著者

田中 優子 神尾 陽子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.54-63, 2007 (Released:2019-04-12)

被引用文献数

1

著者

森永 康子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.49-61, 2017 (Released:2018-07-20)

参考文献数

76

被引用文献数

3

---

It is unclear why the number of women in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is still small. In this review article, I focus on gender stereotypes (i.e., the belief that “women canʼt do math”) from a social psychological perspective. It has been reported that women and girls are influenced by negative stereotypes in experimental settings as well as in the real world. For example, researchers have found that negative stereotypes can undermine the performance of women in math exams. More recently, implicit stereotypes have been found to affect womenʼs math preferences either equally or even more than explicit stereotypes. How can we counteract the effects of negative stereotypes? Interventions, such as informing women that their math performances and career decisions are often unconsciously influenced by gender stereotypes, have been introduced based on accumulated knowledge of both gender and stereotypes. Having reviewed such literature, I conclude that psychologists in Japan should put more effort into conducting research on how to encourage women and girls to pursue their career plans, especially in the STEM field.

著者

平石 界 斎藤 彩乃 西尾 眞紀 藤井 那侑 森 峻人

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.244-261, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

3

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After Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in individuals’ preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies report robust sex differences such as (1) men have a stronger preference for a younger mate than do women, (2) women have a stronger preference for an older mate than do men, (3) women more highly value traits associated with resource acquisition (e.g., economic status and educational attainment) than do men, and (4) men more highly value physical attractiveness than do women. However, our replication of the study by Bech-Sørensen & Pollet (2016) did not show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample; however, the other sex differences (e.g., age difference and resource acquisition ability) were significantly different (Study 1). We designed Study 2 to test whether the nonsignificant findings were an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. Study 2 showed that sex differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the effect of sex was significantly smaller than the pre-determined smallest effect size of interest (SESOI).

著者

平木 典子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.393-406, 1990 (Released:2019-07-24)

著者

関口 貴裕

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.153-159, 2015 (Released:2018-06-19)

被引用文献数

4

著者

椎名 乾平

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.4, pp.415-444, 2016 (Released:2018-03-21)

参考文献数

146

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Pearson’s correlation coefficient is an important statistic. For over a century, the index has been used in various branches of science. This paper introduces both its creation and initial developments that are often forgotten or ignored. Because no theory is independent of the original setting and the research plan of its creators, knowledge about the context of pioneering ideas helps researchers better understand the meaning of the coefficient. The paper highlights the work of Bravais, Galton, Pearson, artillery scientists, Spearman, and many other early contributors, and describes their original intentions, achievements, and faults. Key comments on the present statistical theories and practices are also presented in several pivotal comments.

著者

岡田 謙介

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.101-115, 2018 (Released:2019-07-11)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

9

---

The Bayes factor has a basic and crucial role in Bayesian evaluation of psychological hypotheses and models. It forms a fundamental part of the advancement of psychological science. Its computation has been a major challenge, although recent advances in numerical estimation methods such as bridge sampling may allow the application of the Bayes factor to a wide range of practical research contexts. The objective of the current paper is to provide psychological scientists an introductory tutorial of the ideas and recent developments concerning the Bayes factor. Some running examples are presented and a few practical application methods are also discussed.

著者

大久保 街亜

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.57-67, 2016

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<p>Although null hypothesis significance testing has been strongly criticized for decades, it has been the dominant statistical method in the field of psychology. Non-reproducibility of findings in psychology can be attributed, at least partially, to an arbitrary threshold (i.e., .05) in the null hypothesis significance testing and overrepresentation of <i>p</i>-values. The present study surveyed papers from the <i>Japanese Journal of Social Psychology</i> and examined whether or not such overrepresentation also existed among psychology researchers in Japan. Effect size measures and <i>p</i>-values did not correspond well when <i>p</i>-values were set at around .05. Moreover, the frequency of <i>p</i>-values just below .05 was greater than expected. These results imply that the overrepresentation of <i>p</i>-values can produce unreliable and irreproducible results. Two types of remedies are discussed to alleviate the problems of overrepresentation of the <i>p</i>-values.</p>

著者

池田 功毅 平石 界

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.3-14, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

19

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Psychological science is now facing an unprecedented crisis of reproducibility. The field is becoming aware of the systematic problems embedded in its research practices that have been widely employed by most academic journals. An emphasis on aesthetic rather than scientific standards has led to a publication bias for positive results, which, in turn, has encouraged questionable research practices (QRPs), such as p-hacking and HARKing. These processes have potentially created “null fields” where many findings are mere products of false positives. This risk is especially large in fields where the prior probability of the hypotheses being true is low. In fact, a recent large-scale replication project reported that the reproducibility of psychological literature is less than 40%. The psychology community is starting to respond to this crisis by becoming aware of the importance of pre-registered replication, and by reforming the publication standards of many journals. In this paper, we provide an overview of the facts and solutions to the present problems.

著者

浅田 晃佑 熊谷 晋一郎

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.379-388, 2015 (Released:2018-06-19)

被引用文献数

2

著者

波多野 純

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.488-503, 2009 (Released:2019-03-29)

著者

豊田 秀樹

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.379-390, 2017 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1

---

A p-value can be simply defined as the probability that under a specified statistical model a statistical summary of the data (e.g., the mean difference between two groups) would be equal to or more extreme than its observed value. p-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis was true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016). What researchers usually want is p(HjD), the probability that a research hypothesis was true, given the data. Three examples were shown that analyzed using the probability that a hypothesis was true, instead of p-values. A peer-reviewed policy using a new standard for publishing useful papers for society was proposed.

著者

Daniël Lakens

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.221-230, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

43

---

For over two centuries researchers have been criticized for using research practices that makes it easier to present data in line with what they wish to be true. With the rise of the internet it has become easier to preregister the theoretical and empirical basis for predictions, the experimental design, the materials, and the analysis code. Whether the practice of preregistration is valuable depends on your philosophy of science. Here, I provide a conceptual analysis of the value of preregistration for psychological science from an error statistical philosophy (Mayo, 2018). Preregistration has the goal to allow others to transparently evaluate the capacity of a test to falsify a prediction, or the severity of a test. Researchers who aim to test predictions with severity should find value in the practice of preregistration. I differentiate the goal of preregistration from positive externalities, discuss how preregistration itself does not make a study better or worse compared to a non-preregistered study, and highlight the importance of evaluating the usefulness of a tool such as preregistration based on an explicit consideration of your philosophy of science.

著者

横田 晋大

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.15-22, 2017 (Released:2018-07-20)

参考文献数

78

被引用文献数

2

---

In this paper, the evolutionary roots of gender differences in aggressive behavior are presented. Previous studies in the field of social psychology have shown that men are more aggressive than women not only in interpersonal, but also in intergroup relationships. From an evolutionary psychological view, it is predicted that outgroup aggression is triggered by the psychological mechanisms adapted to intergroup conflict specified for males. However, social psychologists demonstrated that ingroup cooperation, but not outgroup aggression, was dominant in intergroup conflict situations in a laboratory experiment. On the other hand, in these days, some evidence in the field of cultural anthropology, ethnography, and bioarcheology have clearly shown that hunter-gatherer and forager males frequently engaged in war. I discuss whether intergroup conflict influences selection pressure on male aggressive behavior as a reproductive strategy to enhance fitness.

著者

鮫島 和行

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.39-45, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

4

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Systems neuroscience is a field of science that bridges between the level of neural circuit level physiological phenomenon and the behavioral level of psychological phenomenon. In this field, we measure neural activities, such as electrical signals from single neurons or BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) signals from the brain region, and correlate these findings with external stimuli or behavior from animals and humans. In this review, I point out some concrete problems on the reproducibility and transparency in the systems neuroscience field, and discuss how we should overcome it.

著者

三浦 麻子

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.285-294, 2017 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

16

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In this paper, the state of communication between psychology and society were discussed from both aspects of psychology receiving information from society (data collection) and psychology transmitting information to society (science communication) using actual practices by the author. Concerning receiving information from society, social psychology research on Internet communication that analyzed real-world data (i.e., posts on blogs, social media, and other online communication forums) was introduced, and the significance of using actual data was demonstrated. Concerning transmitting information to society, practical examples of science communication as an initiative to channel back scientific findings to society (i.e., creating press releases and science news articles) was introduced. In addition, current issues and the necessity of the open science movement were discussed.

著者

寺澤 悠理 梅田 聡

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.49-66, 2014 (Released:2018-07-13)

被引用文献数

6

著者

福島 宏器

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.3, pp.301-321, 2018 (Released:2020-01-18)

参考文献数

136

被引用文献数

4

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Adequately recognizing one’s own emotion is an important ability for a healthy emotional life and appropriate behavior. This review article features interoception—the sensation of the internal and physiological bodily state—as a crucial factor in emotional experience. This review discusses a possible mechanism of emotion recognition through interoception, arguing several conditions for a healthy or unhealthy relationship between the body and the mind. First, a brief introduction to interoception is provided. It is proposed that the concept of interoception should be organized into two levels of process. The lower level is the process of individual internal organs (e.g., heart, gut, etc.), which corresponds to the interoception in a narrow sense. The higher level is the integrative process of these individual sensations, which is the interoception in a broad sense. The second section then reviews theories on the relation between the body and emotion, suggesting that interoception directly contributes to the subjective experience of arousal level. In addition, depending on the precision of arousal recognition, interoception may also indirectly underpin the identification of emotion. The third section of this paper discusses the clinical aspects of interoception. With regard to the pros and cons of interoceptive sensitivity, it seems to benefit the regulation of emotions, but it is also associated with certain clinical conditions such as high anxiety. It is important to examine the condition of alexithymia (i.e., affective agnosia), which usually involves the phenomena of alexisomia (i.e., difficulty in recognizing one’s physical condition) and somatosensory amplification (i.e., negative hypersensitivity). By reviewing the condition of autism spectrum disorders, which frequently accompany alexithymia and anxiety, the last section discusses several factors for body-mind interaction such as the difference between the accuracy of sensation and hypersensitivity, the balance between bottom-up and top-down process, and particularly the pivotal role of the sensory integration process.

著者

新美 亮輔 横澤 一彦

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.119-134, 2007 (Released:2019-04-12)

著者

山田 祐樹

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.296-303, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

29

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In this paper, I discussed new forms of researcher evaluation in psychological research with the view of solving the reproducibility problem. I demonstrate that the current researcher evaluation system is severely biased, rather encouraging publication of less reproducible findings with fraud or bad practices. To alleviate this bias, the proposed remedies include the limitation of duplicate awards, reputation-based individual research indicators, and clarification of contributions. In addition, the evaluation by researchers from society is also biased; therefore, spins, conflicts of interest, and public involvement in research have been raised as important issues. I hope that these discussions will be noticed by interested parties who are not interested in them.