著者

文沢 義永 吉田 正昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.49-66, 1970 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

44

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Almost every culture has its social norms of conduct, called courtesy. The concept of “Reigi” (courtesy) in Japan was originated from Confucianism and it has been recognized of great importance in all human relationships, especially until the World War II.The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the concept itself for the younger and older generations.According to our preliminary survey, the concept has been often referred to that in the relation of persons such as parent-child, teacher-pupil, and senior-junior, and it is accompanied by the moral sentiment of respect, gratitude, submission, and harmony. Usually the adult regards it more important than the younger, and the female regards it more significant than the male.(1) Semantic Differential method applied to this concept yielded two main factors for both older and younger generations. The one factor is “happiness”, and the other is “social constraint”. (2) From the classical books of ethics in Japan, tentative components of this concept were collected. In each relation of 11 principal human cases such as parent-child, the components were assessed by the constant sum method. The most important components rated are reliance, sincerity, and reverence, while etiquettes and wording in speech are least rated as a factor of courtesy. Factor analysis of the score matrix yielded two main factors. The one is generosity and mercy, and the other is modesty and non-pretension. Besides, one more factor of reverence-submission was extracted for the younger samples.

著者

吉田 正昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.5, pp.339-358, 1959-01-15 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

190

著者

吉田 正昭 藤井 和子 栗田 淳子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.195-203, 1966

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this report is (I) to factor-analyze the structure of concept "on", from the data obtained in our previous survey, and (II) to examine the customs (not abstract ideas) based on "on" or "giri".<br>(I) <i>Method</i>. Three factors were extracted from the correlation matrix of attributes of "on", for each of the three groups, (i.e, younger males, younger females, and older people. <i>Results</i>. Factor matrices are shown in Table 1. For younger males, factor i represents a conflict between affective area (true love, gratitude) and social and political area (mutual dependence, social coercion, etc), factor ii represents the conflict between economic area (benefit, etc) and rational area (voluntariness, obligation), while factor iii represents the conflict between economic area and political power area (traditional, authoritalian, etc). Correspondence among the three groups ranged 0.5-0.6. Although "taimen" or appearances, indebtedness, or fictitious love were regarded as essential attributes of "on" by Benedict, Fukuba, and Kawashima, these are no longer essential for the concept "on". In present day Japan, "on" has more rational elements in it, and functions as a lubricating oil of community, whereas "giri" is still regarded as a feudalistic human relation, and tends to disappear.<br>(II) Survey of customs based on "on" or "giri". <i>Method</i>. Enquêtes concerning "Chugen" or summer gift, "Seibo" or year-end present, New year cards, etc. were distributed, sometimes supplemented by interviews. <i>S</i>s were male and female adults living in Tokyo, two farming villages (Shizuoka and Hiroshima), and a fisherman's island (Hiroshima), totaling 464. <i>Results.</i> (1) Urban people regard these customs as a chance to express their gratitude, affective indebtedness, etc., but rural people (especially those in fishery) regard them as a duty based on "universal humanism", not necessarily specific in their own community. (2) Importance of human relation (3) main family-branch family, (5) boss-henchman, (8) master-servants, (9) guild master-apprentice, shows fairly marked urban-rural difference. Of course, urban people do not feel them seriously, but rural people feel them considerably. Most important relations in three districts are (1) parent-child, and (4) ancestor-descendant. <i>Conclusion</i>. Differences due to generations and districts indicate that for present day Japanese people, the concept "on" tends to lose its traditional meaning and change to a more rational moral standard based on universality of human nature, inner conscience, sense of obligation, etc.

著者

吉田 正昭 森山 美那子 玉井 ちづ子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.6, pp.353-366, 1962 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1 1

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It is said that the Japanese are weak toward authority, and the authors feel it is necessary to analyze the structure of the attitude toward authority among Japanese. The main purpose of this paper is an analysis of the Japanese attitude toward authority.1) Thirty items (jobs or positions) were selected for rating. These items were: Judge of the Supreme Court, lawer, university professor, editorial writer of a big newspaper, radio news commentator, chief engineer for constuction of a dam, the president of the medical association, the Foreign Minister, Member of Parliament, the chairman of the General Council of Trade Unions, revolutionist, the president of the Bank of Japan, director of a large company, the best rice cultivator in Japan, principal of a primary school, president of the society for the child welfare, social worker, minister, president of Soka-Gakkai (a society of a new religion), the Emperor, literary critic, music conductor, kabuki actor, movie actor, masterhand of Go or chess, designer, Miss Universe, head master of tea ceremony, a grand champion of Sumo wrestling, and a baseball pitcher of fame.2) These items were rated on twenty-two traits or attributes by the contant sum method. These traits were: length of training or experience, thinking ability, constant effort, educational background, popularity, critical ability toward the current issues, good writing and fluent speech, administrative ability, social status, standing by the weak, popularity among high society, number of subordinates, sensitivity, physical strength, good looks, idealism, international reputation, financial status, good tradition, superhuman attractiveness, pedigree, and athletic skill. Raters were about one hundred and twenty female university students.3) The results of the rating for the social status are as follows: The president of the Bank of Japan is ranked the highest, and the president of the medical association, judge of the Supreme Court, the Emperor, the Foreign Minister, university professor and director of big company, follows in this order. These ranks seem to coincide with the current social hierarchy. Those who have strong social powers seem to be ranked high and those who criticize them low. Intellectual abilities (e.g., ability of reasoning, critical ability and educational background) are ranked higher than family standing, prestige by tradition or physical ability (see Table 1).4) Intercorrelations of the twenty-two traits were computed and analyzed by Thurstone's centroid solution, and the following factors were found. (I) High education and social status vs. physical ability, constant efforts, popularity, and superhuman attractiveness. (II) Idealism vs. popularity among high society. (III) Term of training or experience, constant effort and physical strength vs. administrative ability. (IV) Good looks vs. popularity. Percentage of the factor variance (I) is approximately 50 (see Table 4 and Fig. 1).5) Thirteen items selected from the thirty items, mentioned above were rated and analyzed by Torgerson's multi-dimensional scaling method. Raters were eighty female university students, fifty factory workers, a few nurses, business girls, and house wives. The results show that these items can be arranged on a two dimensional space with x and y axes. Those who have high ranks along the x axis are Foreign Minister, university professor, editorial writer and the Emperor, and those who have low ranks are movie actor, head-master of tea ceremony and a grand champion of Sumo. This may imply that the x axis shows the degree of social influences or the amount of authority. The higher the social status and educational backgrounds are, the higher the prestige. The prestige based on sensual or physical traits are ranked low. Critical attitude toward the current social hierarchy has not gained high prestige among Japanese. The implication of the y axis is not clear, but it may

著者

吉田 正昭 藤井 和子 栗田 淳子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.74-85, 1966-06-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 1

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Purpose. “On” is a very difficult concept to translate into foreign languages. Japanese English dictionaries assign kindness, favor, love, obligation, or indebtedness to this word, but they are not broad enough to cover all the forms of “on”. Before the termination of Pacific war, loyalty towards emperor and filial piety supported the every structure of Japanese community, and authoritarian attitude among the Japanese. But since the new Constitution become effective, these concepts have changed drastically, and the contents of “on” also is expected to change, because it has very close connection with them. With these considerations, two surveys were planned.(I) Method. Free associations and semantic differential ratings concerning “on”, were obtained from 215 adults (male and female, their ages ranging 17-50) in Tokyo. Results. Clearly “on” has two aspects, the one is based on old-fashioned, feudalistic, one-way devotion, etc., and the other is based on universality of human nature. Older people recognize the former aspect, but regard it as more “beautiful” because of the latter aspect, and highly esteem it as a moral standard, In contrast with this, younger people show fairly negative attitude towards the former aspect.(II) Method. Costant sum method. 100 points were assigned to 22 attributes of “on” for 19 human relations listed below. Enquetes were presented to three groups of Ss, (i) younger male, (ii) younger female, and (iii) older people. Number of Ss in each group was about 50, all living in Tokyo. Attributes were (1) true love, (2) gratitude, (3) tradition, (4) “taimen” or appearances, (5) human obligation, (6) “girl”, (7) fictitious love, (8) voluntariness, (9) social coercion, (10) friendship, (11) comradeship, (12) expectation of future guarantee, (13) benefit of others, (14) dependence on authority, (15) conscience, (16) indebtedness, (17) reverence, (18) pursuit of own benefit, (19) mutual dependence, (20) social courtesy, (21) contract, and (22) feudally. Human relations used were (1) parent-child, (2) main family-branch family, (3) parent and child in law, (4) ancestordescendant, (5) boss-henchman, (6) landlordtenant, (7) emperor-subjects, (8) masterservants, (9) guild master-apprentice, (10) trader-consumer, (11) employer-employee, (12) senior-subordinate, (13) capitalist-laborer, (14) parent company-subsidary company, (15) neighbourhood, (16) individual-society, (17) friendship, (18) teacher-pupil, and (19) godhuman beings.Results. Data for only younger males are shown in Table 2. They are the most radical of the three groups, older people being the most conservative, and younger female lying between the two Items which were accepted positively were based on true love, gratitude, friendship, obligation, conscience, voluntariness, mutual dependence, and items which were accepted negatively were based on authority, feudality, tradition, “girl”, etc. These results are in marked contrast with the pre-war concept of “on”.

著者

吉田 正昭

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.133-150, 1974-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

20

著者

吉田 正昭

出版者

Japan Association for Wind Engineering

雑誌

日本風工学会誌 (ISSN:09121935)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1990, no.44, pp.43-52, 1990-07-30 (Released:2010-09-28)

参考文献数

6

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About twenty years have passed since the wind environment was taken up as a social problem in Japan. The physical phenomena of strong and uncomfortable winds caused bytall buildings have been studied and, to some extent, resolved over the years.On the other hand, the social phase of the wind environment still remains because of this problem's complexity and difficulty.The author want to report the status quo of the wind environment in Japan, through examples of wind environment damage, how to establish a comfort criteria, the present state of wind tunnel testing, and examples of research in which he participated.

著者

吉田 正昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本風工学会

雑誌

日本風工学会誌 (ISSN:09121935)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.218-218, 2016-07-31 (Released:2016-10-01)

著者

吉田 正昭

出版者

公益社団法人 精密工学会

雑誌

精密機械 (ISSN:03743543)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.504, pp.1096-1101, 1976-12-05 (Released:2009-06-30)

参考文献数

10

著者

吉田 正昭 望月 登志子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.308-334, 1972-01