著者

板垣 貴志

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.2-12, 2015 (Released:2017-03-23)

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In this article, a few issues related to the history of stock raising in modern Japan were evaluated through a study of domestic animal deposition custom. Even in the modern era, domestic animal raising in Japan is not conducted as a form of modern industry. Domestic animal raising was conducted as a "custom," which functioned as a life security for rural community members. Because the wealth generated from domestic animal raising was not subject to taxation traditionally, a unique idea on the domestic animal ownership based on the life security function of domestic animal raising was formed. This idea of ownership seems to have transformed into an individualistic one in the process of modernization. The history of domestic animal raising in modern Japan comprises several specific aspects. By pursuing each specific aspect consciously, we can find relationships with various other historical phenomena and can construct a broader history of domestic animal raising.

著者

白井 泉

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.47-60, 2016 (Released:2017-02-17)

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In modern era, the northeast Japan was considered a developing area and had relatively low economic and health standards, especially in the 1930s. However, within this area, the Tsugaru region of Aomori Prefecture accounted for the highest apple production in Japan since the 1900s, and seemed to enjoy richness compared to the other regions of the prefecture even in the 1930s. The purpose of this study is to analyze why the peasants of Tsugaru region chose to cultivate apples, how they produced apples alongside rice despite the fact that these goods’ busy harvest season come at the same time, and what impact their faming management had on their living standards over time. The analysis reveals the following. (1) In Tsugaru region, peasants began to introduce the cultivation of apples from the 1900s, but this was done as a workaround; for these peasants, the most attractive crop was rice because it was more profitable than apples in the 1910s and 1920s and peasants could sell, store, and eat it. Some peasants purchased active paddy fields after becoming rich from apple cultivation. (2) Apple growers adopted labor-intensive technologies to make apples red in response to consumer preferences and to thereby increase their revenues. Although part of the labor force during the busy season was attracted from outside the prefecture by the offer of high wages, the labor quantity of peasant men and women increased due to the farming of these multiple crops. (3) There is a possibility that such labor environment raised the infant mortality rate, which is an index of mothers’ and children’s health, but the region experienced rapid economic development and, in the 1930s, a total production value per household that was close to the national average. This means that although the multiple farming of rice and apple increased the labor burden on peasants, it led to the economic development of the region.

著者

白木沢 旭児

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.29-39, 2014

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A purpose of this report is primarily to consider agro-politics in the North China in the Japan-China War period. Second this report considers how the Japanese side occupation authorities held a farm village. Third it is to clarify the characteristic of the North China farm village in this time. The following things became clear in this report. The Japanese occupation authorities recognized that the food increase in production contradicted the raw cotton increase in production mutually. The occupation authorities devised the plan of the provisionment according to the area, they forced that the farmer delivered farm products to side power of Japan. However, it was shown that supplies outflow case of 3 districts each other, that is to say, Japanese occupation district, the Chinese Nationalist Party rule district, and the Chinese Communist Party rule district. Therefore, the delivery plan and the distribution plan of the Japanese side were not necessarily carried out. As a result of agriculture survey by Shangdong farm village, the following things became clear. The farmer of Shangdong needed cash income to include an another job income and purchased food by the money. That is why the most important task of the North China agriculture was increasing of the production and to meet the cash demand of the farmer.

著者

玉 真之介

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, pp.12-22, 2001 (Released:2017-03-24)

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The tenancy disputes which occurred in the countryside of Japan after World War I had a clear-cut regional character. In the 1920's, disputes were concentrated in the regions of western Japan, with the execption of the South-Kyushu region. There were fewer disputes in the regions of eastern Japan, with the exception of the South-Kanto region. Although there have been many attempts to interpret this regional character, nobody has factored in the regional character of birth rates in pre-war Japan. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between birth rates and the agricultural structure of each of these regions, and to consider the regional character of birth rates as a contributing factor in the regional character of tenancy disputes around 1920 in Japan. The followings are main findings regarding regional birth rates, agricultural structure and tenancy disputes: 1) The birth rate in eastern Japan (outside the South-Kanto) was higher than the national average during the pre-war period, while that in western Japan (outside South-Kyushu) was not only lower than the national average, but also started to decrease after 1910; 2) The number of farm households in the Tohoku and North-Kanto regions in eastern Japan and in the South-Kyusyu regions, where the birth rates were especially high, increased steadily. On the other hand, the number of farm households in the Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, and Shikoku regions of western Japan decreased steadily during the inter-war period; 3) During the recession which followed World War I, many tenant farmers returned their land to landowners in the Chubu and Kinki regions because of the low-profitability brought on by the low market price of rice. This triggered the tenancy disputes in these regions; 4) These tenancy disputes spread to western Japan (outside South-Kyushu), where the number of farm households had decreased and bargaining power had shifted from the landowners to the tenant farmers; 5) Tenancy disputes were fewer in eastern Japan (outside the South-Kanto), where the number of farm household was still increasing and landowners could held bargaining power against tenant farmers.

著者

白井 泉

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.47-60, 2016

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In modern era, the northeast Japan was considered a developing area and had relatively low economicand health standards, especially in the 1930s. However, within this area, the Tsugaru region of AomoriPrefecture accounted for the highest apple production in Japan since the 1900s, and seemed to enjoy richnesscompared to the other regions of the prefecture even in the 1930s. The purpose of this study is to analyze whythe peasants of Tsugaru region chose to cultivate apples, how they produced apples alongside rice despite thefact that these goods' busy harvest season come at the same time, and what impact their faming managementhad on their living standards over time. The analysis reveals the following. (1) In Tsugaru region, peasantsbegan to introduce the cultivation of apples from the 1900s, but this was done as a workaround; for thesepeasants, the most attractive crop was rice because it was more profitable than apples in the 1910s and 1920sand peasants could sell, store, and eat it. Some peasants purchased active paddy fields after becoming richfrom apple cultivation. (2) Apple growers adopted labor-intensive technologies to make apples red in responseto consumer preferences and to thereby increase their revenues. Although part of the labor force during thebusy season was attracted from outside the prefecture by the offer of high wages, the labor quantity of peasantmen and women increased due to the farming of these multiple crops. (3) There is a possibility that such laborenvironment raised the infant mortality rate, which is an index of mothers' and children's health, but the regionexperienced rapid economic development and, in the 1930s, a total production value per household that wasclose to the national average. This means that although the multiple farming of rice and apple increased thelabor burden on peasants, it led to the economic development of the region.

著者

伊丹 一浩

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.2-13, 2017

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In the mountainous region of the Hautes-Alpes in Southern France, the increasing devastation of forestsand pasturelands and the resultant damage caused by the flooding of steep streams and torrents was acontroversial issue during the 19th century.This paper selected Briot's argument that attributed devastation of pasturelands to the disconnection ofmaterial circulation and proposed measures to recover such cycles, investigated their characteristics andlimitations, and aims to clarify how his proposal shaped agriculture and grazing operations in the mountainousregion.To summarize, this paper discusses the following. Briot emphasized the disconnection of materialcirculation in high altitude pasturelands as the cause for the devastation of mountainous regions. Based on thisanalysis, he proposed that artificial fertilizers and irrigation should be introduced to cultivate fields in the lowaltitude regions, as measures to prevent disconnection of material circulation. These are realistic measures tohelp recover material circulation in high altitude pasturelands, prevent devastation of mountainous regions, andprevent natural disasters. In addition, they can help the community residents to pursue practices that canprevent the devastation of pasturelands and simultaneously support the development of livestock farming.However, Briot's proposal was not faultless because it would supposedly allow community residents tobecome involved more deeply in the competition to cope with market demand. Especially, it had the effect ofdeclining and curtailing the life-oriented agricultural practices of the Hautes-Alpes during unfavorable naturalconditions under the influence of the Great Depression and the influx of agricultural and livestock productsfrom the New Continent. Here, we find another aspect of Briot's proposal designed to facilitate the recoveryand conservation of the mountainous region as disaster contingency planning.

著者

安岡 健一

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, pp.61-75, 2010 (Released:2017-03-23)

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After the Japanese colonial occupation of Korea, the number of the Korean migrants to the mainland of Imperial Japan increased rapidly. Many of them lived in cities or near coal mines, but only a few lived in villages. The purpose of this paper is to examine how Korean farmers lived in Japanese villages and how their situation changed in the postwar era. On the one hand, there are many historical studies that examine the agricultural labor problem, but they do not focus on the ethnic problem. On the other hand, studies concerning Korean residents have not yet focused on the agriculture problem. Since 1920 agricultural labor wages in Japan rose sharply. As a result, Japanese land owners were eager to use cheap-labor Korean agriculture workers in order to keep their management costs low. This was particularly observed in the north Kyushu area, where there were many coal mines. After 1937, even in the south area of Kyoto Prefecture, a progressive agriculture area, more and more Korean people begun to work as tenants. Such was the situation in Terada village(寺田村). However, the agriculture administration found a very serious national problem in those days. The agriculture administration secretly made an effort to restrain the Korean people's transition, a reaction from their nationalistic agrarianism. However, some of the Korean farmers obtained their land ownership. Korean farmers in Terada village were excluded from the Community Agricultural Association (部落実行組合), but they were organized in Kyowakai (協和会). Although the integration policy of the Korean people denied their traditions, they continued to do "Pumasi"(プマシ); a traditional labor exchange system of the Korean agriculture. This paper analyzes/describes these events and their evolution to the present.

著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.41-58, 2015 (Released:2017-03-23)

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As a case study of the Bisai textile and industrial areas of the Taisho era from the Meiji period, this paper will examine the interaction between agriculture and the textile industry in order to sketch the formation process of this industrial area. First, there is a structural transformation of the textile industry, starting from the late 19th century. Since the early modern period, the Bisai cotton fabric industry thrived as a household industry, and grew with the introduction of the factory machine loom beginning at the end of the 19th century. Then, in particular as a response to the First World War, which resulted in a new market for uniforms and military blankets, production was converted from cotton fabric to wool. When the factories were established, a lot of female workers gathered. Such production not only resulted in secure labor, but it also increased the demand for food with the rising number of workers leaving farms. The demand for fuel for use in textile production and cooking also increased. Second, there is an important relationship between agriculture and the textile industry. The development of vegetable cultivation was observed near rural factories and cities in Aichi Prefecture. Night soil, which has been indispensable in the development of vegetable cultivation, was supplied from the city, parade ground and factories. The cultivation of rice and wheat experienced chronic labor shortages and soaring labor costs as a result of the flow of the workforce from agriculture to industry. Thus agriculture in the region in the Taisho period was heavily influenced by the development of commerce and industry, especially the textile industry. Such socio-economic change not only affected Bisai, but characterizes the formative years of industrial areas in Japan as a whole. There was an increased demand for labor in agriculture and industry, as well as for food, fuel and fertilizer. Thus, there was a profound interrelationship between the transformations occurring in industry and the surrounding rural area.

著者

冨山 一郎

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.40-56, 1989-12

著者

伊藤 繁

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.1-11, 2001-03

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Little attention has been paid for very significant regional population changes, though demographic transformation is necessarily mentioned when we discussed the modern population history in Japan. There were very clear regional fertility differences from pre-modern to modern period in Japan. In the Tokugawa period, the total fertility rate of eastern Japan was the lowest compared with those of other regions. However, the regional differences of fertility had drastically changed to the opposite direction of 'western low and eastern high' in the late Tokugawa period. These evidences are due to the development of historical demography in Japan. According to my estimates of crude birth rates in Meiji-Taisho period and the other estimates of later period by demographers, this regional difference had lasted about 100 years in spite of the starts of modern economic growth after 1885 and the demographic transformation in 1920's. After 1955, the regional differences disappeared in a very short period compared with the time which that continued. The factors influencing the regional differences of fertility in the Meiji-Taisho period were investigated. In high fertility regions, farmland was increasing from the late Tokugata period. These regions also had the favorable conditions of factor endowment, which could have more family members, compared with low fertility regions. This carrying capacity of rural areas developed initially by enlargement of agricultural investments of the late Tokugata period, which was induced by the change of relative prices between agriculture and manufacturing products. The regional differences of female ages at first marriage were corresponding to the fertility differences and, did not significantly changed in the Meiji-Taisho period as a whole. But, in the region specializing sericulture and silk reeling industry, their female ages at first marriage were risen clearly. This had a negative influence on fertility. Female ages at first marriage were also going up in the urbanized areas, which had more job opportunities for females. In regions of low fertility, both weak carrying capacity and urbanization effect worked to the direction to go down fertility.

著者

伊藤 淳史

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.67-79, 2001-03

被引用文献数

2

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This study examines people's consciousness and behavior in japanese rural areas in the wartime regime, especially their reaction to nationalistic activities. It focuses first on the situation concerning cooperation. Although attempts to cooperate in agricultural labor did have motives arising from nationalistic education, rural people did not understand this value, but accept volunteers only as their new workforce. Furthermore they had no interest in attempting to cooperate in daily life,especially in day-care centers and the common kitchen, because they didn't like to be interfered with in their private life. Secondly it discusses the situation in "DOJO" education, that is a camp for nationalistic education. According to their age and social career we can divided trainees into two different groups. On the one hand we find some trainees who saw it positively as a channel of self-realization, on the other some who expressed a sense of incongruity. Considering these points, we need to extend the discussion of rural people in war-time from the simply economic standpoint.

著者

市村 導人

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.102-110, 2010-03

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The research related to fertilize in the Chinese agricultural history emphasized that shift from the self-sufficient fertilize to the purchase fertilize. But, the development of the farming technology of the Song and Yuan ages can't be evaluated with this point of view. Farming technology must establish increase in the purchase fertilizer at the stage of the self-sufficient fertilizer. In the self-sufficient fertilizer, a manufacture process is contained, or the establishment of the knowledge about effect of the fertilizer that it can be evaluated as a farming technology. The former, the Song and Yuan ages can't be presumed difference, because there has already been some "compost" since the sixth century. The latter, it is important to give combustion ashes of the organic matter and the lime. The use of "ashes" can be confirmed to the agricultural manual of Chen Fu 陳敷 NT and Wang Then 王禎 written in the Song and Yuan ages. By the use of "ashes", unlike shifting cultivation, the effect of the fertilizer could be controlled by mixing it with night soil. It thought with the imperfect farming technology by the usual research because it volatilizes nitrogen which is nutrient to mix night soil with "ashes". But, night soil contains table salt, and has the possibility to hurt a root. As a countermeasure, "Ashes" and night soil are mixed, and table salt is resolved. There is a problem by paying attention only to nutrition to analyze fertilize. After the Song and Yuan ages, it could confirm that the importance of "ashes" increased by the historical materials. The writer thinks that the Song and Yuan ages was the start time of such "ashes" use. When the fertilize level is evaluated from the farming technology, the Song and Yuan ages was one difference.

著者

市村 導人

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, pp.102-110, 2010

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The research related to fertilize in the Chinese agricultural history emphasized that shift from the self-sufficient fertilize to the purchase fertilize. But, the development of the farming technology of the Song and Yuan ages can't be evaluated with this point of view. Farming technology must establish increase in the purchase fertilizer at the stage of the self-sufficient fertilizer. In the self-sufficient fertilizer, a manufacture process is contained, or the establishment of the knowledge about effect of the fertilizer that it can be evaluated as a farming technology. The former, the Song and Yuan ages can't be presumed difference, because there has already been some "compost" since the sixth century. The latter, it is important to give combustion ashes of the organic matter and the lime. The use of "ashes" can be confirmed to the agricultural manual of Chen Fu 陳敷 NT and Wang Then 王禎 written in the Song and Yuan ages. By the use of "ashes", unlike shifting cultivation, the effect of the fertilizer could be controlled by mixing it with night soil. It thought with the imperfect farming technology by the usual research because it volatilizes nitrogen which is nutrient to mix night soil with "ashes". But, night soil contains table salt, and has the possibility to hurt a root. As a countermeasure, "Ashes" and night soil are mixed, and table salt is resolved. There is a problem by paying attention only to nutrition to analyze fertilize. After the Song and Yuan ages, it could confirm that the importance of "ashes" increased by the historical materials. The writer thinks that the Song and Yuan ages was the start time of such "ashes" use. When the fertilize level is evaluated from the farming technology, the Song and Yuan ages was one difference.