著者

吉村 稔

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.2, pp.131-143, 1993-04-25

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

7 14

---

In order to reconstruct the march of climate before instrumental observations in Japan, Historical Weather Data Base has been constructed. Weather descriptions in historical documents, such as official diaries of Feudal Clans in Edo Era, or of local offices in each clan, are objects of the data base. Other descriptions are in those diaries of large temples, large shrines and large farmers, and in some of private diaries Considering the description of weather phenomena in old diaries, they were grouped into 13 weather conditions In this data base, "weather range" means weather conditions in a day. A rough tendency of the weather in a day (HN), or remarkable conditions such as hot, cold, dry and wet (HT), are also important to understand weather conditions for each day. Accompanied phenomena (TK) and wind conditions (KT, TT, KH) are also objects to encode. Daily weather records for the years from 1700 to 1889 are mainly under collections. So far, more than 2, 500 years weather records have been inputted in the daily data base. The main files of the system are PC-DA (paleo climatic data), and PC-REC (paleo climatic record). The former consists of encoded weather data which will be used chiefly to retrieve weather conditions and to draw maps or to make tables. The latter contains weather descriptions in each day with Katakana, one of the Japanese characters. This will support detailed investigation<BR>As an index of wet or dry condition for each month, "PI" is proposed. Weather conditions having some relations with precipitation are grouped to three kinds. Monthly frequencies of each type are multiplied by constants. These are 1 for "little rain", 2 for "rain" and 5 for "much rain". The total value in each month in each day is "PI", which is useful for the comparison within the same daily series. The scatter diagrams of PI in Kokura Kita Kyushu City and Precipitation at Moji for each season are shown in Fig. 4. Time series of PI in 6 cities show the existence of different march in summer precipitations over Japan (Fig. 5). The monthly conditions in summer months from 1781 to 1789 are reconstructed in Fig. 6.

著者

桜井 兼市

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.2, pp.234-239, 1991-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

11

---

Some solid particle in a snow crystal is active as ice nuclei on which snow are generated in the atmosphere. From the analysis of center nuclei in the snow crystal by use of the electron microscope, it was found that they consist of the soil particles such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and so on. Moreover, the origin of these particles was the arid area of the North China. Nucleating ability of the particle was investigated by the count of ice crystals formed in a cold box at given temperature. Number of ice crystal formed per Er particles collected on a filter paper was 0.3 at-150 °C and 4 at-20 °C.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.9, pp.631-633, 1906

著者

内田 和子

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, no.4, pp.525-543, 1995-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

Japanese flood control was rapidly developed in Modern Ages when regular flood protection works began onnationwide scale. It is flood prevention cooperatives that promoted those public works by bearing a part of the expenses in Modern ages.Flood prevention cooperatives are classified into 3 types according to functions. They are the one that takes a share in the expenses of flood protection works and irrigation-drainage works (type I), the one that practices flood defense activities (type II), and the one that petitions to realize and promote river improvement works and acts a part of the works as an agent of prefecture (type III). The author conducted research on cooperative dues that support activities of cooperatives. The results are as follows.Amount of share in the expenses taken by flood prevention cooperatives much differs in compliance with their functions. In type I cooperative dues were very high, in type II they were less and in type la they were much less. In all types cooperative dues were imposed by standards that based on the degree of flood damages. Especially in type I, much amount of cooperative dues were levied according to many grades, but type II and type III had a few grades. Their objects of imposition were land and houses, and in urban areas they included fabrics such as railroads.Flood prevention cooperatives dissolve when they accomplished their purposes in each function. But the cooperatives of type II shift to public flood defense corporations that consist of municipalities and act by budgets of municipalities.Flood prevention cooperatives fully understood natural features of geomorphology, hydrology and so on, and social features of land use, land ownership, and so on of their areas. On the basis of these recognition they contrived their unique imposition system in consideration of benefit by public flood prevention works. In consequence they promoted public flood prevention works by taking a share in expenses.

著者

都司 嘉宣

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.4, pp.486-502, 1997-08-25

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 7

---

A field survey of the damage of the Amami-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake (<I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB> 7.1) and its tsunami of October 18, 1995 was conducted for four days from the next day of the main shock. A large aftershock (<I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB> 6.8) occurred in the next day and was also accompanied with a small tsunami. We conducted interviews of the inhabitants, and measured heights of the both tsunamis. The maximum height of the tsunami of the main shock was 3.0 m at Urahara Port on the south coast of Kikai-jima. Earthquake damage mainly occurred on Kikai-jima, where stone walls were fallen down at 91 places, the water supply facility of the island was disordered, and several concrete slabs slid down at Wan Port. Several fishing boats were wrecked due to the both tsunamis at ports on Kikai-jima and Amami-Oshima. Imamura-Hatori's magnitudes of the main shock and the large aftershock are <I>m</I>=1.0 and <I>m</I>=0.0, respectively. Abe's magnitude of the tsunamis the main shock is estimated to be <I>M</I><SUB>t</SUB>=7.6 and is large for the earthquake magnitude. A gigantic earthquake (<I>M</I>8.0) with a larger tsunami occurred on June 15, 1911 in the sea region close to the present event, and its folktale is handed down by the inhabitants of Kikai-jima.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) (ISSN:18840884)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.1, pp.25-37, 1981-02-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

被引用文献数

2

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.7, pp.424-425, 1928

著者

Shigeko HARUYAMA Masahiko OYA Yoshio MIZUHARA

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.89-106, 1992-04-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

7

---

We have conducted our research on the influence of the eruption of the Kelud Volcano on the Kali Brantas, conservation of the river basin, mitigation of the resulting volcanic and flooding hazards, and development process of the basin.For this purposes, we have made geomorphic land classification maps in the Kali Brantas Basin, utilizing the aerial photographs (scale is around 1/40, 000) and LANDSAT Images which were taken in 1972.The Kali Brantas is located in the eastern part of Java, i. e. easternmost part of the Himalaya-Alps Orogenic Zone. The Kali Brantas originates in Mt. Arjuno and round the foot of the Butac and Kelud Volcanos which are active volcanos, and then pours into the Madura Strait.The southern part of the Kelud Volcano consists of the following geomorphic elements: piedmont gentle slope of the volcano, a slightly hilly area on the gently sloping terrace, valley floor plain, marsh, abandoned river course, steep slope, etc.The Kali Brantas plain consists of the following geomorphic elements: natural levees, back-swamps, a delta, lagoon, sand-spits, etc. Natural levees are developed well around the city of Kediri and the river bed is higher than that of the adjacent plain.The Kelud Volcano has erupted approximately once every 15 years. We have a record of its eruption since 1, 000 years A. D. The eruption in 1919 was especially severe, and about 3, 800×104m3 of “Lahar” flowed down to have killed 5, 100 persons. Due to the eruption in the year 1586, about 10, 000 persons were killed.In order to mitigate the damage by “Lahar” a tunnel for decreasing water in the crater was constructed during the Dutch Colonial period. This drainage tunnel reduced the volume of the water from 4, 000×104m3 to 2, 000×104m3 in 1966. After the construction of the tunnel, the lahar damages decreased. However, aggradation as a result of this eruption reduced the depth of the crater about 50m to destroy the tunnel. Then the tunnel was repaired again.After 1970, thre lowering of the river bed has occured partly because of the construction of dams, particularly the construction of “Sabo” dam for “Lahar” and partly the because of the volcanic eruption. Although the lowering of the river bed decreased the possibility of the flooding, it becomes difficult to take the water for irrigation.In February 1990, the Kelud Volcano erupted again. And a lot of volcanic ash was deposited on the southern slopes of the volcano. The tunnel disappered again. So we must look again for the tunnel. Directly after the eruption, torrential rainfall occurred at the upper reaches of the Brantas River. The erosion in the upper reaches was remarkable and a lot of sand and gravel flowed down to the middle reaches and several reservoirs were burned immediately.In conclusion, we would like to indicate that it is very important to predict the geomorphological changes of the river basin in the case of making development plain of the river basin.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.5, pp.272b-273, 1896

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.10, pp.723b-724, 1909

著者

石原 舜三

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.3, pp.674-677, 2008-06-25

参考文献数

15

---

Worldwide, HREEs are not abundant, but LREEs are. HREEs are limited to certain weathered crust deposits in China where the original granites are rich in HREEs and surface weathering is intense. Because of environmental limitations on mining, it is necessary to discover the primary sources of REEs in alkaline igneous rock provinces. Indium can be recycled easily, and primary sources can be found in Sn-Zn-sulfides deposits of both volcanic and subvolcanic settings. Tungsten and bismuth are also limited mineral resources, but can be found in carbonate rocks with fractionated ilmenite-series granite intrusions. Molybdenum can be supplied sufficiently from porphyry-type deposits.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.11, pp.789a-791, 1916

著者

長沼 毅

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.226-233, 2003-04-25

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

4 3

---

The search for life on the edges (frontiers) of the global biosphere bridges earth-bound biology and exobiology. This communication reviews recent microbiological studies on selected "frontiers", <I>i.e</I>., deep-sea, deep subsurface, and Antarctica. Deep-sea is characterized as the aphotic (non-photosynthetic) habitat, and the primary production is mostly due to the chemosynthetic autotrophy at the hydrothermal vents and methane-rich seeps. Formation of the chemosynthesis-dependent animal communities in the deep leads to the idea that such communities may be found in the "ocean" of the Jovian satellite, Europa. An anoxic (no-O<SUB>2</SUB>), as well as aphotic, condition is characteristic of the deep subsurface biosphere. Microorganisms in the deep subsurface biosphere exploit every available oxidant for anaerobic respiration. Sulfate, nitrate, iron (III) and CO<SUB>2</SUB> are the representative oxidants in the deep subsurface. Below the 3000 m-thick glacier on Antarctica, >70 lakes having liquid water are entombed. One of such sub-glacial lakes, Lake Vostok, has been a target of "life in extreme environments" and is about to be drill-penetrated for microbiological studies. These biospheric frontiers will provide new knowledge about the diversity and the potential of life on Earth and facilitate the capability of astrobiologial exploration.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.6, pp.294-296, 1939

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.5, pp.330-330, 1918

著者

本井 達夫 鬼頭 昭雄 緑川 貴 荒川 理 笹井 義一 陳 永利

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.6, pp.1015-1028, 2008-12-25

被引用文献数

1 1 1

---

Climate model experiments are carried out to understand the relationship between large-scale topography and climate variation. Mountain uplift experiments show that sea surface temperature, surface wind fields, precipitation and sea surface salinity are strongly influenced by mountain uplift. An enhanced Asian monsoon due to mountain uplift causes stronger seasonal coastal upwelling in the Indian Ocean and freshening in the Bay of Bengal, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Mountain uplift experiments using a higher resolution atmospheric general circulation model reveal that the spatial pattern of precipitation becomes finer as resolution increases, and that there is a sharper contrast in the salinity distribution near coastal regions. Experiments in which the Panamanian Gateway is closed, opened and re-closed suggest that reorganization of the ocean current due to closure of the Panamanian Gateway induces a cooler and drier climate with a permanent halocline and sea ice in the subarctic Pacific.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.6, pp.306a-307, 1893

著者

丸山 茂徳 大森 聡一 千秋 博紀 河合 研志 WINDLEY B. F.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.1, pp.115-223, 2011-02-25

被引用文献数

5 42

---

Pacific-type orogeny (PTO) has long been recognized as a contrasting accretionary alternative to continent-continent collisional orogeny. However, since the original concept was proposed, there have many new developments, which make it timely to produce a new re-evaluated model, in which we emphasize the following new aspects. First, substantial growth of Tonarite–Trondhjemite–Granite (TTG) crust, and second the reductive effect of tectonic erosion. The modern analog of a Pacific-type orogen developed through six stages of growth exemplified by specific regions; initial stage 1: the southern end of the Andes; stage 2: exhumation to the mid-crustal level at Indonesia outer arc; stage 3: the Barrovian hydration stage at Kii Peninsula, SW Japan; stage 4: the initial stage of surface exposure of the high-P/T regional metamorphic belt at Olympic Peninsula, south of Seattle, USA; stage 5: exposure of the orogenic core at the surface at the Shimanto metamorphic belt, SW Japan; and stage 6: post-orogenic processes including tectonic erosion at the Mariana and Japan trench and the Nankai trough.<br> The fundamental framework of a Pacific-type orogen is an accretionary complex, which includes limited ocean floor material, much terrigenous trench sediment, plus island arc, oceanic plateau, and intra-oceanic basaltic material from the ocean. The classic concept of a PTO stresses the importance of the addition within accreted rocks of new subduction-generated arcs and TTGs, which were added along the continental margins particularly during the Cretaceous. Besides the above additional or positive aspects of a PTO, here we emphasize the negative effects of previously little-considered tectonic erosion caused by subduction over time. The evaluation of such extensive tectonic erosion leads a prospect of the presence of huge quantities of TTG material in the lower transition zone, where many subducted slabs have ponded, as illustrated by mantle tomography. This is confirmed by density profiles of the mantle, which show that TTGs are abundant only along the bottom of the upper mantle accompanied by slab peridotite, lherzolite, and MORB. The major velocity anomaly in the lower transition zone is best explained by the predominance of SiO₂ phases, hence TTG, and not by MORB or ultramafic rocks. Reasonable calculations indicate that at a depth range of 520-660 km TTG material amounts to 6-7 times more than the total mass of the surface continental crust.<br> The traditional view is that the Japanese islands evolved since 520 Ma through five Pacific-type orogenies, which grew oceanward, thus creating a continuous accretionary complex <i>ca.</i> 400-500 km wide, with TTG growth at the continental side of each orogen. However, the subducting oceanic lithosphere has produced five times more TTG crust compared with the present TTG crust in the Japan islands. This is explained by the fact that over time tectonic erosion has dominated the increasing arc-TTG crust. Accordingly, Japan has lost four arc-TTG crusts to tectonic erosion. TTG material, such as trench sediment, arc crust, and continental margin crust, was fragmented by tectonic erosion and transported into the bottom of the upper mantle at depths of 520-660 km. Worldwide data suggest that tectonic erosion destroyed and fragmented most of the Pacific-type orogens.<br>(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.8, pp.380-380, 1889

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.10, pp.614a-614a, 1925