelligence network by which 301 individuals from 57 households of the Jodo Shinshu religious community immigrated to the Mutsu-Nakamura domain during the period from 1815 to 1832. The arrival of some 3,000 or so immigrants in the Mutsu-Nakamura domain from 1813 to 1871 was seen as a great “success”, particularly in terms of re-invigorating the domain’s finances. It should be noted, however, that this internal migration neither assisted the contemporary strengthening of the shogunate nor hastened its collapse. Rather, having a strong intelligence network the Jodo Shinshu religious community removed itself from the framework of the shogunate, and in the process they served their own organization by, in effect, making the whole Japanese archipelago “borderless”.

著者

池上 甲一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.19-29, 1995 (Released:2013-02-26)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

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This paper examined the logic of emigration to “Mangzhou” in the 1930s through analysis on the socio-economic background of Ohinata-Mura. Ohinata was said to play a leading part for the emigration policy by the fascist government of Japan. This policy formally intended to solve “overpopulation” and land shortage for paddy farming. In 1937, Ohinata decided emigration and 586 persons in 191 households settled Sijiafan in Jielingsheng by 1939. However, the emigration produced few effects. Land shortage and overpopulation problems were not solved at all. The failure was caused from neglect of the original characteristics. In short, the emigration policy was unreasonable from the beginning. However, it was a fact that many persons emigrated. The reasons for this fact were as foolows:1) the direct control by the prefectural office after the collapse of an indigenous self-governing, 2) self-persuasion such as a big gap between prosperity in the 1920s and poverty in the 1930s, expectation of improvement of life in “Mangzhou” and confirmation of bond to the immigrants’ native village by depositing their lands and graves.

著者

芦田 裕介 市田 知子 松村 和則 望月 美希

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.13-44, 2021-10-25 (Released:2022-10-03)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

1 1

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2020 年度の日本村落研究学会大会では、「ジャーナルセッション」を企画した。これまで『村落社会研究ジャーナル』(以下『村研ジャーナル』)が担ってきた意義と役割を検討しながら、今後のジャーナルのあり方、ひいては村落研究のあり方を考えようというのがこのセッションの目的である。 いうまでもないことだが、本学会においては、農林漁業、農村、地域社会といった対象をめぐり学際的に研究が展開されてきた。つまり、研究対象に対する関心そのものは大きなところで共有されながらも、分析手法や問いの設定の仕方には多様性を有してきたということになる。イエ・ムラ論は本学会にとっては大きな意味を持つ理論設定ではあるのだが、必ずしもそれぞれの研究がその枠づけのなかにあったわけではない。そして『村研ジャーナル』では媒体の性質上、既存の議論の方法を超えて、先進的な研究の試みを展開されてきた。 ただ、学会を取り巻く事情は大きく変化している。投稿論文数の減少の要因にもなる大学院生数の減少、類似の研究を展開できる場となるような大小さまざまな学会の存在、大学等の研究機関における独自のプロジェクトや研究枠組みの創出といった動きのなかで、村研とはどのような問題関心や議論を共有する場なのかということを問われるべき時期にさしかかっている。もちろん、これは本学会に限ったことではなく、さまざまな学会や学問分野においても同様の事態に直面しており、少なくとも人文科学の諸領域においてそれぞれが問うていかねばならない問題でもある。 この「ジャーナルセッション」では、「村落研究」が、自明な領域であるかのようにみえながらも、それぞれの時代の要請や、広く学界の動向を背景に、問いの立て方の幅が転位/変容してきたことのたどり直しを試みた。この「問い」の転位/変容は、学がどうあるべきなのか、という問いとつながっている。いくつかの切り口から、これまでの『村研ジャーナル』の掲載論文を検証し、今後、どのような研究の展開があるべきで、そしてどのような関心を共有していくべきなのかを考える礎にしたい。 *日本村落研究学会では、1994 年から『村落社会研究』の刊行を開始し、第14 巻から『村落社会研究ジャーナル』と改題した。 この特集では、叙述が繁雑になることを避けるため、適宜『村研ジャーナル』の略称を用いることとする。

著者

宮城 能彦

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.13-24, 2004 (Released:2013-09-28)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

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The Community Stores which exist even now in Okinawa have been established by the residents in the rural community(buraku). But, because of the development and the subsequent changes in the community, a lot of Community Stores have been closed during the last 20 years. At present, there are some Community Stores whose management is stable, but many others with the difficulties in management. It is thought that the rural community can be well understood by studying Community Stores. How the rural communities have been able to continue to manage these stores in spite of the difficulties in management is the question to be raised in this paper. My argument is that by addressing this question 1) we can understand how the Okinawan communities are wavering between the urbanization of their life and their consciousness of maintaining the spirit of community, and 2) we can develop a new theory of policies matching to the circumstances.

著者

五十川 飛暁 鳥越 皓之

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.36-48, 2005 (Released:2013-10-20)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this paper is to consider an environmental policy from a perspective of the residents on the shore of Lake Kasumigaura. So far, various policies were attempted against the considerably polluted water of Kasumigaura, the second largest lake in Japan. Some of these policies, for example, were to enlighten people’s environmental consciousness or to control the water pollution. However, most of these attempts were not remarkably effective. Therefore, this paper tries to understand the residents’ image of Kasumigaura by referring to the religious symbol of the shore, Suijin, a sort of guardian deity of water. By looking at the functions and the distribution of Suijin throughout Kasumigaura, the paper clarified how the residents maintain the relationship with Suijin. Firstly, people by the shore communicate with Suijin through community. Secondly, their relationship was intentionally maintained durable through the lasting character of community. Furthermore, through the Suijin’s mediation, the residents on the shore pursue the relationship with the lake Kasumigaura at the aspect of Buji, a status of safe and calm social relationship. From the above investigations, the paper argues that the environmental policy has to secure the social relationship in the local communities, which enable the residents to communicate with the lake.

著者

渡邉 悟史

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.14-25, 2014-10-25 (Released:2015-12-15)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

5 5

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The residents in many of the villages in hilly or mountainous areas in contemporary Japan have to confront pessimistic prospects on their life conditions. They are suffering from irreversible depopulation and ageing, the decline of the local economy, and the deterioration of farming land and forest. In this situation, a mind-set that the current and future situation cannot be improved prevails among the residents. By exploring the discourse and action of a man born in 1944, who is active to improve the life environment of a village which is located in the western part of Kanto region, this paper aims to examine the difficulty of his attempt to compete against the prevailing mind-set and to imagine the alternative history of the village. He is eagerly trying to collect and investigate forgotten pasts of the village which, in his theory, demonstrates the “communal mind” or the “harmony” of villagers which had existed before the postwar economic growth and then disappeared. The man insists that his investigation will finally make other residents recollect what they have forgotten and, as the result, the residents will be able to solve the contemporary predicaments. However, when the people like him, who belongs to the generation which built bases for their livelihood on the outside of the village in the period of economic growth, criticize the current situation, the other residents question the position of their discourses. Some say why they can dogmatically maintain their privileged position to blame others in spite that they are also responsible for the current predicament. Others even blame that most of the members of the generation once abandoned their duties for the village and played a central role in bringing down the current predicaments. In the course of examining this difficulty, the author would also pursue what kind of historical praxis, reorganizing the relation between the past and the present, is needed in the life in the period of the past economic growth.

著者

岩本 由輝

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.1-11, 2002 (Released:2013-08-10)

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The name “Tono” was first recorded in 1334, one year after the collapse of the Kamakura Regime, just prior to the split of the royal dynasty into Northern and Southern courts in the so-called “Nanpoku-cho” period. At that time, an agent dispatched by the Asonuma clan, whose main fief was in Shimotsuke province, ruled the Tono fief of Mutsu province. According to historical materials from 1350, the Asonuma clan ruled the fiefs of seven provinces by dispatching various administrative agents, and by aligning themselves at first with Southern court, and then with the Northern court, in order to maintain control over their fiefs. Around 1382, however, the Asonuma clan were uprooted from their main fief in Shimotsuke province by the Oyama clan, and in that process the Asonuma clan moved to strengthen their position in Tono, becoming the Tono-Asonuma clan. Henceforth, the Tono-Asonuma clan maintained an effective control over Tono until the end of the 16th century. During 1600, however, with the creation of the Morioka fief by the Sannohe-Nanbu clan, and in accordance with the process of establishing daimyo throughout the Japanese archipelago, the Tono-Asonuma clan was banished from Tono and disappeared from the main stage of history.

著者

中田 英樹

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.1-12, 2001 (Released:2013-07-23)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 2

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Especially, since the second half of the 1980’s, the term “revitalize” has been used as one of the master words in our argument about the problem of developing rural society in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to point out peculiar structure through structural analysis of the studies of revitalizing the rural area. For this purpose, in chapter 1, I prepare theoretical framework we should use. Then, in chapter 2, I summarize the history of development theories about Japanese rural area, and show two new important points which have been brought into the preceding studies ; “regional character” and “subjectivity of the habitants”. In chapter 3, by extracting theoretical peculiarity to which the two lead, I try to conclude that there is some strange structure in the expressions, for example, “the habitants as the subject are struggling for the social development by promoting the unique character of their own society” In the last chapter, I give one hypothesis about how we can connect the studies of rural revitalizing problem with the studies of environmental sociology, and about what new point at issue we should take into the such studies, if my conclusion in this paper will be accepted.

著者

菅野 正

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.54-55, 2003 (Released:2013-09-11)

著者

野口 憲一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.14-24, 2013-04-25 (Released:2015-04-01)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3

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This paper examines the topic of entry into farming by discussing the conflict between new farmers and the agricultural corporations they will be joining. The research object of this paper is company A which manages lotus root agricultural production and, Mr. B who found a job at it. Most of the previous studies on entry into farming have been from the perspective of new farmers, and studies have seldom been conducted from the perspective of agricultural corporations. Thus, this paper attempts to approach the issue of entry into farming from the perspective of agricultural corporations. Specifically, this paper discusses the discrepancy in“views on farming”of agricultural corporations and new farmers, a source of conflict between the two, from the perspective of agricultural corporations. Accordingly, this paper discusses“views on farming”of the two groups and the context for those views and this paper compares the two views. Agricultural corporations have“views on farming”based on a concept of “farming as an industry”that has developed over years of practice. In contrast, new farmers have“views on farming”based on an idyllic view touted by the mass media.

著者

姫野 宏輔

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.13-14, 2022-04-25 (Released:2023-05-10)

参考文献数

1

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『村研ジャーナル』55号の特集Ⅰ「村落研究を問う」において提示されたのは、村落研究に携わる研究者間の断絶や分断という問題であった。そのような問題状況を乗り越えるための、分野横断的な村落研究の多様化を目指す試みとして、村研ジャーナル編集委員会では「メディアの中の農村、農村の中のメディア」と題した研究会の企画を行った。 現代社会における農村研究とメディア研究は、お世辞にも交流が活発とは言えない。しかし、現実にはメディアのあり方は、農村社会のあり方に大きな影響を及ぼしており、現代社会において、農村とメディアというテーマで考えるべき議論は山積しているように思われる。 このように、同じ研究対象を扱いながらも、互いが研究領域を「棲み分け」てしまうことによって没交渉となってしまいかねない分野の研究報告が一堂に会することで、今後の村落研究を「開いていく」ことができるのではないか──というのがジャーナル編集委員会の問題意識であった。2021年9月19日に開催された本研究会企画は、折からのコロナ禍による影響で、Zoomを用いたオンライン研究会の形式をとったが、途中の入退室者も含めてのべ90人を超える参加者があり、活気ある質疑応答が行われた。多忙な時期に本研究会に研究報告を寄せてくださった会員の方々に、心からお礼を申し上げたい。

著者

秋津 元輝

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.19-30, 1996 (Released:2013-03-12)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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The Establishment Act of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan of 1949 almost excluded rural issues as the role of it, but actually the Ministry performs a lot of policies concerning rural society nowadays. The aim of this article is to clarify the process that the ministry has gradually put importance on rural issues through analyzing governmental white papers since 1961. In analyzing white papers' descriptions, I refer to five wellknown eras of Japanese agricultural policy after 1961. There were three major turning points which occurred on the points of new era starting. On the 1st phase to 2nd (1970), the amount of description on rural societies suddenly increased in white papers and reformative principle for rural societies changed to the conservative principle at the time. On the 2nd phase to 3rd (1977), white papers began to introduce a reason out of the Establishment Act in order to authorize its intervention in rural policy. The reason was taken from The Third National Development Plan, which was determined on the assumption that all of the authorities concerned accepted it but never had higher legal status than the Establishment Act. On the 3rd phase to 4th (1986), reformative principle appeared again on the text of white papers. While at the same time, community function of making consensus was stressed in the same text. Such kind of contradiction continued in the next phase starting from 1992.

著者

吉田 国光

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.35-46, 2013-10-25 (Released:2015-05-13)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study reveals interactions between agricultural production and actor’s relations in Kamihata settlements in Minami-Awaji City, Mihara Plain. Farm management in farm households is examined to determine whether farm activities, such as lending equipment, supplying compost, and establishing delivery routines develop the relationships among farmers or between farmers and other stakeholders, while identifying the kind of relationships formed. Moreover, the contribution of multi-layered network formed through relations between and among such stakeholders is considered. The research method adopts social network analysis. This approach allows a quantitative stand in analyzing human relations based on the presence or strength of ties between nodes, the distance between such nodes, and the node parameters. Economic activity and social life are inseparable in rural areas and villages, and ties among farm households are characterized by various roles existing in a multilayered structure. This study focuses on the extent and width of social ties among certain nodes. Results show that in Mihara Plain, the “ three crop” rotation system―a combination of paddy rice, onions,and cabbages or paddy rice, lettuce, or Chinese cabbages―has been widely promoted. The study area practiced intensive farming. The production of leafy vegetables served as an economic activity that could augment the income of farm households. Farm management, as practiced by every farmer household, progressed within the range of social groups such as settlements and districts, and did not become completely independent albeit done individually. Various territorial relations became a conforming frame, as seen in the sharing of equipment and supplying of compost. The network was selectively formed according to the purpose. In addition to the abovementioned relations, networks based on the delivery of crops was observed. These networks extended in various ways, according to every farmer household's management policy, and had various influences on every farmer's management practices.

著者

舩戸 修一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.31-42, 2004 (Released:2013-09-18)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

1

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Shigeru Inuta (1891-1957), a well-known writer of peasant literature, constructed Nohonshiso (Japanese Agrarianism), exhibiting his theories of its literature. However, his Nohonshiso has been disregarded for a long time. Therefore, we certainly must remember that his thought is highly suggestive. In this paper, I would like to clarify several important aspects of his Nohonshiso. Inuta started to write peasant literature from 1918. If one examines his articles, one can see he considered this literature as a self-expression of farmers. He asserted that this literature had been written from their viewpoint. He also considered this literature as an effective means to reorganize rural communities. In addition, he criticized the peasant literature written by writers of proletarian literature, because they regarded such literature as a strong tool to overthrow the government and the Tenno (Japanese Emperor) system. Inuta, that is to say, criticized that the literature they formulated did not thoroughly expressed the sense and feeling of farmers, and that it lacked the reality of agriculture and rural life. In 1938, an association of peasant literary writers and theorists, Nomin-bungaku-konwakai, was organized by the government authorities. Most of them took part in this national association of for peasant literature. Unfortunately, it played the role of a governmental agency and, in World War II, it supported Japanese Fascism. Inuta, however, did not take part in this association, because he thought that its literature should express the sense and feeling of peasants, and the reality of agriculture and rural life. He definitely did not think that it should be adjusted to national policy.

著者

一宮 真佐子

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.13-24, 2008 (Released:2012-12-04)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 1 2

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The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the representations of “agriculture and rural space” in MANGA, one of the major genres of popular culture. Today in Japan, “consumerist gaze” has a significant influence upon rural areas. The popular culture, where such influence can be easily found, has been subjected to study. Even though, few studies have focused on the subculture genres like MANGA. This paper picks up 26 MANGA works which treated agricultural subject or whose settings were in rural space at that time. In the first step, the trend of settings and descriptions in those works is analyzed. According to this trend, these works are divided into 4 groups, and their features are shown below ; group A “comedy-style and personal topics (e.g. marriage)”; group B “dealing with social problems” ; group C “return to native place (U-turn) and significant concern about rural/food culture” ; group AC is intermediate between A and C. Additionally, group A is divided into A1 and A2 according to whether “out-migrants (I-turn)”appear in the works. Next, 4 works which are representative of groups except AC are examined. By this analysis, several representations of “agriculture and rural space” and their transition process in MANGA works are defined. Before the late 70s, “agriculture and rural space” was represented as unrefined “premodern”, compared to refined industry/urban area. Afterward it came to be represented as “problematic modern” as same as urban area, and after the late 90s as “alternatives to modernity”. Since around 2000, “agriculture and rural space” is represented as “hetero-culture” which is equal option to city. Generally, the comedy-style works turn the negative representation into positive one. In conclusion, the characteristics of that representations in MANGA are defined as; the inverse of dominant sense of values by “laughter” ; the ceaseless shift of themselves through intertextual acts.

著者

中田 實

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.1-6, 2005 (Released:2013-10-08)

参考文献数

8

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The idea of the theory of Community Co-management was originally based on research of the fishing and pearl culturing villages of Shima district in Mie Prefecture during the 1960s. At that time, the landed quantity of cultured pearls in the district increased rapidly because of growth in number of culture establishments and an increase in density of their culturing oyster shells. However, the increase of pearl production in a limited marine area resulted in the rapid deterioration of both quality and price of cultured pearls. At around the same time, sightseeing facilities attracted attention in the district, and environmental burdens imposed by them have become heavy. Then, to realize compatible and sustainable relations with each other for the efficient use of local resources, the establishment of a new community organization composed of fishermen, pearl culture establishments, sightseeing facilities, and inhabitants as comsumers of marine products became indispensable. The management of local resources, by all interested parties, became the core function of the community. For this reason, a community can be seen as an organization for the co-management of living conditions. Modern society has increased its collective consumption, and has grown in community co-management of its living conditions. This means that a community can be seen from the view point of managerial functions. There can be an understanding of the common features and structures of rural and urban communities as well as of neighborhood communities and municipal authorities despite ecological and legislative differences. At present, the development of the decentralization of administrative systems in our country permits the official establishment of a kind of teritorrial autonomous body within a local autonomy. The concept of community co-management has become increasingly realistic.

著者

植田 今日子

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.53-54, 2017-10-25 (Released:2018-10-25)

著者

小林 甫

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.1-12, 2012-10-25 (Released:2014-11-04)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 5

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In this paper I study about a rural self governing collectivity at the Tada village in the NanYo (south of the Iyo) including the Uwa basin, south-west of the Ehime Prefecture. I refer to the NanYo's history from ancient era to present days. That is, 1) Status of NanYo under the Ritsuryo legal codes. 2) The social structure of Early Modern village system in NanYo. 3) The political and social structure of the new Tada administrative village after the Meiji Restoration, in 1890. 4) Self governance of the people after the administrative consolidation of 6 villages into the Uwa-town in 1954, and that of 5 towns into the Seiyo-city in 2004. 5) The collective life of inhabitants and residents in the Tada rural area in present days. By this research I would like to clarify the concept of “community” , which is made up of multilayer structures. In the bases it existed the rural “commune” before Ritsuryo legal codes. Ritsuryo system went down from the Miyako (Capital) to the Kuni (for example Iyo country) , Gun (Uwa county) , and Go (Iwano area) in order to control rural communes or villages. But in early modern era Gun system was changed for the Kumi (unit of several villages) system in the Uwajima Clan. Then Meiji Restoration changed the Kuni into the Prefectures. Tada's rural 4 villages turned into the end organization of the Modern State as new Tada-village, Uwa-town, Seiyo-city, and it seems that the people have lost their autonomy at all. But people's self governance stays now in their daily human relationships, not combine enough with the local autonomy's reformations. So it is necessary to interface with each other to develop mutually the local sovereign power. The Tada people's motto for their life-philosophy is “Freedom, Justice and Friendship” which was taught by the President of Tada Junior High in the age of 1953-63.