著者

吉田 美穂

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.89-109, 2007

被引用文献数

3

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This paper examines the control system of secondary schools and teachersʼ survival strategies in the 2000s, a time known as an era of accountability, through an ethnography of a low-ranked high school in the metropolitan area.<BR><BR>Student guidance and maintaining school order are important tasks for Japanese teachers. The culture of administration in secondary education has changed over time. In the late 1990s, a "counseling mentality" and "internal understanding" were emphasized in student guidance rather than administering the exterior aspect of students, under the system of "<i>kanri kyoiku</i>", until the 1980s. Earlier papers indicate that there was a process of "consummatorization of schooling." How, then, is order maintained in schools in the 2000s? The main data for this paper were gathered from April 2005 to August 2006.<BR><BR>Participatory observation and interviews were carried out to describe the control system under which teachers avoided conflict with students. For example, teachers kept discipline indirectly by recording absence times in five-minute units. The maximum period of absence for receiving credits for the class was made known to students who were considered problematic and who tended to miss class. Some inappropriate behaviors, such as failing to wear the school uniform and eating in class, were also dealt with as absent time. In this way, teachers were able to keep their classes in order and avoid conflicts with students. Teachers often behaved gently and kindly, supporting the students under the assumption of this count system. In this paper, this behavior by teachers is called "Osewa mode," with <I>osewa</I> meaning "caring" in Japanese. The teachers used this strategy to conceal their authority to set rules and to keep order in a way that avoided conflicts with students. They soothed students with gentle behavior and familiar words. They often directed studentsʼ attention to the absent time count and advised them to attend classes with a proper attitude. This strategy was transmitted to other teachers through group interactions. The school kept order through a "Control system to avoid conflict with students" and the "Osewa Mode," which is an individual strategy based on that system. On the other hand, this system and strategy fits well into an era of accountability. Teachers often gave notification to parents of the numerical value of the absent time count. This made it easy for teachers to justify their treatment of students to their parents.<BR><BR>Teachersʼ culture differs by regions. Therefore, there are some limits to the usefulness of the descriptions in this paper, as they would differ in different teachersʼ cultures in rural areas. However, the metropolitan area tends to lead in the areas of accountability, loss of teachersʼ authority and "consumerization ofschooling." Thus, the "Osewa Mode" and "Control system to avoid conflict with students" in this ethnography in the metropolitan area may show important characteristics of teachersʼ culture in the 2000s.

著者

松田 ユリ子 吉田 美穂

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, pp.179-190, 2015-03-31

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This case study investigates students ’ inquiry-based learning process, by analyzing the relationship between their motivation for learning and learning-support environment. Qualitative methods were used to conduct a case study of one inquiry based learning class of 16 students in a high school with low prestige in Japan. The results showed that 13 students out of 16 (81.3%) enjoyed learning, though they encountered various difficulties in inquiry process. Key factors of developing students'motivation for learning through inquiry based learning are : 1) the subject teacher and the school librarian's flexible and observant responses according to students'difficulties encountered in the inquiry process, 2)supportive friends, families and others, 3) adequate teaching strategies and materials and 4)free and open environment of school library and supportive school culture.

著者

吉田 美穂 川崎 弘作

出版者

一般社団法人 日本理科教育学会

雑誌

理科教育学研究 (ISSN:13452614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.185-194, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-08-29)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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小学校の理科授業の多くは「なぜ」という疑問を見いだす場面から学習が開始される。しかしながら,「なぜ」という抽象的な疑問のままではその後の探究活動につながりにくく,このような疑問を,探究の方向性を意味づけるより具体的な問いに変換する思考力が学習者には求められる。本研究では,このような疑問から問いへ変換する際の思考力の育成を目指すにあたって,疑問から問いへの変換過程における思考の順序性を明らかにするための調査および分析を行った。その結果,疑問から問いへ変換する際の思考の順序性(主として「問題状況の確認→既有知識の想起→要因の検討→仮説の形成→問いの設定」)が明らかになった。さらに,この過程を仮説を形成するまでの問題解決過程として整理すると,先行研究における問題解決過程「疑問の認識→問いの設定→仮説の形成」とは異なり,「疑問の認識→仮説の形成→問いの設定」と整理することができた。

著者

川崎 弘作 吉田 美穂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本理科教育学会

雑誌

理科教育学研究 (ISSN:13452614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.83-94, 2021-07-30 (Released:2021-07-30)

参考文献数

15

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本研究は小学校理科の問題設定場面における,「なぜ」という探究の見通しを持たない疑問を「何が」や「どのように」といった探究の見通しを含む問いに変換する際の思考力に着目し,その育成を目指している。このため,本研究では先行研究で明らかになっている問いへの変換過程における思考過程や小学生の実態を踏まえた学習指導法を考案し,小学生を対象とした授業実践を行った。具体的には,問いへの変換に必要となる知識を理解させるための学習指導を1時間設けた後,普段の理科の授業の中で理解させた知識を繰り返し使用させるための学習指導を4時間設けた。そして,その効果の検証を行ったところ,考案した学習指導法は,小学生の問いへの変換に必要となる知識の獲得を促し,その結果,問いへの変換における思考力を育成することのできる学習指導法であったが,その効果は限定的なものであった。

著者

吉田 美穂

出版者

弘前大学教育学部

雑誌

弘前大学教育学部紀要 (ISSN:04391713)

巻号頁・発行日

no.126, pp.161-172, 2021-10-25

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学校は地域に開かれた子どもの貧困対策のプラットフォームの役割を求められているが、学校関係者の当事者意識は必ずしも高くない。本研究は、こうした状況に対して教育学の研究者に何ができるかという視点から、地域に根ざした質的研究の可能性を探るものである。具体的には、弘前大学「子どもの貧困」プロジェクトと青森県母子寡婦福祉連合会による「新型コロナウイルス下のひとり親家庭に関する実態調査」における関係者の協働と調査結果の活用から、その課題と可能性を検討した。地域に根ざすことと匿名性の確保の両立に難しさはあるが、地域に根ざした質的研究は「すぐ隣で起きている、でも、見えていないこと」を可視化する優れた方法であり、関係者の協働によるその企画分析のプロセスは、調査実践の公共性につながるものといえる。

著者

吉田 美穂

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.89-109, 2007-11-30 (Released:2015-07-14)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

8 3

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This paper examines the control system of secondary schools and teachersʼ survival strategies in the 2000s, a time known as an era of accountability, through an ethnography of a low-ranked high school in the metropolitan area.Student guidance and maintaining school order are important tasks for Japanese teachers. The culture of administration in secondary education has changed over time. In the late 1990s, a “counseling mentality” and “internal understanding” were emphasized in student guidance rather than administering the exterior aspect of students, under the system of “kanri kyoiku”, until the 1980s. Earlier papers indicate that there was a process of “consummatorization of schooling.” How, then, is order maintained in schools in the 2000s? The main data for this paper were gathered from April 2005 to August 2006.Participatory observation and interviews were carried out to describe the control system under which teachers avoided conflict with students. For example, teachers kept discipline indirectly by recording absence times in five-minute units. The maximum period of absence for receiving credits for the class was made known to students who were considered problematic and who tended to miss class. Some inappropriate behaviors, such as failing to wear the school uniform and eating in class, were also dealt with as absent time. In this way, teachers were able to keep their classes in order and avoid conflicts with students. Teachers often behaved gently and kindly, supporting the students under the assumption of this count system. In this paper, this behavior by teachers is called “Osewa mode,” with osewa meaning “caring” in Japanese. The teachers used this strategy to conceal their authority to set rules and to keep order in a way that avoided conflicts with students. They soothed students with gentle behavior and familiar words. They often directed studentsʼ attention to the absent time count and advised them to attend classes with a proper attitude. This strategy was transmitted to other teachers through group interactions. The school kept order through a “Control system to avoid conflict with students” and the “Osewa Mode,” which is an individual strategy based on that system. On the other hand, this system and strategy fits well into an era of accountability. Teachers often gave notification to parents of the numerical value of the absent time count. This made it easy for teachers to justify their treatment of students to their parents.Teachersʼ culture differs by regions. Therefore, there are some limits to the usefulness of the descriptions in this paper, as they would differ in different teachersʼ cultures in rural areas. However, the metropolitan area tends to lead in the areas of accountability, loss of teachersʼ authority and “consumerization ofschooling.” Thus, the “Osewa Mode” and “Control system to avoid conflict with students” in this ethnography in the metropolitan area may show important characteristics of teachersʼ culture in the 2000s.

著者

吉田 美穂 川崎 弘作

出版者

一般社団法人 日本理科教育学会

雑誌

理科教育学研究 (ISSN:13452614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.675-685, 2020-03-30 (Released:2020-04-15)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

4

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本研究は小学校理科の問題設定場面における,「なぜ」という探究の見通しを持たない疑問を「何が」や「どのように」といった探究の見通しを含む問いに変換する際の思考力に着目し,その育成を目指している。このような疑問から問いへの変換における思考力を育成するにあたり,その変換過程は「疑問を認識した後に仮説を形成し,形成された仮説を踏まえて問いを設定する」(「疑問の認識→仮説の形成→問いの生成」)というように先行研究により整理されているが,これを基にした小学生を対象とする実態調査は行われていない。このため,本研究は疑問から問いへの変換過程の中でもとりわけ「仮説から問いへの変換」(「仮説の形成→問いの生成」)に着目して評価問題及び質問紙を作成し,小学生の実態調査を行った。その結果,小学生は仮説から問いへ変換することができないということ,また,その原因として,問いの形式に関する知識や問いへの変換に関する知識が不足しているということが実態として明らかになった。

著者

吉田 美穂

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.47-67, 2005-11-15 (Released:2011-03-18)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 2

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the internal structure and dynamism of teachers' culture and its interactions with the outside world, by analyzing a survey of teachers' attitudes towards teaching evaluations by students, carried out for all public high school teachers in Kochi Prefecture in 2004.Previous studies in the field of educational sociology have pointed out the following properties of teachers as a group, which demonstrate an introverted and pro-status quo nature: exclusiveness, conservatism, nonintervention, and the prioritization of harmony with colleagues. On the other hand, some recent studies in the field of educational administration argue that collaboration between teachers can contribute to the improvement of schools. However these various properties are only described independently, and there has not been sufficient clarification of the relations among them within the reality of teachers as a group. For example, what is the relationship between collaboration and placing priority on harmony? Recent policies for educational reform have aimed at changing the conservative culture of teachers. Unless we have an adequate understanding of the internal structure and dynamism of teachers' culture, however, we cannot decide which strategy is better. There is a need to clarify its internal structure and dynamism.To elucidate the problem mentioned above, firstly, this paper presents the results of an attitude survey conducted by questionnaire targeting all teachers in public high schools in Kochi prefecture. The reason I chose Kochi is that it is one of Japan's most advanced prefectures in the area of teaching evaluations by students, which have been introduced during the past several years in Japan. Secondly, from these surveys, I extract six factors of school organizational culture by factors analysis, and search for causal relationships between these factors and teachers' attitudes towards teaching evaluation by multivariate analysis. Thirdly, based on these findings, I discuss the internal structure of teachers' culture.The paper reaches the following conclusions:(1) The organizational culture of a school has a greater effect on each teacher's awareness or attitudes toward educational reforms than their individual attributes.(2) Collaboration by teachers' groups needs to be divided into two properties: democratic collaboration and collaboration for improvement.(3)Democratic collaboration is the basis for collaboration for improvement, which make it possible for teachers to transform themselves; on the other hand, there is some possibility of it leading to exclusiveness, conservatism and nonintervention.(4) In order to foster collaboration for improvement on the basis of democratic collaboration, there is a need to escape from nonintervention through the building of friendly relationships and promotion of the redundancy of information, and to avoid conservatism and exclusiveness by the achievement of open management with adequate communications between administrators and ordinary teachers.(5)The properties of teachers as a group that have been mentioned in the past, such as exclusiveness, conservatism and nonintervention, should be understood within a variety of dimensions, based on the factors of organizational culture mentioned above, and on this basis, different appropriate strategies should be devised for solutions.

著者

綿貫 啓 佐藤 尚文 高井 良樹 草別 智行 荒川 和久 吉田 美穂 長谷川 紳治 三島 敬明 飯島 耕作

出版者

一般社団法人日本消化器外科学会

雑誌

日本消化器外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03869768)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.6, 1997-06-01

著者

吉田 美穂 Miho YOSHIDA 神奈川県立田奈高等学校 Kanagawa Prefectural Tana Senior High School

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.47-67, 2005-11-15

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the internal structure and dynamism of teachers' culture and its interactions with the outside world, by analyzing a survey of teachers' attitudes towards teaching evaluations by students, carried out for all public high school teachers in Kochi Prefecture in 2004. Previous studies in the field of educational sociology have pointed out the following properties of teachers as a group, which demonstrate an introverted and pro-status quo nature : exclusiveness, conservatism, nonintervention, and the prioritization of harmony with colleagues. On the other hand, some recent studies in the field of educational administration argue that collaboration between teachers can contribute to the improvement of schools. However these various properties are only described independently, and there has not been sufficient clarification of the relations among them within the reality of teachers as a group. For example, what is the relationship between collaboration and placing priority on harmony? Recent policies for educational reform have aimed at changing the conservative culture of teachers. Unless we have an adequate understanding of the internal structure and dynamism of teachers' culture, however, we cannot decide which strategy is better. There is a need to clarify its internal structure and dynamism. To elucidate the problem mentioned above, firstly, this paper presents the results of an attitude survey conducted by questionnaire targeting all teachers in public high schools in Kochi prefecture. The reason I chose Kochi is that it is one of Japan's most advanced prefectures in the area of teaching evaluations by students, which have been introduced during the past several years in Japan. Secondly, from these surveys, I extract six factors of school organizational culture by factors analysis, and search for causal relationships between these factors and teachers' attitudes towards teaching evaluation by multivariate analysis. Thirdly, based on these findings, I discuss the internal structure of teachers' culture. The paper reaches the following conclusions : (1) The organizational culture of a school has a greater effect on each teacher's awareness or attitudes toward educational reforms than their individual attributes. (2) Collaboration by teachers' groups needs to be divided into two properties : democratic collaboration and collaboration for improvement. (3) Democratic collaboration is the basis for collaboration for improvement, which make it possible for teachers to transform themselves; on the other hand, there is some possibility of it leading to exclusiveness, conservatism and nonintervention. (4) In order to foster collaboration for improvement on the basis of democratic collaboration, there is a need to escape from nonintervention through the building of friendly relationships and promotion of the redundancy of information, and to avoid conservatism and exclusiveness by the achievement of open management with adequate communications between administrators and ordinary teachers. (5) The properties of teachers as a group that have been mentioned in the past, such as exclusiveness, conservatism and nonintervention, should be understood within a variety of dimensions, based on the factors of organizational culture mentioned above, and on this basis, different appropriate strategies should be devised for solutions.