著者

石母田 誠 竹下 和貴

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.72-85, 2022-11-15 (Released:2022-11-15)

参考文献数

33

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The generalized linear model (GLM) is a useful tool to evaluate the relationship between the response variable and explanatory variables. However, the GLM analysis cannot consider the variation between experimental groups when the data shows over-dispersion of ecotoxicity testing data due to experimental replication. Alternatively, the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) contains random effects which show a probability density distribution (in many cases, the Gaussian distribution is applied) attributed to the data variation. The GLMM can make a large variation by mixing the assumed probability density distribution with the fixed effects. To show the difference between GLM and GLMM analysis, we introduced two toxicity tests (Chironomus acute toxicity test in and mesocosm test) using dummy count data. The GLMM shows larger errors in the slope and intercept values than those in the GLM.For the Chironomus acute toxicity test, the GLMM estimated large 95% confidence intervals for the EC50 (median effective concentration) values, which could show the toxicity variations between the replications. Our findings suggested that the GLM analysis is likely to increase frequency of Type I error in estimating the relationship between variables if there is a large variation between the data.

著者

岩崎 雄一 眞野 浩行 林 彬勒 内藤 航

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.53-61, 2021-08-12 (Released:2021-08-12)

参考文献数

45

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Microplastic contamination in the environment is an emerging concern worldwide. In this review, by putting a particular focus on the ecological risk assessment of microplastic particles, we introduced several results of hazard assessments that have focused on the hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC5) estimated using species sensitivity distribution. In these previous studies, point estimates (mean/median) for HC5 were derived on the order of 0.01–1 µg/L (based on particle number, 105–106 particles/m3). We then summarized and discussed the relevant issues on the hazard assessments for microplastic particles: (1) identification of effect mechanisms relevant for risk assessment, (2) consideration of the influences of microplastic properties on effect concentrations, (3) identification of a proper concentration unit (i.e., mass-based or particle-based concentration), (4) handling of effect concentrations obtained from experiments that failed to establish concentration-response relationships, (5) consideration of bioavailability of microplastic particles, (6) consideration of environmentally realistic exposure conditions, (7) consideration of naturally occurring particles, (8) consideration of the influences of chemical additives and preservatives on effect concentrations, and (9) application of uncertainty factors to effect concentrations.

著者

田中 和之 常仁 春成 谷川 力 池中 良徳 石塚 真由美

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.61-70, 2009-12-30 (Released:2014-04-11)

参考文献数

35

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Warfarin is commonly used worldwide as a rodenticide. Warfarin inhibits blood coagulation, and continuous intake of warfarin causes potentially fatal hemorrhages. However, warfarin-resistant roof rats(Rattus rattus)are found in Japan, especially in the Tokyo area. Recently, warfarin-resistant brown rats(Rattus norvegicus)were discovered in rural areas of Japan. Warfarin-resistant house mice have not been reported, but it is highly possible that resistant mice will be also found in our country. Warfarin-resistant rats, which have acquired resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides, are called &lquot;super rats&rquot;. Rodenticide-resistant roof rats, brown rats, and house mice have been also reported in the United States and European countries, e.g., Britain, France, Denmark, and Germany. In addition, warfarin-resistant rodents may be widespread in other countries that have not been investigated yet. The warfarin target molecule is vitamin K epoxide reductase(VKOR).Warfarin inhibits the function of VKOR, which recycles vitamin K to activate blood coagulant factors, and causes hemorrhage. Substitutions in the VKORC1 gene were reported in warfarin-resistant rodents. Moreover, the metabolism of warfarin is accelerated in warfarin-resistant rats due to the elevation of cytochrome P450-dependent xenobiotic metabolizing activities. The combination of a VKOR mutation and P450 acceleration causes warfarin resistance in wild rodents, which is an evolutionary adaptation to the pesticide-polluted environment. After the appearance of warfarin-resistant rodents, a second-generation rodenticide was developed and replaced warfarin in Europe and America. In Japan, difethialone is the only the second-generation rodenticide that can be used in public buildings. In Japan, a critical zoonosis infection has not yet spread on a large scale through wild rodents. However, it is necessary to consider how to prevent serious infestation by house rodents in the industrial, administrative, and academic sectors before such infestation occurs.

著者

江馬 眞 小林 憲弘 納屋 聖人 花井 荘輔 中西 準子

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.15-26, 2010-06-30 (Released:2014-04-17)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

1

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The present paper reviews the carcinogenicity study of titanium dioxide(TiO2),widely used in the production of paints paper and plastics, as food additives and colorants, and increasingly, as nanpoparticles in pharmaceutical and cosmetics products, based on data published in openly available scientific literature. Increased incidence of tumors was reported in rats after exposure to respirable, fine or ultrafine TiO2 by inhalation or intratracheal instillation. No increased incidence of tumors was noted in mice or hamster after exposure to TiO2 by inhalation or intratracheal instillation, or in rats or mice given TiO2 by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection or by feeding. This review indicates that the incidence of tumors was increased in rats after inhalation or intratracheal instillation of TiO2 at levels associated with particle overload and persistent inflammation.

著者

永井 孝志 稲生 圭哉 横山 淳史

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.15-24, 2023-04-28 (Released:2023-04-28)

参考文献数

27

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The cumulative ecological risks from multiple herbicides in Japanese rivers were evaluated using species sensitivity distribution and were compared with natural periphytic diatom communities. Region-specific predicted environmental concentrations were estimated at 9 rivers considering the region-specific parameters of environmental conditions. Then the multi-substance potentially affected fraction (msPAF) was calculated as a risk index of multiple herbicides using the computation tool NIAES-CERAP. On the other hand, river ecological survey focusing on diatom community were conducted in these 9 rivers and several biological metrics for species composition were calculated such as genus number, Shannon’s diversity, DAIpo, and SPEARherbicides which is an indicator of the herbicide effect on the diatom community. DAIpo and SPEARherbicides (but the population number of each genus was not log-transformed) significantly correlated with msPAF, indicating the applicability of these metrics for assessing the effect of herbicide mixture. Moreover, the percentage of abundance for genus Planothidium and Nitzschia were significantly correlated with msPAF negatively and positively, respectively.

著者

上田 紘司 永井 孝志

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.8-14, 2023-04-28 (Released:2023-04-28)

参考文献数

29

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We compared the sensitivity based on the 50 percent effective concentrations (EC50s) of five species of plant to six herbicides, using an efficient high-throughput microplate-based toxicity assay. For five herbicides, the most sensitive species differed: Welsh onion Allium fistulosum was most sensitive to cyclosulfamuron (the inhibitor of acetolactate synthase), pretilachlor (the inhibitor of very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis) and pyrazoxyfen (the inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase): watercress Nasturtium officinale was most sensitive to pyraclonil (the inhibitor of protoporphyrinogen oxidase); and basil Ocimum basilicum was most sensitive to esprocarb (the inhibitor of VLCFA synthesis). Simetryn, the inhibitor of photosynthesis, was evenly less toxic, with no differences in species sensitivity. These results suggested that a single species cannot represent the sensitivity of the primary producer assemblage to a given herbicide. To assess the ecological effects of herbicides, multispecies plant toxicity data sets are essential.

著者

森 真朗 塩田 勉

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.91-99, 2002 (Released:2010-07-01)

参考文献数

18

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A convenient, simple and rapid cytotoxicity test using cultured cell lines from fish was carried out to know the toxicity of commercial products to fish. Three extinguishing agents (Phos-chek, Jet form III and Miya form) were selected as the commercial products. The FHM-sp cell line, which is the cell line of improved type of the FHM cell line derived from peduncle of fathead minnow, was used as the suspension-cultured cell line from fish. Cytotoxicity of three extinguishing agents to the FHM-sp cell line was determined by neutral red uptake inhibition test. The cytotoxicity of three extinguishing agents was compared to the in vivo toxicity of them obtained by three ecotoxicological tests (algae growth inhibition test, Daphnia magna acute immobilization test and medaka acute toxicity test). The rank order of the in vivo toxicity of three extinguishing agents was the same in three ecotoxicological tests and Phos-chek> Jet form III> Miya form. There is no regulation standard on toxicity of extinguishing agents to aquatic organisms in Japan. Following the regulation standard of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in U.S.A., the effect of extinguishing agents tested on aquatic organisms like fish was little in regular use for extinguishing. The rank order of cytotoxicity of them to the FHM-sp cells was Phos-chek> Miya form > Jet form III. However, the difference of cytotoxicity value between Miya form and Jet form III was a little. The value of 24h NR50 to FHM-sp cells was near to that of 96h LC50 to medaka. Therefore the sensitivity of the in vitro toxicity test using the FHM-sp cells to three extinguishing agents was similar to that of the in vivo toxicity test using medaka. The toxicity values of three ecotoxicological tests (72hEC50, 48hEC50, 96hLC50) and the cytotoxicity test (24hNR50) to three extinguishing agents were in the same range and 10-50 mg/L. This shows that the in vitro toxicity test using the FHM-sp cells is useful to estimate the range of test concentration for in vivo toxicity tests.

著者

古閑 豊和

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.S1, pp.S93-S104, 2023-11-10 (Released:2023-11-10)

参考文献数

27

---

A method for evaluating the combined effects of chemicals is the whole-mixture approach, which evaluates a water sample containing a mixture of several chemicals. In this approach, chemical analysis is important to identify the cause of toxicity. However, among the numerous chemicals present in wastewater and river water, it is difficult to identify the toxic chemicals using conventional chemical analysis methods. Therefore, a comprehensive analytical method capable of detecting many chemicals is required. This study focused on target screening methods for organic contaminants, especially in chemical analysis; introduced a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) database that could identify nearly 1000 organic compounds; and developed a rapid screening method. Furthermore, the combined effects on water samples using the target screening methods and biological response tests were evaluated.

著者

坂本 正樹 永田 貴丸 河 鎭龍 張 光玹 畠山 成久 菅谷 芳雄 楠井 隆史 小神野 豊 髙橋 宏和

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.18-31, 2022-06-07 (Released:2022-06-07)

著者

岩崎 雄一 加茂 将史

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.43-47, 2021-05-20 (Released:2021-05-20)

参考文献数

15

著者

日置 恭史郎 渡部 春奈 林 岳彦 岩崎 雄一 山本 裕史

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.22-37, 2020-07-20 (Released:2020-07-21)

参考文献数

63

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Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual framework that organizes existing knowledge concerning the causal linkage between a molecular-level perturbation of a biological system and the resulting adverse outcomes. AOP is currently gaining attention as a potential pragmatic tool in the fields of ecotoxicology and chemical risk assessment. The present paper provides an outline of the AOP framework and discusses the history and current status of studies related to AOP by analyzing available information from published literature and AOP knowledgebase (AOP-KB).

著者

羽野 健志 河野 久美子

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.47-51, 2020-08-06 (Released:2020-08-06)

参考文献数

9

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This study was performed to investigate the occurrence of selected insecticides (seven neonicotinoid insecticides and their four metabolites and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil) in Hiuchi-Nada (48 samples) and Osaka Bay (4 samples), Seto Inland Sea, Japan, in 2016 and 2017. Among the insecticides examined, dinotefuran was exclusively detected in both the bays. Its concentration (9.45 and 32.4 ng/L in Hiuchi-Nada and Osaka Bay, respectively) and detection frequency (68.8% and 75.0% in Hiuchi-Nada and Osaka Bay, respectively) were the highest in September, which were closely related to its agricultural application. Furthermore, we observed a higher concentration of the insecticide in the surface layer of the water column than in the bottom layer. Considering that the water temperature was constant through the water column in September, insecticides were transported to estuarine areas and were eventually distributed around the surface waters of the bays. Finally, we inferred that the ecological risks posed by dinotefuran in the bay areas were expected to be too low to cause adverse effects on the resident estuarine and marine crustaceans examined.

著者

岩崎 雄一 林 岳彦 永井 孝志

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.13-19, 2013-06-30 (Released:2014-10-23)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

5

著者

田井 梨絵 小倉 勇 眞野 浩行

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.32-47, 2022-06-07 (Released:2022-06-07)

参考文献数

51

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To develop ecotoxicity test methods for the ecological impact assessment of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in aquatic environments, we summarized the methods and results of ecotoxicity tests used in published articles. We also discussed the points to be considered while conducting ecotoxicity tests for CNFs using aquatic organisms based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidance document No. 317 for ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials. In some published articles, no ecological effects of CNFs on aquatic organisms were observed, even when they were exposed to high concentrations of CNFs. In these studies, test organisms may not have been exposed to nominal concentrations of CNFs because of CNF agglomeration and settling caused due to the low dispersion stability of CNFs resulting from the water quality of the test medium. According to the OECD guidance document, attention must be paid toward dispersibility and dispersion stability, effects of feeding, and factors related to adverse effects, analysis, and measurement of CNFs. No literature was found that reported on all these aspects of testing. Future examination of ecological effects of CNFs needs to consider measuring actual exposure concentrations by evaluating dispersibility and dispersion stability of CNFs.

著者

永井 孝志

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.S1, pp.S26-S36, 2023-11-10 (Released:2023-11-10)

参考文献数

20

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This paper describes the method and application of cumulative ecological risk assessment of multiple pesticides. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) is a statistical distribution of difference in sensitivity to the toxicant among species. By utilizing SSD to compute the “potentially affected fraction of species” (PAF), a metric for assessing the impact on biodiversity, and applying mixture toxicity models, it is possible to calculate the cumulative risk posed by multiple pesticides. The paper also details the development a risk assessment tool based on Microsoft Excel, NIAES-CERAP, to facilitate the calculation process. In addition, the validation of risk assessment using laboratory toxicity testing and field ecological surveys was introduced, as well as the application of NIAES-CERAP in constructing a national ecological risk map in Japan and evaluating the effectiveness of eco-friendly agriculture.

著者

原 宏江

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.S1, pp.S105-S117, 2023-11-10 (Released:2023-11-10)

参考文献数

26

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Today, effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants are utilized as an alternative water source in some cities of US, Asia, Europe, and Africa. However, wastewater effluents are also recognized as a source of numerous chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, antibiotics, and pesticides. In addition, the wastewater effluent matrix is assumed to be more chemically complicated than pure pharmaceutical mixtures since it contains not only anthropogenic micropollutants but also soluble microbial products (SMP), metabolites/transformation products produced during treatment processes, and natural organic matters (NOM) derived from tap water. This review first overviews the complexity of wastewater as a chemical mixture system, and then, introduce previous findings on the biological impacts of wastewater samples, particularly those revealed by the application of toxicogenomic tools to the environmental and mixture samples. Finally, recent challenges to characterize the major origin of effluent-derived toxicity were presented. This review highlights the importance of prioritizing the pollutants for efficient control and monitoring of water quality under the limited human and financial resources.

著者

昆野 安彦

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.33-37, 2000-06-30 (Released:2014-04-01)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1

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Toxic chemicals released into the aquatic environment do not exist independently but coexist and they have complex and interactive effects on aquatic organisms. In some cases, it is considered that they have synergistic effects. Therefore it is very important to detect quickly and easily interactive effects of toxic chemicals in order to preserve the environment from chemical pollution. In this study, interactive effects among heavy metals and agricultural chemicals, Imidacloprid, were investigated using Daphnia magna. The data were analyzed by the method of Isobologram, where a traditional swimming inhibition test and a mobility analysis test proposed by the authors were used. The experimental results were as follows; the interactive effect of lead (Pb2+) vs. Cadmium (Cd2+) was synergistic, Cd2+ vs. Zinc (Zn2+) and Pb2+ vs. Zn2+ were antagonistic, Imidacoprid vs. Pb2+ was antagonistic and Imidacloprid vs. Zn2+ was additive. We could get a high correlation between a traditional swimming inhibition test and a new mobility inhibition test using D.magna.

著者

仲山 慶 池田 踏青 黒川 大輔 北條 裕也 宇野 誠一

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.1-9, 2022-02-22 (Released:2022-02-22)

参考文献数

24

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The present study tested the early life stage toxicity of 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) on grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles, in order to evaluate its potential use as a marine fish model. The pufferfish embryos at 1-day post fertilization (dpf) were exposed to serially diluted 3,5-DCP at 20°C or 25°C until 14- or 10-dpf, respectively. Exposure to 3,5-DCP caused inhibition of pigmentation, of swimming, and of yolk absorption. The EC50 of morphological abnormality and the LC50 at the end of test were 0.97 and 1.4 mg/L at 25°C. The EC50 and LC50 values estimated at 20°C (0.75 and 0.79 mg/L, respectively) were generally similar to those at 25°C. The sensitivity to 3,5-DCP in the grass puffer was equivalent to those observed in other marine fish species. Because of the ease of handling and observation of embryos, and the high hatching and survival rates, we consider the grass puffer to be an ideal model for early-life stage toxicity testing.

著者

昆野 安彦

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.87-90, 2000-12-30 (Released:2014-04-01)

参考文献数

3

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Suseptibility to insecticides in the giant water bug, Diplonychus major Esaki, was examined. The test insecticides were organophosphates (fenitrothion ), pyrethroids (ethofenprox and cycloprothrin), and neonicotinoids (imjdaoroprid)、The giant water bug showed high susceptibility to pyrethroids, ,i.c., , LG50s of ehhofenprox and cycloprothrin were 0.89 and 1.77μg / L, respectively. LC50s of fenitrothion and imidacroprid were 24.6 and 54.7 μg / L, respectively. respectively.

著者

磯野 良介 大坂 綾太

出版者

日本環境毒性学会

雑誌

環境毒性学会誌 (ISSN:13440667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-9, 2020-07-14 (Released:2020-07-11)

参考文献数

15

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Effluent standards in marine areas need to be evaluated based on toxicity values for multiple marine species. We examined the toxicity test method for the Lysmata vittata, which is considered to be sensitive to chemicals. As the shrimp exhibit hermaphroditism, any two individuals could produce a new generation. Wild adult shrimp were collected in 2016 and 2018. Each group was maintained in a 100 L polycarbonate tank under the natural photoperiod for approximately two years. Natural seawater was supplied to the tank through sand-filtration. Artificial shrimp (F1) were obtained from the wild shrimp (2016 group) and were reared to adults under conditions of 25°C and the natural photoperiod in 2018. The F1 spawned at 92 days after hatching (F2). At intervals of about 10 days, nearly 20 adults of the 2016 group and the F1 spawned 1,000 to 7,000 larvae per day at 21–26°C. The larvae from the 2016 group and F1, within one day after hatching, were exposed to hexavalent chromium for 24 h to evaluate the acute toxicity. The 24h-LC50 for zoea of Lysmata vittata closely ranged from 13 to 16 mg/L (nominal concentration) in both toxicity tests. Since these values were lower than previously reported values, Lysmata vittata was sensitive to hexavalent chromium.