著者

今井 良一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.22-35, 2003 (Released:2013-09-02)

参考文献数

17

---

The purpose of this article is to clarify the logic and inevitability of Japanese landownership in Manchuria and the peculiarity of the farming immigrants in this northeastern region of China by analyzing the management of the Mizuho Village by the third experimental group and the realities and logic of the farmers’ behaviors in their life. It was demanded that immigrant farmers conduct diversified farm operations and lead a self-sufficient life in order to provide for themselves production and living means. The fact, however, was contrary to the aforementioned political demand. The villagers were forced to expend excessive cash. At the same time, their produce were differentiated as cash crops. This led them to employ many local laborers for farm management and they were obliged to purchase daily necessities and some other things to survive. On the other hand, differentiation of farm products led to a steep rise in wages. In the face of wage increases prevailing in the Manchurian farm villages as a whole, Japanese immigrant farmers were driven into a corner to the point of bankruptcy. They had no other choice but to spoil their farmland in order to keep local labor to a minimum and become landowners. Nevertheless, weeding was insufficient on their own farmland, and as a result, their yield began to drop on both their paddies and farms. It accelerated instability in farm management conducted by them. Consequently landownership was sought after in an attempt to disperse farm management risks. Whatever efforts they made, the end result was the devastation of fertile farm land due to extensive, careless agriculture, followed by landownership on the part of them. In addition, this fact illustrates their resource-depriving and non-continuous farm management. Herein lies a difference with Japanese farmers, that is, the non-farmer characteristic of the Japanese immigrants.

著者

安孫子 麟

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.1-8, 1998 (Released:2013-05-22)

参考文献数

19

---

Japanese Government established the fundamental policy about Peasant Emigration for Manchuria in 1936, but as the war was prolonged, the emigration was reduced suddenly after it had reached the peak in 1940. Received opinion is that the collapse in the Policy of Peasant Emigration had caused this situation. I agree with the opinion about only the number of the peasants. The peasant emigration was already not the policy that saved their poverty. But otherwise the villages that had sent the peasant emigration by its policy increased in this period. In this background, there was a big change of the government policy about the peasants. Japanese Government converted the aim of village administration from the peasant salvation to the posting the peasants at every places in Asia. On this reason Japanese Government changed the village administration to the war cooperation system.That became to the village situation under the wartime.

著者

髙村 竜平

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.19-30, 2004 (Released:2013-09-18)

参考文献数

35

---

This paper aims at examining the historical background and the social implications of “public cemeteries” in Korea. The colonial government of Japan introduced such cemeteries to Korean society in 1912, and the post-independence Korean government also has been promoting the similar policy, especially since the 1970s. The purpose of those policies was to control the location and size of cemeteries for land use planning. In Jeju province, the biggest island of Korea, graves traditionally located by Pungsu (Feng-sui), and it did not mattar whether the burying place was on burier’s own land or not. However, from the 1980s, local residents started to use maul cemeteries built in the 1970s. This change was due to the shortage of space for burial land, because the expansion of citrus cultivation as well as the introduction of tourism changed the agricultural land use system and increased the price of land. In the death study, scholars have proposed a hypothesis that the modernization of any societies is accompanied by the concealment of death. This hypothesis could apply to the development process of public cemeteries in Jeju province. However, this process occurred not only by the government policies implying the concealment of death but also by the changed conditions on land use, which force residents to use cemeteries separated from their settlement.

著者

内藤 莞爾

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.1-8, 1995 (Released:2013-03-06)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

---

There has recently been a rising tendency toward recognizing certain sociological types in Japanese culture and society and observing their local distribution. This paper is written in accord with this tendency. It presents a discussion (limited to the subject of families) as to how sociology has dealt with this issue, from 1930 to the present.

著者

林 在圭

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.45-56, 1998 (Released:2013-05-22)

参考文献数

21

---

This study clarifies the structure and functions of Munjung in Korea. The analysis mainly focuses on the modernized characteristics and meaning of organization of lineage. Especially the principle of Korean Munjung structure (organization) is effective principle to explain unique manner of action by Koreanand system of organization’ s principle at the Korean society. The structure of Munjung is the connective structure which has flexible principle of organization; if an independent group of Munjung becomes a core under the certain situation, the structure tends toward “So-Munjung” as a reductive size, or tends toward “Dae-Munjung” as a expansive size. From an individual point of view, the principle of Munjung organization is seen as a concentric circle which flexibly expands from inside of circle to outside ; an individual as center of circle expands towards Jib, Dangnae (Jib-an), Munjung, Linage.

著者

杉原 たまえ

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.25-31, 2009 (Released:2012-12-24)

参考文献数

2

著者

大石 和男

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.58-59, 2019-04-25 (Released:2020-06-04)

著者

首藤 明和

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.50-51, 2019-04-25 (Released:2020-06-04)

著者

今里 悟之

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.26-36, 2014-10-25 (Released:2015-12-15)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This paper examined the relationship within a Japanese village on Hirado Island in Nagasaki Prefecture between the frequency of managerial elections to a Christian lay assembly as the critical social status and the following class factors: the frequency of such elections in a neighborhood association, household economic status, and resident personal attributes. Based mainly on local village historical documents from 1930 to 2009, we used multiple regression analysis and investigated the career patterns of the heads of each household of the village’s self-government. In this village, this study did not observe any clear correlations between elections to lay managers in the church and such social class factors as economic status, level of education, and age. In contrast, we found a correlation between management careers in the church and in the neighborhood association. We classified these career patterns into eight types, only three of which include the elections of lay managers in the church.

著者

池上 甲一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.17-34, 2018-10-25 (Released:2019-11-05)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

---

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, including sustainable development goals(SDGs). They succeeded in obtaining an agreement on the importance of sustainability as the principle of the earth community including the Global North. This paper aims at creating sustainability science of agriculture and rural community. First, this paper analyzes the development process of Sustainable Development concept that originated from the World Commission on Environment and Development. Second, this paper examines the characteristics of SDGs, namely (1) its comprehensiveness and absorption of even controversy matters, (2) parting from ‘trickle-down’ theory by highlighting individual person through announcement of ‘Leaving No One Left Behind’, (3) agreement from both the Global North and South, and(4) medium- and long-term scope for realizing sustainability. It is well known that agriculture holds sustainability in nature because it is based on the vitality of life. The important factors of realizing vitality of life include ‘cycle of being’ based on material cycle and diverse relations in ‘eco-tope.’ Thus, this paper also analyzes how sustainability has decreased in the modernization process. However, recently, sustainability in agriculture has been re-evaluated, as is shown by organic farming movement and eco-farming. Finally, this paper examines farming with creatures in Japan as a good example of sustainable agriculture. Based on its purpose, farming with creatures is categorized into three types: (1) branding and marketing strategy-oriented farming, (2) alternative agriculture in terms of technology transformation for the conservation of habitat and partial substitution of farm practice, and (3) gathering creatures as food and daily joys. Farming with creatures gives us a good clue to create sustainability science in agriculture and rural community.

著者

藤原 厚作

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.1-12, 2019-10-25 (Released:2020-11-09)

参考文献数

30

---

In recent years, advanced agricultural technology continues to develop rapidly, where the voice of farmers is often not taken into consideration. Therefore, it is important to consider the relationship between agricultural technology and farmers’ agency. This paper focuses on the agency of farmers and their use of agricultural technology and investigates how the relationship between pesticide use in rice cultivation and the farmer’s decision-making has changed. In a case study, this paper focuses on the Reduced-Pesticide Movement which started in Fukuoka prefecture in the late 1970s. This movement centered on reclaiming the agency of farmers in choosing whether or not to reduce pesticide use in rice paddy fields. The interviews were conducted to several farmers actively involved in the movement and agricultural extension officers related to rice production. Drawing from the social shaping of technology approach, this paper analyzed the trajectory of this movement by mapping out the various interactions among different players, materials, and structural constraints. In the post war era, many farmers lacked knowledge on pest management and were dependent on extension officers who advised strict pesticide application schedules. In the beginning of reduced-pestiside movement, the Mushimiban (a tool for observing insects) was created to allow farmers to make their own decision in regards to pesticide application. In addition, changes in Japan’s rice policy promoted the production of reduced-pesticide rice, and eventually resulted in the development of reduced-pesticide brand. Previously, farmers believed that using pesticide in the rice farming was inevitable. After the experience of movement for reducing pesticide, some farmers began to produce organic rice, while other farmers used pesticides depending on the unique conditions of their paddy fields.

著者

原(福与) 珠里

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.24-35, 2002

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Aguricultural newcomers from non-agricultural sectors face various difficulties when settling in rural communities. This paper focuses on the existence of &ldquo;buddies&rdquo; in these communities and examines the support network for aguricultural newcomers in &ldquo;K&rdquo; town in Hokkaido. The support policy of &ldquo;K&rdquo; town for aguricultural newcomers was decided in 1994. It is a very comprehensive policy and had already benefited 7 aguricultural newcomers by the year 2000.<br> This paper examines the feedback from the 7 aguricultural newcomers who have already begun farming in &ldquo;K&rdquo; town. Through looking at social support gained by the newcomers, the author extracts two types of networking for obtaining social support. The first is a way to form a support network through the &ldquo;gurdian system&rdquo;, whereby a &ldquo;guardian&rdquo; takes care of the newcomer in the broad dimensions of everyday-life, from agriculture to social life. Guardians are often farm managers who take charge of training newcomers. The other type is pro-active voluntary network formation, whereby the newcomer takes the initiative to approach a particular person to fullfill a certain type of support need. The former type utilizes cumulative rural relations and allows newcomers to adapt easily to the way of life in rural communities. This paper points out both the advantages and disadvantages in forming this type of support network.

著者

伊藤 淳史

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.25-36, 2006 (Released:2013-11-29)

参考文献数

33

---

The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of the settlement in “Shirakawa Houtoku” from the viewpoint of how settlers reacted to their leader. The Leader KATO Kanji, who was one of influential advocators of Manchuria emigration project in prewar Japan, settled in Shirakawa Heights in Fukushima prefecture with other settlers, who were his followers, soon after the end of the war. They started farming in October 1945. Based on his own thought he instructed them a collective farming for their self-sufficiency. But as the crop was further worse than expected, it caused a mass leaving of the settlers from “Shirakawa” . As the number of leaving reached the peak in 1952, KATO Kanji was forced to retire from the head of cooperative association and he also soon left there. KATO Yasuhiko, a new leader, changed former farming policy dramatically. He introduced dairy farming based on individual management. This new farming, having brought about a rapid development of “Shirakawa Houtoku Reclamation Agricultural Co-op”, made the life of settlers become stable. However, this means that the KATO’s initial farming thought was, even if not entirely denied, really eviscerated. Therefore we cannot regard the development of “Shirakawa Houtoku Reclamation Agricultural Co-op” as a successful example of postwar Japanese agriculture policy. But we must pay attention that there are many settlers who have evaluated Kato Kanji very high, even if not as their leader, as superior educator for peasants. They have found his idea an important factor which enabled to continue their settlement, although facing the serious crisises repeatedly. In contrast to former studies on postwar agricultural settlement from the viewpoint of either agriculture or social policy, we emphasize that it had simultaneously an educational function.

著者

玉 真之介

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.137-165, 2002-10

---

日本の農政は、一九七〇年代に入ると伝統的な集落(ムラ)の機能に注目しはじめ、七〇年代後半からその活用に乗り出した。それは知何なる背景と理由に基づくものなのか。この章はその考察存二つの焦点として、戦後に展開される農政の起源と構造を明らかにし、それが再編される過程で農政が二つの方向へと引き裂かれていっていることを論じる。この農政の再編には、「農業システム化」という言葉が重要な役割を果たしていた。それは地域農業の「人と土地」を統括的に再編成することを意図した言葉であったが、それがむしろ伝統的な集落(ムラ)の機能を農政に認識させ、借地による農地流動化に集落機能を活用する施策をもたらすのである。一方、「農業システム化」は、農業土木事業にも農村整備という新たな方向性を与えたものであった。しかし、前者の路線は、集落機能が実際の農地流動化にさほど役立たないことが明らかになるにつれて、むしろ市場競争を重視する路糠へと転換されていく。他方、後者は反対に農村の生活関連の環境整備を進める上で集落の役割を再認識するにいたり、むしろ集落の機能を再構築する「むらづくり」を政策の重要部分として取り込んでいく。本章では、そうした方向性を与えた主体として、建設計画学並びに生活改良普及員の活動に光を当て、それに積極的な評価を与えた。

著者

蔭木 達也

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.13-25, 2020-04-25 (Released:2021-04-09)

参考文献数

85

---

In 1925, Japan implemented universal manhood suffrage, which motivated the creation of "Farmer’s Self-government" (Nōmin-Jichi) concept for anti-parliamentary democracy movement. This thesis reveals essential part of the concept, by analyzing the usage and the difference of definition between each advocate. First, Yasaburō Shimonaka proposed the words "Farmer’s Self-government" with reference to Non-Partisan League (NPL) in United States. His purpose was criticizing intellectualistic and capitalistic parliamentary democracy, and to find alternative way of the democracy. The members of Nōmin-Jichi, such as Shimonaka, Tēsuke Shibuya, Inosuke Nakanishi and Aikoku Takeuchi emphasized that the constitution of "Farmer’s Self-government" was brought from double antagonism. One is between the city and the village, the other is between the government and self-government. They aimed the self-government for/by the farmers in the village, instead of universal suffrage. Second, in Nōmin, Ken'ichi Yarita inherited the concept from Nōmin-Jichi. His anarcho-communism argumentation, referring Leo Tolstoy, idealized the new society which everyone has land ownership and becomes farmer. For Yarita, "Farmer’s Self-Government" became the key concept of leading whole proletariat, not only farmers, forward his ideology. Finally, Shigeru Inuta, a member of Nōmin, made the concept the new socialism theory for revolution. He designed the "World Union" of "Autonomous Rural Communities" as the ideal society, which was suitable for Japanese rural area. He also showed how to start the revolution toward "Farmer’s Self-government". However, Inuta's idea was suppressed in 1933, thus the development of the thought of "Farmer’s Self-government" had ended up without any demonstration. In conclusion, this research proves that "Farmer’s Self-government", from antiparliamentary democracy to "Autonomous Rural Community", was an equivalent substantial thought to anarchism or agriculturalism in the same era; against previous research analyses which show "Farmer’s Self-government" is the ambiguous concept. Moreover, changing the thought of "Farmer’s Self-government" had been led by a lot of advocates. That shows the self-governmental way of making a thought without authoritarian theory.

著者

作道 信介

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.49-60, 2006 (Released:2013-11-29)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 2

---

The Tsugaru area of Aomori prefecture in northern Japan has supplied the largest amount of migrant workers to the megalopolis areas since 1970’s, the period of Japan’s rapid economic development after the World War Ⅱ. Living away from the homeplace to seek work in major cities is called Dekasegi and the migrant worker is called Dekasegi-sha. Most of them have been engaged in construction industries to support Japan’s economic growth. People in Tsugaru have embedded Dekasegi into their lifeworld as one of the possible channels for their livelihood in everyday life or for their resource in trying times. The purpose of this paper is to argue that Dekasegi has prevented the outflow of population and contributed to forming a definite local identity in the Tsugaru area. I referred to the factor in keeping them back in their homeplace as a “hold” and proposed to incorporate it into the push-pull. I conducted a research based on the life story method in a village to examine Dekasegi as a hold factor. I interviewed 28 male informants and found that they tend to utilize their network and connection in their homeplace when hunting a job and to choose a workplace where some Dekasegi-sha from their own homeplace have been working. Furthermore, the case study focused on informants’ narratives shows that the construction work gives them more room for their discretion than the factory work, and that Dekasegi was incorporated in their future perspective on their life cycle. Dekasegi-shas work at familiar workplace away from their homeplace, keeping and forming the networks and life perspective related to the local community. Dekasegi in Tsugaru can be considered as a hold factor in the sense that the practice of Dekasegi keeps on locating Dekasegi-sha in the local community and perspectives of local life, and prevents them from being faceless labor force.

著者

植田 今日子

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.13-22, 2007 (Released:2012-10-19)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 3

---

The purpose of this paper is to examine a meaning of preservation of folk rituals. In Japan, not a few traditional rituals are held in depopulated rural areas where the communities themselves are having difficulty to remain. Meanwhile, the traditional rituals, which originally were a part of people's daily life, have been attempted to preserve as important cultural heritage or tourist attractions. Thus, the traditional rituals are encouraged to show more people and last as long as possible. However, as is often the case with cultural heritage, the more intentionally they try to preserve their traditional rituals, the more alienated from the rituals they become. What does the “preservation”mean for the people who actually perform the rituals? This paper refers to a small community which refused to “preserve” their traditional dance, Taiko-odori. Because of severe depopulation, their dance was to vanish in near future. Hence their neighbor communities suggested to “preserve” the Taiko-odori by increasing the members of dancers and performing it altogether. Although the Taiko-odori used to be often performed outside of the community, they refused this suggestion. Paradoxically, the community's decision was to perform the Taiko-odori by themselves until when the performers decrease to two as their ancestors' tradition. For the people in this severely depopulating community, the preservation of their traditional ritual was not to merely prolong the history of the dance nor to increase the performers, but to vanish it by themselves in near future. As a conclusion, even if the traditional rituals were valuable enough to attract tourists or to be preserved as cultural heritage, they cannot be essentially preserved when a social order of performer community is invaded.

著者

杉原 たまえ 周藤 明子

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.12-23, 2002 (Released:2013-08-10)

参考文献数

13

---

The compulsion isolation of the leper was abolished in Japan in 1996. The isolation policy was being enforced by Japan in Korea, which was the colony. However, Korea after World War II solved the isolation policy. In addition, in the resettling village, the leper and those who recovered started self-support by agriculture. Presently there are 90 resettling villages throughout the Korea. This research has aimed to study the establishment process of the resettling village.

著者

木下 謙治

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.1-6, 2006

---

My research career consists of four stages. In the first stage (about from 1953 to 1970),my main interest of the research had been placed on theoritical studies of Japanese village community (Mura). At the second stage (about from 1970 to 1985), under the influences of drastic change of rural society and its effect on rural sociology, I gradually diverted research interest from rural studies to family sociology. Speaking of rural studies through this time, I mainly engaged in practical surveys of rural problems. Interest of the studies in the third and fourth stages are almost same direction with second stage. If adding something another through these stages, rural community as an ideal or purposive concept has been becoming one of important perspectives of my rural studies.

著者

今井 良一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.20-32, 2010 (Released:2013-01-18)

参考文献数

81

---

The objective of this article is to show how easily and quickly the 3-year-long farming training for Japanense youth pioneering brigades in Manchuria failed and how foolhardly the project was. The training institutions were essential for smoothly establishing large-scale agriculture. In those days, Japanese peasants in Japan never desired large-scale agricultural management. Japanese youth pioneering brigades entered the agricultural training institutions in Manchuria. The groups were organized by people from various prefectures (the hybrid squadrons). The hybrid squadrons were sent to Manchuria yearly from 1938 to 1940. This was one way to deal with the agricultural failures of experimental groups of adult emigrant groups, who went to Manchuria from 1932 to 1935. The colonization was carried out to make the colonists carry part of the burden of controlling Manchuria and defending against the Soviet Union, and to establish a self-supporting buffer state. In order to establish agricultural management as demanded by agricultural policy, it was essential to establish a system of cooperation. Especially in case of emigration of youth pioneering brigades, the cooperation of the peasants and their families was essential. But, in the hybrid squadrons, the following items 1-4 failed: (1) establishment of strong leadership, (2) formation of a group consciousness that could work in agriculture, (3) learning agricultural skills in Manchuria, and (4) establishing a lifestyle suitable for the Manchurian climate. At last, the training failed, and the agricultural settlements didn’t come into existence. On the contrary, in the emigration of youth pioneering brigades in the hybrid squadrons, because they were underage and immature in body and mind, the establishment of the above-mentioned items (1) through (4) was much more difficult than for the adult immigrant groups. As a result, their ability in agriculture already declined before their movement to settlements, and it was far inferior to the adult emigrants who formed settlements as soon as they settled in Manchuria.