著者

加藤 健

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.20-39, 2018 (Released:2019-09-03)

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Abstract: This study discusses the content of the “Wisconsin Idea.” It attempts to examine John R. Commonsʼs view on this idea and his influence on several social reforms, and it tracks how an active role played by economists led to the application of this idea to the American social reforms. Commons took part in the social gospel movement under the guidance of Richard T. Ely. As a member of this movement, Commons worked towards the achievement of social and political reforms rooted in Christianity and social sciences. According to Frederic C. Howe (1912), in the 1910s, Wisconsin was regarded as an American state likely to accept German social reforms. During this Progressive Era, in Wisconsin, several social and political reforms were executed based on the “Wisconsin Idea,” which was named such by Charles McCarthy (1912). The idea was developed by several brain trusts under the governor Robert M.La Follette. As a member of one of these brain trusts, Commons was also involved in sev-eral social reforms. Owing to his experience not only as a former social gospeler but also as a member of such a brain trust, Commons attempted to improve social welfare through the en-actment of legal rules based on cooperation between the state university and the state govern-ment. Without this cooperation, it would not have been possible to establish the comprehen-sive social legislation in Wisconsin. Commonsʼs analysis reveals that, through the expansion of university extension pro-grams, it was possible to enhance the professional ethics of workers and improve the social welfare of their community, and that there was a need for the associated economists to recog-nize the permanent interests of the nation to adopt appropriate social reforms. Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration to state that Commons was the very embodiment of the “Wis-consin Idea.” JEL classification numbers: B 15, I 38, N 93.

著者

井坂 友紀

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.40-57, 2018 (Released:2019-09-03)

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Abstract: This study clarifies the main features of G. P. Scropeʼs political economy. What makes his work distinctive is his idea that the laissez-faire principle is justified only under certain conditions. On the one hand, Scropeʼs economics is firmly grounded in the “principle of freedom” (free competition or free markets). On the other hand, based on the natural rights theory, he maintains that the principle of freedom rests only on the assumption that it is expedient for general interests. Whenever private property is seen as inconsistent with the welfare of society, ʻsociety is justified-nay, bound-to modify it.ʼ The Irish land question and the poverty resulting from it is where Scrope most clearly presents his criticism of laissez-faire. Not only does he propose introducing (and later, im-proving) poor laws in Ireland, but also suggests that the government should purchase tracts of privately-owned lands, improve them, and sell or lease them as small farms. According to Scrope, land ownership in Ireland is ʻcontrary to the interests and natural rights of the com-munity,ʼ and, the government should exercise its ʻstrict rightʼ to recover waste land. However, Scrope never directs his criticism of laissez-faire towards the activities of cap-italists. For him, a capitalist mode of production is the key to civilisation and economic growth. He explicitly criticises Hodgskinʼs argument that labourers should own all their pro-duction. His abstinence theory justifies the rights of capitalists to earn profits, and his attack on currency policy takes the readersʼ attention away from the hostile relationship between capitalists and labourers. It is important to distinguish where his criticism of laissez-faire is applied and where it isnʼt. It is misleading to emphasise only one aspect of his argument as this is paramount to generalising his argument. JJEL classification numbers: B 12, B 31.

著者

内藤 敦之 池田 毅 野崎 道哉 石倉 雅男

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.141-163, 2018 (Released:2019-09-03)

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.179-188, 2018 (Released:2019-09-03)

著者

上山 敬補

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.193-194, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

米田 昇平

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.195-196, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

佐々木 憲介

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.197-198, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

小野寺 研太

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.199-200, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

塩見 由梨

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.162-117, 2018 (Released:2019-09-02)

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Abstract: This article aims to realise the concept of commerce on market economy in Sir James Steuartʼs An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy. Studies concerning the social function of commerce remain limited, whereas commerce has performed an essential role for the functioning of the market. Sir James Steuart, known as a mercantilist, focused on importance of commercial activities and theorised on it in early times. I shall read his theory and offer an explanation of the idea and function of commerce in it. According to Steuartʼs Inquiry, Book II, the main concept of commerce is not an inter-mediary role between producers and consumers but a trade among merchants. Merchantsʼ be-havioural principle is rational, unlike the limited rationality of producers and consumers. Trade among merchants creates the proper market price through the operation of ʻdouble competitionʼ and provides market information to non-merchants, producers or consumers, by the market price determined by it. Moreover, through the emergence the current prices in trade, commerce promotes the use of money in consumersʼ hands. Steuartʼs theory of commerce provides an explanation of the reason for the necessity of merchants and commerce in market economy. His theory of the principle of commerce should be considered as an effective economic theory focusing on the significance of com-merce in modern economy. JEL classification numbers: B 11, B 31, D 49.

著者

西 淳

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.163-167, 2018 (Released:2019-09-02)

著者

西本 和見

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.181-182, 2018 (Released:2019-10-11)

著者

中川 辰洋

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.183-184, 2018 (Released:2019-10-11)

著者

中澤 信彦

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.185-186, 2018 (Released:2019-10-11)

著者

宮本 順介

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.189-190, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

袴田 兆彦

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.191-192, 2018 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

仲北浦 淳基

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.35-55, 2018 (Released:2019-09-02)

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Abstract: This paper aims to explore the two essential factors of Dennis Holme Robertsonʼs theory of economic fluctuation. Of the two, his ʻeffortʼ concept is important as the core of his real theo-ry, and his ʻindustryʼ concept is methodologically significant. These concepts in his first book, A Study of Industrial Fluctuation, offer clarity regarding his economic view and a method of macroeconomic analysis. The ʻeffortʼ concept implicates the behavioural decision of individuals (micro-analysis). All humans exert ʻeffortʼ for getting ʻsatisfactionʼ to maximise their ʻnet satisfaction,ʼ that is, the difference between utility and disutility. In other words, any behavioural decisions are based upon the ʻeffortʼ of individuals. The ʻindustryʼ concept is provisionally considered as a coordinated group of individuals. Therefore, the behavioural decision of ʻindustryʼ is assumed to be the same as that of individuals, which is based on an individualʼs ʻeffort.ʼ With these two concepts, Robertson gradually extended his analysis from an individual (micro-analysis) to industries and industry in general (macro-analysis). This is the very macro analytical method of Robertsonian economics. The ʻeffortʼ concept is also the core of overall Robertsonian economics; for his subse-quent major theories, ʻcapitalismʼs golden ruleʼ and ʻlacking,ʼ also are grounded in his ʻeffortʼ concept. Any factors, such as the labour-capital conflict or monetary disturbance, can cause fluctuations. For Robertson, however, ʻeffortʼ is the only ʻrealʼ measure and should be assigned the highest weight as the essential factor. Such a re-evaluation of Robertsonʼs ʻrealʼ theory is expected to furnish some hints with regards to certain outstanding issues of Robertsonian economics: (1) the ultimate cause of discord with Keynes, (2) inheritances from Marshall, and (3) the unified understanding of the ʻrealʼ and ʻmonetaryʼ theories in Robertsonʼs works. JEL classification numbers: B 13, E 32.

著者

松山 直樹

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.56-74, 2018 (Released:2019-09-02)

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Abstract: The aim of this study is to shed light on the unknown tradition of Marshallʼs ethical notion of ʻeconomic chivalry,ʼ then inherited by A. C. Pigou, F. Y. Edgeworth, and J. M. Keynes. At the beginning, this work argues that while Marshall actually regretted not being able to indicate the practical aspects of economic chivalry in his speech in 1907, the point was later discussed by other contemporary economists. Specifically, in his public lecture, Pigou suggested that all employers should be guided by a spirit of economic chivalry, in order to built the facilities where young workers could have an opportunity to train physical and mental abilities. Then, Edgeworth regarded economic chivalry as a philosophical foundation for his economic wel-fare analysis, in which female workers should be treated equally to male ones, with the wage level determined only by productivity, not by gender differences. It is for this reason that he also pointed out the necessity of a subsidy to families. Finally, Keynes believed that, in the interwar period, the British economy could not recover only through the effort of chivalrous businessmen, who attempted to harmonise public interest and personal gain. The reason is that he negatively considered chivalrous businessmen, defining them a ʻtarnished idolʼ in busi-ness practice at the time. Nevertheless, Keynes also argued the importance of setting the wage level based on fairness and reasonability. Overall, these distinguished economists evaluated Marshallʼs idea of economic chivalry within the laissez-faire doctrine both positively and negatively. JEL classification numbers: A 13, B 13.

著者

河野 裕康

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.75-95, 2018 (Released:2019-09-02)

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Abstract: In the late 1920s, R. Hilferding (1877―1941), an intellectual leader of the German Social Democratic Party and prominent exponent of organised capitalism, played an important role in economic policy, especially for agrarian problems. However, his activities have not been completely explored from a historical point of view. In several international conferences in 1926, he argued against aggressive protectionism in favour of mutually beneficial trade agreements and economic regulation under the League of Nations. Then, during parliamenta-ry discussions, he opposed the general rise of agrarian customs, and insisted on promoting high-grade, intensified production by means of differentiated tariffs and financial aids. As for international cartels, he led the 1927 inter-parliamentary commercial conference to accepting his anti-monopolistic resolution. Within the party, Hilferding, as commission chairperson, drafted an agrarian program based on his own earlier ideas as well as on the Austrian program, and successfully persuad-ed the party congress to adopt it in 1927. This program included measures for land reform, productivity improvement, and social policy, among others, intending to cooperate with the rural working populace anew. As the financial situation worsened late in 1927 and the year after, he urged the tempo-rary introduction of foreign credits in order to maintain business prosperity. He criticised the budget for mass taxation and military expenditure, highlighting the structural defects of the fiscal transfer system, and tried to restore the balance through administrative reorganisation. Nonetheless, he supported the emergency assistance project for agriculture, and demanded individually granted loans as well as the control of commerce and even of production for sta-bilisation. Overall, his economic policy aimed to make progresses in international cooperative relationships, avoiding block economy, and cope with agrarian and financial difficulties through productivity measures, basically grounded on his peculiar view of organised econo-my. JEL classification numbers: B 24, B 31, P 16.

著者

篠原 久

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.109-110, 2017 (Released:2019-10-12)

著者

藤田 菜々子

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.111-112, 2017 (Released:2019-10-12)