著者

久野 靖 大木 敦雄 角田 博保 粕川 正充 Yasushi Kuno Atsuo Ohki Hiroyasu Kakuda Masaatsu Kasukawa 筑波大学大学院経営システム科学専攻 筑波大学大学院経営システム科学専攻 電気通信大学情報工学科 お茶の水女子大学情報科学科 Graduate School of Systems Management The University of Tsukuba Tokyo Graduate School of Systems Management The University of Tsukuba Tokyo Department of Computer Science University of Electro-Communications Department of Information Science Ochanomizu University

出版者

日本ソフトウェア科学会

雑誌

コンピュータソフトウェア (ISSN:02896540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.230-240, 1996-05-15

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

4

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図的ユーザインタフェースの一種として,アイコンで様々な対象を表現し操作するWIMP[1]インタフェースがある.WIMPインタフェースでアイコンに対する操作を指示するやり方(操作選択方式)としてメニュー,ドラグ&ドロップ,キー操作などがあるが,これらの間には,操作時間が短いものは柔軟性や分かりやすさに欠け,柔軟で分かりやすいものは操作時間が長いというトレードオフがある.筆者らはドラグ&ドロップの改良版として「アイコン投げ」(ドラグの途中でマウスボタンを離してもアイコンがこれまでの速度と方向で目的地に向かって移動し続ける方式)に注目し,その操作時間について実験と検討を行った.実験の結果,「アイコン投げ」インタフェースはメニュー,パレット,ドラグ&ドロップなどのマウスによる選択方法より有意に高速であり,誤り率も他の方法と比べて遜色ないため,図的インタフェースの基本操作として有望である.

著者

沖 明典 Akinori OKI 筑波大学大学院人間総合科学研究科婦人周産期医学 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba

雑誌

日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 = Acta obstetrica et gynaecologica Japonica (ISSN:03009165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.11, pp.1739-1744, 2006-11-01

被引用文献数

3

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[Purpose] Our aim is to clarify how HPV type and other prognostic factors are involved in regression and progression of CIN 1/2. The primary endpoint is progression to CIN 3 and the secondary endpoint is regression to normal cervix. The second aim is to make a guideline of management of CIN 1/2 based on the data from the cohort study. [Methods] The study subjects consisted of 570 women aged 54 or younger with cytologically and histologically confirmed CIN 1/2. CIN cases included 479 CIN 1 and 91 CIN 2. They were followed up at 4 month-interval and received cervical cytology and colposcopy at each visit. The study methods included a self-administered questionnaire, detection and typing of HPV, detection of serum antibody against HSV, CMV and Chlamydia trachomatis, and analysis of HLA class II alleles. A self-administered questionnaire were composed of 10 study variables including smoking, marital status, number of births, use of contraceptives and lifetime number of sexual partners. We used the HPV risk categories based on the meta-analysis of 14 Japanese reports; high-risk (HPV16/18/31/33/35/52/58), intermediate-risk (HPV39/45/51/56/59/68) and low-risk (other types of HPV) groups. [Results] The median follow-up time was 38.1 months. The 570 subjects were divided into 361 (63.3%) patients with regression, 172 (28.6%) patients with persistence and 46 (8.1%) patients with progression. The median regression time was 6.5 months and the median progression time was 17.9 months, suggesting that regression is an early event and progression is a late event in the national history of CIN 1/2. We used hazard ratio after adjustment of Age, CIN grade and HPV category to evaluate various prognostic factors, because the three factors were closely associated with both regression and progression in the univariate analysis. Age, CIN grade, HPV risk category, smoking, marital status, and number of sexual partners were significantly associated with CIN persistence, whereas CIN grade, HPV risk category and HLA class II allele (HLA DRB1*1302) had significant association with CIN progression. Based on these data, we proposed 'The Prognostic Scoring System for CIN 1/2' using three prognostic factors such as age (thirties; 1, others; 0), CIN grade (grade 2; 3, grade 1; 1, no histological confirmation; 0) and HPV risk category (high 3, intermediate; 1, low; 0). When the CIN 1/2 patient has 5 or higher points in this scoring system, the treatment of CIN 1/2 (LEEP, lasar vaporizaion or conization) is recommended. According to the decision rule, we need to treat most of CIN 2 patients and a part of CIN 1 patients. To compare with the ACOG guideline, this system can more accurately identify higher-risk group as target for treatment. [Conclusion] These data suggest that HPV type and CIN grade are the highest determinants of both regression and progression of CIN and host environmental factors (age, smoking, marital status, and number of sexual partners) may correlate with CIN regression and host genetic variations (HLA class II allele) may be associated with CIN progression. The new prognostic scoring system based on the data from the cohort study can be a new guideline for management of CIN 1/2.

著者

景 夢如 筑波大学人文社会科学研究科博士前期課程 ケイ ムジョ University of Tsukuba JING MengRu

出版者

東京外国語大学国際日本研究センター

雑誌

日本語・日本学研究 / 東京外国語大学国際日本研究センター [編] (Journal for Japanese studies) (ISSN:21860769)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.57-84, 2019-03-31

著者

片上 大輔 鳥海 不二夫 大澤 博隆 稲葉 通将 篠田 孝祐 松原 仁 Daisuke Katagami Fujio Toriumi Hirotaka Osawa Michimasa Inaba Kosuke Shinoda Hitoshi Matsubara 東京工芸大学工学部コンピュータ応用学科 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 筑波大学システム情報系 広島市立大学大学院情報科学研究科 電気通信大学大学院情報システム学研究科 公立はこだて未来大学システム情報科学部 Department of Applied Computer Science Faculty of Engineering Tokyo Polytechnic University Department of Applied Computer Science Faculty of Engineering The University of Tokyo Faculty of Engineering Information and Systems University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Information Sciences Hiroshima City University Graduate School of Information Systems The University of Electro-Communications Faculty of Systems Information Science Future University Hakodate

雑誌

人工知能 = journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (ISSN:21882266)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.65-73, 2015-01-01

著者

the University of Tsukuba Institute of Socio-Economic Planning

出版者

筑波大学社会工学系

巻号頁・発行日

1976

著者

筑波大学大学院地域研究研究科 [編] = Graduate School of Area Studies University of Tsukuba

出版者

筑波大学地域研究科

巻号頁・発行日

1983

著者

筑波大学地球科学系 (人文地理学研究室) = Institute of Geoscience the University of Tsukuba

出版者

筑波大学地球科学系

巻号頁・発行日

1977

著者

カイザー シュテファン Stefan Kaiser 筑波大学文芸・言語学系 University of Tsukuba

雑誌

世界の日本語教育. 日本語教育論集 = Japanese language education around the globe ; Japanese language education around the globe (ISSN:09172920)

巻号頁・発行日

no.5, pp.155-167, 1995-04-28

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中国の文字体系と比べて、全体としての日本の文字体系は「世界の文字」の中で従来あまり注目されず、文字学ではむしろ漢字から発達した仮名文字に興味が集中した。 本稿は文字のタイポロジーとその問題点を概観してから、中国の体系と3大表語文字体系であるエジプト、シューメル、マヤの体系との相違点の分析を行なう。とくに、3システムにおける象形文字内部に表音性が備わっていないことや、それにともなって同じ象形文字が補音符などとして早い段階で使われるようになった点に注目する。それに対して、中国の漢字が量 的に他のシステムと比べて圧倒的に多い事実は、その文字に内在する表音性によるもので、他のシステムのような文字の表音的使用が発達しなかった。以前から一部の人がいっているように、中国の漢字は形態素音節文字というべく、表語文字ではない。その考えの正当であることは最近の実験の結果 でも確認できる。 日本のシステムにおける漢字は、中国の場合と違って基本的に一字多音である。そこでエジプト、シューメル、マヤの体系と同様に多読字の読み方は文脈に頼るだけでなく、送り仮名など表音文字で補助的に示す傾向がある。エジプト、シューメル、マヤの文字体系を表語文字と呼ぶなら、日本語のシステムもその範疇に入れることになるが、同じ漢字を使う中国語のためには別の分類が適当である。

著者

砂山 渡 大澤 幸生 谷内田 正彦 Wataru Sunayama Yukio Ohsawa Masahiko Yachida 大阪大学大学院基礎工学研究科システム人間系専攻 筑波大学大学院経営システム科学専攻 大阪大学大学院基礎工学研究科システム人間系専攻 Dept.of Systems and Human Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University. Graduate School of Systems Management University of Tsukuba. Dept.of Systems and Human Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University.

雑誌

人工知能学会誌 = Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (ISSN:09128085)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.6, pp.1117-1124, 2000-11-01

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In recent years, Web pages have become the most available resource of information. However, it is hard to express a user interest by words, so people are hard to access those information by using search engines. In this paper, we suggest a system which supplies keywords used in real Web pages. This system aims at making up a lack of user's knowledge and filling the gap between user's knowledge and real information. Along with these, a two-dimensional search interface is supplied to a user. In this interface, keywords are classified by a user interest and are arranged with expressing the relation between a user interest and Web pages cleary. As a result, a user can make his/her own interest concrete and can get disirable pages quickly.

著者

飯田 浩之 Hiroyuki IIDA 筑波大学 The University of Tsukuba

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.41-60, 2007-05-31

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In Japan, disparities in high schools showed an increasing tendency until the end of the 1970s. Since that time, attempts have been made to analyze and reduce these disparities, both in the field of sociology of education and educational reforms. This paper aims to re-examine the challenges in both fields and to elucidate their positive outcomes and limitations, and in addition, to point out a new perspective for future challenges in this area. Academically, the study of disparities began with the application of the concept of "tracking." At the beginning, many types of evils caused by disparities were problematized, and the concept of "tracking" was adopted to document the situation. The concept of "tracking" was compatible with functionalism, which was the main theoretical stream in the sociology of education at that time. The concept of "tracking" was originally used in studies of high schools in the United States to reveal the fact that there were invisible mechanisms for the selection of students in open curriculum systems. However, in Japan, the concept was used to report the fact that there were great differences in the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students based on school disparities. In other words, the concept was used to point out the effects of the disparities. As a result, the study of disparities has been developed as the study of "tracking effects." It can be said that studies of the tracking effect could have contributed to investigations of the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students. But instead, they took a macro perspective from the studies of school disparities. As a result, disparities were not examined in relation to social structures. Politically, there are two ways to reduce disparities in schools. One is to control the level of achievement of new students in order to prevent the emergence of differences among schools (input control). The other is to control educational activities in the schools to ensure that tracking effects do not take place in each school (through-put control). Since the late 1970s, input controls have been carried out through reforms of the entrance examination system of high schools and improvements of the guidance system of junior high schools. However, these controls were too indirect to reduce school disparities. In other words, whether they could reduce the disparities or not depended on their ability to change students' standards for school choice, which were indeed subjective. Through-put controls have been carried out as reforms of high schools. High school reforms after the 1980s were generally seen as an attempt to weaken classifications and frames of education. Logically, it seemed that these efforts led to a limitation of tracking effects in each school and to a reduction in school disparities as a whole. However, these attempts were not effective as they lacked a grand design and were done separately for each school. Challenges to the school disparities in both fields mentioned above seems to be homologous. They share the fact that they look at the disparities from a narrow perspective, only in relation to inner processes of each school or the subjective aspect of students. School disparities are social disparities. For example, they involve class differences among the enrolled students, and are related to regional differences. Consequently, in order to reduce school disparities, it is necessary to see them in their social context. The conclusion of this paper, by introducing recent challenges to school disparities, proposes this new perspective.