著者

中島 葉子

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.247-267[含 英語文要旨], 2007

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The aim of this paper is to examine relations between Japanese and foreigners in terms of educational support in communities from the perspective of the maintenance and change of relations. The paper clarifies the relationship by analyzing the gaze and interactions between undergraduate students and the newcomer children to whom they provide educational support. Previous research has discussed the educational problems of newcomers in the context of Japanese school culture. However, in order to focus on the relationship between Japanese and foreigners and to explain the maintenance and changing of the power of majority, it is necessary to study not only the school but also the relations in the community. In addition, some practical research focuses on educational support activities for newcomers, but is based on experiences rather than a theoretical background, and tends to find that support activities by NPOs have the potential to revolutionize the social system. However, some argue that relations between the majority and minority can be asymmetrical in the context of voluntary support. Therefore, this paper analyzes qualitative data, examining whether asymmetrical power relations between Japanese and newcomers are built or not within support activities in a community by an NPO, and how the relations are maintained or changed. The author interviewed and observed three undergraduate students participating in an NPO that provides educational supports for newcomer children. The following findings are obtained. First, the undergraduates had asymmetrical relations with the newcomer children, as they problematized the children's behavior. However, opportunities stemming from conflicts with the children led to the dissolution of the asymmetrical relations over "problems," as the undergraduates asked "questions" to understand the children. Second, while asymmetrical relations were maintained over "support," there was also a change in the relations with the children and parents. When the focus of narration is the worth of support activities rather than relations with newcomers, the categories of "Japanese who support foreigners" and "foreigners who are supported by Japanese" are fixed, and the asymmetrical relations are maintained. On the other hand, when a person has personal relationships with newcomers, and renarrates the problems and needs of newcomers as his/her "own problems," the asymmetrical relations change. If Japanese supporters consider the relations between themselves to be more important than those with newcomers, they become blind to their asymmetrical relationship and conceal it under the story of "support." This leads to a paradox of support under which relations are fixed as long as Japanese support newcomers. However, if Japanese re-narrate the needs of newcomers as their "own problems," they can free themselves from the asymmetry and create alternative relations with newcomers Previous research failed to sufficiently examine the power relations in support activities. Only looking at the positive side of support by NPOs, however, can blind one to the asymmetrical relations in support. Simply providing support for minorities does not free one from power relations. Research on relations between Japanese and foreigners in support activities in communities should be continued.

著者

石川 良子 Ryoko ISHIKAWA 東京都立大学大学院 Graduate School of Social Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, pp.25-46, 2006-12-10

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The purpose of this paper is to describe and interpret interviews with persons who regard themselves as "hikikomori," and to point out the negative effects, especially for such individuals, caused by the confusion of the concepts of "hikikomori" with "NEETs." "Hikikomori," which refers to youth in a state of social withdrawal, has been noted since the latter half of the 1990s in Japan. In recent years, the concept of "NEETs" has also come to attract attention. "NEETs" refers to young people who are "not in education, employment, or training." The concept of "hikikomori" has been partly incorporated into discussions about "NEETs," and it is commonly said that the two can be discussed in the same context. Moreover, some organizations dealing with "hikikomori" have started to support "NEETs." However the understanding of "hikikomori" that has accumulated may be distorted by the confusion between the two concepts. Moreover, this confusion has a direct effect on individuals who consider themselves to be "hikikomori." Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the two concepts. Based on this perspective, the author describes and interprets interviews with such individuals, and points out the problems of providing support for "hikikomori" sufferers within the concept of "NEETs." The interviewed revealed the following facts. People who consider themselves to be "hikikomori" see themselves as inferior and withdraw from relationships with others because though they have difficulty working, they worry excessively that "working is the natural state for an adult." Their self-esteem cannot be restored immediately even if they participate in a self-help group. Informants re-construct stories about themselves and their lives and come to see the norm of life-courses in relative terms, and regain self-esteem from this. However, this can lead to a decline in their motivation to start working. Moreover, informants cannot overcome their distrust and fear of society. Therefore, sufferers of "hikikomori" seek a new way of life as they again ask themselves various questions, such as, "why must we work?" "What do I want to do?" "Who am I?" and so on. As they think through these questions, they resolve to make a fresh start. This process of struggle is in essence the process of recovery from "hikikomori." Current measures for "NEETs," are based on the idea that it is more important to start working than to think too much about the meaning of working. However, individuals suffering from "hikikomori" have regained their self-esteem by asking the various questions concerning working and their own lives. Therefore, it is likely that the confusion of the two concepts will not only deprive people suffering from "hikikomori" of the opportunity for recovery but will also lead them to abandon their own efforts voluntarily.

著者

上甲幹一 著

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1953

著者

文部省[編]

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1968

著者

南部 広孝

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, pp.87-107, 2021

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, pp.236-239, 2020

著者

尼子 騒兵衛

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

初等教育資料 (ISSN:04465318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.792, pp.42-45, 2005-03

著者

篠宮 紗和子

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, pp.193-214, 2019

著者

清矢 良崇

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.p5-23, 1994-06

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This article is a detailed discussion about how to make use of H. Sacks' viewpoint of Discourse Analysis in the study of the process of socialization in Japan. The discussion of the paper has three purposes. First, it calls attention to the uniqueness of Sacks' viewpoint of Discourse Analysis in the study of socialization. Secondly, it makes clear the cultural bias found in his actual descriptions of conversational data. Thirdly, it makes a suggestion about an alternative approach to the study of the process of socialization in Japan. The first part of the paper contains a detailed discussion and evaluation of Sacks' lecture called "The Inference-Making Machine: Notes on Observability". The second part of the paper briefly discusses the limitation of his analysis, in relation to the fact that he makes use of Job's story in the Old Testament to describe his conversational data. And the last part of the paper seeks to show how to make use of the stories of Gods in "Kojiki" in order to describe the process of Japanese socialization, and makes an attempt to analyze some conversational data of Japanese adult-child interaction, using the idea of social order found in the story of "Susanoo's crying" as an example of the alternative approach suggested in the paper.

著者

直山 木綿子 鳥飼 玖美子

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

初等教育資料 (ISSN:04465318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.976, pp.40-45, 2019-01

著者

小松耕輔 著

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1951

著者

知念 渉

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, pp.325-345, 2017

著者

尾中 文哉

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.233-235, 2010

著者

稲井広吉著

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1957

著者

小澤 浩明 中京大学 西田 芳正

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.245-248, 2010-06-30

著者

和栗 百恵

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

初等教育資料 (ISSN:04465318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.912, pp.92-95, 2014-04

著者

野村正二郎伊神大四郎編

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1958

著者

野村正二郎米山芳成共編

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1959

著者

野村正二郎 伊神大四郎共編

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1957

著者

野村正二郎米山芳成共編

出版者

東洋館出版社

巻号頁・発行日

1958