著者

高橋 英海 桑原 尚子 近藤 洋平 辻上 奈美江 菊地 達也 三代川 寛子

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2014-04-01

---

本研究では、中東・北アフリカのイスラーム地域における少数派・弱者を取り上げ、その過去と現状について3年の期間をかけて調査を行った。具体的には、少数派・弱者を(1)「イスラーム圏における少数派としてのキリスト教およびその他の宗教」、(2)「イスラーム圏における伝統的弱者としての女性」、(3)「イスラーム世界における異端」という3つの研究課題に分け、それぞれの課題について調査を行い、思想史的および社会学的手法を用いて考察した。

著者

辻上奈美江著

出版者

福村出版

巻号頁・発行日

2011

著者

辻上 奈美江

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

文化人類学 (ISSN:13490648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.3, pp.386-394, 2017 (Released:2018-05-16)

参考文献数

13

---

This paper points out epistemic violence over the ‘Afghan Girl’ whose photographic portrait became iconic after appearing on a National Geographic cover in 1985. It was during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, when the girl was photographed in Pakistan for the first time, which subsequently made her widely known in the West. Her picture articulates the image of innocent Afghans suffering from the ‘evildoing’ of the Soviets during the Cold War. It drew the sympathy of quite a few Westerners toward Afghan refugees, encouraging them to become involved in antiwar volunteer activities and charities. Despite her picture’s tremendous publicity, nothing was known about her until the curiosity about her re-emerged after a long hiatus when the Taliban regime collapsed due to attacks by NATO in 2001. By the time National Geographic crews found the ‘Afghan Girl’ again in Pakistan in 2002, her symbolic significance shifted from that of a victim of Soviet air strikes to one of the Taliban regime, notorious for having introduced sexist policies to Afghanistan. The rediscovery of the ‘Afghan Girl’ is associated with a paternalistic project aiming at saving the girl from a barbaric male-dominated society. The fact that the National Geographic decided to create the Afghan Girl’s Fund to support girls’ education is clear evidence that some Westerners view themselves as saviors of miserable girls who do not have access to proper education. They needed a woman—not a man—as an icon, one that can successfully project the image of a victim of female oppression to suit their convenience. The trajectory of the ‘Afghan Girl’ stimulates us to revisit Gayatri Spivak’s critique on speaking about women in subaltern classes. Spivak disclosed Foucault and Deleuze’s imperialist subject-constitution in her paper entitled “Can the Subaltern Speak?” She maps out the subjective sovereignty of varying elites(in her case, the British and Indian elites) by demonstrating the practice of sati, the burning of widows on their husbands’ funeral pyres, and its subsequent abolition in India. Spivak reached the conclusion that no one encounters the testimony of the women’s voice-consciousness, as subjective sovereignty is always conserved among the elites. This paper suggests some similarities between the ‘Afghan Girl’ and the controversy over sati. Whenever the magazine photographs and writes about the ‘Afghan Girl,’ the West is always presupposed as the subject. Global/ local elites represent her in a way suiting their interest. Although she is formidably publicized, her raison d’être is recognized only as a mirror of Westerners. As such, she is situated as ‘the other’ whose relevance fluctuates in accordance with the context of Western politics. This paper tries to problematize such issues, and looks into subjectivity, representation and the intersectionality of the ‘Afghan Girl’ from a post-colonial perspective.

著者

辻上 奈美江

出版者

白山人類学研究会

雑誌

白山人類学 = Hakusan review of anthropology (ISSN:13415980)

巻号頁・発行日

no.16, pp.55-73, 2013-03

著者

長澤 榮治 鈴木 恵美 松本 弘 岩崎 えり奈 臼杵 陽 飯塚 正人 泉 淳 辻上 奈美江 ダルウィッシュ ホサム 錦田 愛子 横田 貴之 石黒 大岳

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2012-04-01

---

2011年1月に始まるアラブ革命の各国ごとの多様な展開を、憲法改正などの政治改革に成功した事例から、軍事クーデターや運動弾圧による内戦の勃発とその長期化による大量の難民発生の事例まで、実証的に検討し、その背景となるイスラーム運動など地域の基軸的な諸問題との関係を考察した。また、パレスチナ問題の展開や域内の非アラブ国や域外大国の介入など中東域内政治の構造変容についても分析を進めた。以上の研究の成果を社会に向けて公開・発信した。今後の研究発展の基盤整備のために、アラビア語など関連文献資料の収集を行い、政治動向の情報の系統的な収集・蓄積とアーカイブ化に向けた試作的なデータベースの作成も行った。