著者

宮地 隆廣

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_1-207_16, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

37

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This article serves as an introduction to the third special issue of International Relations on Latin American politics. Following the two previous prefaces, it reviews relevant literature to map out arguments about the development of democratization in the region and its domestic and international determinants. This helps to clarify the features and novelty of the papers included in this issue.The twenty Latin American countries of the present century have been experiencing a slow deterioration of democracy. It is noteworthy that this is not occurring in all the countries: some have maintained a responsible democratic government while others have fallen into full autocracy. The most popular explanation of this divergence is that an unconsolidated party system gives room for the rise of a radical left president, who would destroy the checks and balances among governmental bodies and limit civil liberties. However, as recent literature points out, a party system is not the only deciding factor of the fate of democracy. Constitutional arrangement of political institutions, such as de jure power given to the executive body, and public support to the government also encourages or discourages the autocratic behavior of a president. It is not still clear which of these factors is the most crucial and how they relate to each other.As mentioned above, emphasizing the difference between Latin American politics in this century and those in the previous one runs the risk of obscuring the continuity between them. The focus on individual research topics rather than the degree of democratization of the central government as a whole sheds light on unchanged political characteristics over the centuries (e.g. persistence of sub-national authoritarianism) and the cause-and-effect relationship between them (e.g. governance reform in the 20th century as the foundation of technocrat-driven policy making in the next century).New trends in international affairs, such as the emergence of regional organizations without the United States of America (e.g. UNASUR), growing economic influence of China, and globalization of non-governmental activities also have some influence on domestic politics. It is important to note that each international factor plays a complex role in the democratization process. For example, globalization leads to growth of transnational crime organizations that are likely to undermine civil liberties by taking a devastating toll on civil security and provoking iron fist reactions from the government. However, globalization also empowers civil society by creating transnational solidarity with victims. Finally, amid the serious fragmentation of international relations in the Americas mainly caused by ideological conflicts among the governments, the Japanese government, which has made the promotion of democracy one of its foreign policies toward Latin America, has the potential to contribute to the democratization of the countries of the region.

著者

出岡 直也

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_17-207_32, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

31

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Determinants of the changing size of support for the Chávez administration in Venezuela is an important research subject, especially because it has an implication on the theme as to how much, and how, world capitalism determines the politics in Latin American countries. The two simplified versions of the thesis of world capitalism’s ruling power, which is plausible given that the region has had regionwide wave-like political changes, point to its determination of Latin American countries’ macroeconomic conditions and of their economic policies. Although existing studies tend to attribute the changing size of support for Chávez to macroeconomic performance and redistributive policies, they generally do not distinguish them explicitly, much less they compare them.This paper attempts to compare them, using survey data analysis methods. With a critical review of the literature on economic voting, which predominantly has shown that retrospective “sociotropic” economic voting is the rule, I argue that these findings might be misleading and that the effects of redistributive policies should be systematically integrated into the framework of economic voting studies. I present a working hypothesis that there are those cases in whose analyses the variables of prospective pocketbook evaluation of the low-income population can show the effects of redistributive policies and that Venezuela in the Chávez era is one of these cases. An important assumption is that the combined effects of macroeconomic performance and redistributive policies, which, in turn, are highly conflicting sometimes, are crucial for the low-income population in the developing countries like Latin American ones. Comparing the determining power of the aforementioned variables with other variables, with these considerations in mind, using the data of the Latin American Popular Opinion Project (LAPOP) survey conducted in 2010, the period which I consider crucial for this essay’s theme, I preliminarily tackle with the research subject mentioned above.A tentative conclusion is that both macroeconomic conditions and redistributive policies played a substantial part, with an implication that, although world capitalism is very important as a constraint in Latin America, each country’s political forces have choices. Methodologically, this paper tentatively shows that standard economic-voting analysis methods, under some conditions, might verify the effects of redistributive policies on voting behavior. A theoretical implication of this paper is that a certain reconsideration of the standard economic-voting framework might be in order.

著者

大澤 傑

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_33-207_48, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

87

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This paper explores how personalization was formed in Nicaragua by Daniel Ortega according to four factors: short-term, long-term, domestic, and international perspectives. Latin America and the Caribbean countries have been strongly influenced by U.S. national strategies. Thus, Nicaraguan politics is often structured by its relationship with the U.S. and regional powers. However, the final decision of political regime change is made by domestic actors. Therefore, the process of personalization must be considered in both domestic and international politics.Populism is an important concept that explains recent personalization in Latin America. Ortega criticizes the U.S.-led globalization to gain support from the people. Furthermore, populist ruling methods are similar to those of personalized rulers. However, is there an understanding that personalization is a political phenomenon that can always be explained by populism? In fact, the study of Nicaraguan politics has emphasized not only short-term factors, such as populism, but also long-term factors such as political culture. How can the ongoing personalization in Nicaragua be explained from both the long-term and short-term factors?The FSLN administration tried to democratize the country to get support from the international community, but this decision triggered a regime change. However, for the new administration, a coalition against the FSLN was the only factor to bind them together. This situation led to conflicts within the government, and it was difficult to efficiently manage the administration. To overcome this difficulty, the ruling party decided to cooperate with the FSLN. In this way, the FSLN returned to power; in the meantime, it had already transformed into Ortega’s personal party. The pact between the ruling party and the FSLN determined Ortega’s return to power. Since then, Ortega has personalized not only his party but also its political regime with a skillful diplomatic dance between regional major powers and the U.S. This tendency has accelerated by less support from international society.The analysis shows unequivocally that domestic and international factors always had an impact on political regime change in Nicaragua. However, personalization is formed mainly by domestic factors, and external factors have reinforced the domestic movement in Nicaragua. In addition, this study shows that it is difficult to explain the process of Ortega’s personalization according to short-term factors such as populism. Instead, it is a long-term factor, such as a traditional power-sharing method in a duopoly, that pushed Ortega’s personalization forward. The interaction of these four factors defines Nicaragua’s personalization.

著者

浦部 浩之

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_65-207_80, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

37

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In the first decade of the 21st century, the following regional integrations were established in Latin America: ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America), UNASUR (Union of South American Nations), and CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States). Initially, these new forums demonstrated a strong will to challenge U.S. hegemony and neoliberalism. However, their activities stagnated to the point of collapse in the mid-2010s, which weakened the political independence of Latin American nations.The failure of these post-neoliberal integrations tends to be considered a failure of the left governments’ national projects. However, it should be noted that the concept of anti-hegemonic integration was already present in Brazil in the 1990s, much before the region’s move to the left. Post-neoliberal integration expanded throughout the continent and successfully promoted the integration process. However, the ultimate goal of enforcing the states’ role and capacity by establishing new schemas of integration was not derived solely from left ideology in the post-neoliberal era.It is important to note that by joining in regional integration, Latin American nations pursue not regional but national interests. In other words, the integration process develops only under the condition that each nation considers the objects of the integration to be compatible with national interests. Therefore, the consensus mechanism was highly emphasized in UNASUR’s and CELAC’s decision-making processes. This characteristic contributed to sustaining unity in the region but prevented the establishment of measures to resolve political disputes between member nations, eroding efficiency and the raison d’être of the organizations.It is worth analyzing how regional integration succeeded from 2000–2010. In order to achieve integration, Latin American nations needed an international circumstance unhampered by hegemonic powers or external obstacles. For example, Latin American states benefitted from an increase in national revenue due to the increased prices of natural resources in the international market. Additionally, the U.S. government did not focus on hemispheric matters after the September 11 attacks, choosing to concentrate its foreign policy on combatting terrorism.The UNASUR process finally deadlocked when Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro was accused of leading an authoritarian administration and destroyed the atmosphere of regional cooperation. Nevertheless, South American nations never returned to the traditional Inter-American system promoted by the U.S. Rather, they sought to establish a new forum, PROSUR (Forum for the Progress and Development of South America), to maintain their own cooperation schema.

著者

舛方 周一郎

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_81-207_96, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

51

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The purpose of this article is to analyze how China has been involved in Brazil’s climate change policies that promote renewable energy. In the 2000s, Latin American countries began implementing economic development with technical and financial strategic partnerships with China. From this situation, it is argued that China created new dominant and subordinate relations to replace the United States, and thus became involved in the economic development of Latin America.However, previous studies on strategic partnerships such as Xu (2015), Wise (2020) have not thoroughly explained the dimension of “sustainability,” although some have focused on economic and trade policies. There were challenges, such as underestimating the aim and autonomy of recipient countries, considering how Latin American countries that accepted China’s involvement became subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party.To overcome the challenges of the previous studies, this article describes China-Brazil relations about climate change policies in the Brazilian administrations of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Vana Rousseff, and Michel Miguel Temer Lulia. First, The Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping eras turned when China began working on domestic environmental recovery. Meanwhile, in Brazil, the Lula administration had begun full-scale utilization of strategic partnerships with China and established cooperation in climate change policies based on multilateral and bilateral dialogues. The Rousseff administration upgraded its strategic partnership with China after hosting The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), entered into the Paris Agreement, and promoted domestic renewable energy policies, in which China was also involved. Then the Temer administration announced to deepen its pragmatic “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” with China after it transitioned power. China strengthened its involvement in Brazil’s climate change policies by launching the “Green Belt and Road Initiative”, including the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.”This process resulted in this article discovering that Brazil will maintain its economic dependence on China even if the administration’s political position changes due to transition of government. However, this article shows that Brazil utilizes China’s diplomatic strategy when involved in other countries’ policies. Brazil also has the autonomy to adjust its interests between China and other members in multilateral negotiations by utilizing the negotiation grounds of strategic partnerships such as the China-Brazil Commission of High Level of Agreement and Cooperation (COSBAN), BRICS Summit.The theoretical implication is that the inclusion of the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development in the strategic cooperation between China and Brazil also promotes comprehensive cooperation between the two. However, China’s deeper involvement in Brazil’s climate change polices might also promote negatively “Environmental Authoritarianism.”

著者

ロメロ イサミ

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.207, pp.207_97-207_112, 2022-03-30 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

64

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In the 1950s, Cuba was Japan’s primary sugar supplier but maintained a protectionist policy that prevented the entry of Japanese textiles. This situation resulted in a constant trade deficit for the Japanese side. Thus, to resolve this situation, in July 1954, the Yoshida administration (1948–1954) sought to sign a trade agreement with Cuba that would eliminate such discriminatory policies and offered to Havana to buy a fixed annual amount of sugar. However, the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista (1952–1959) maintained a non-cooperative position. In the end, Japan canceled the negotiations, and both the trade deficit and the discriminatory policies continued for several years. This situation changed with the victory of the Cuban Revolution in 1959.Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolutionary government took a favorable position towards Japan. Thus, in June 1959, a Cuban mission headed by Ernesto “Che” Guevara visited Japan. The main goal of this “famous revolutionary” was to investigate the possibility of establishing a trade agreement with the Kishi administration (1957–1960) and guarantee the continuity of Japanese importing Cuban sugar. In the end, Japan could not sign the trade agreement with Guevara’s mission, but the Kishi administration understood that the Cuban revolutionary government was willing to negotiate. Thus, in February 1960, both countries began formal negotiations and two months later signed the Agreement on Commerce between Japan and the Republic of Cuba, eliminating the discriminatory policy.In this sense, Guevara’s mission represented a turning point in postwar Japan-Cuban relations. However, many preliminary studies, especially the biography of Guevara written by Toru Miyoshi (1971), have considered that the Kishi administration had belittled Cuba. But, was this situation true? This paper seeks to reexamine Guevara’s visit through sources in the diplomatic research in Japan, Cuba, and United States, and demonstrate the importance of Japanese-Cuban relations in Japanese diplomatic history studies. It should be noted that there are few studies on Japanese diplomatic history towards Latin American countries, using primary diplomatic sources. This paper also seeks to contribute to the increase of new studies in that area.The first section evaluates the literature about Guevara’s visit. Then, the second reconstructs the Japanese-Cuban relations before the Cuban Revolution, to demonstrate the existing conflict between Japan and Batista. Finally, the third section analyzes the Kishi administration policy towards Guevara’s mission.The main conclusion is that the analysis of various diplomatic sources shows that the Kishi administration was interested in Cuban and wanted to complete a trade agreement. In this sense, Japan never actually looked down upon Guevara’s visit, as much of the literature has suggested.

著者

泉川 泰博

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_51-206_66, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

68

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Since the publication of Kenneth Waltz’s Theory of International Politics in 1979, structural realism (neorealism) has occupied the dominant position in the realist paradigm. Criticizing classical realism for its “unscientific” focus on human nature, Waltz posits that the anarchic structure of international system severely constrains states, forcing them to take balancing behavior. While structural realism contributed to making realism more “scientific,” it has generated one drawback; it has turned realist scholars’ attention away from states’ attempts to manipulate external security environments.This article aims to present an alliance theory, dubbed dynamic theory of alliances, that may overcome the aforementioned drawback. This theory regards the degree of alignments as a product of not only the distribution of capabilities/threats but also a clash between a state’s attempt to divide adversaries (wedge strategy) and an allied state’s effort to maintain/enhance unity with its ally (binding strategy). In other words, an alliance is never in stasis but in a state of dynamic equilibrium, a phenomenon in which an equilibrium situation is achieved when two or more countervailing forces cancel one another. Based on these concepts, this article presents the logic of how states choose different wedge/binding strategies and how interactions between them may influence the formation and breakdown of alliances.To examine how the theory may explain alliance politics in the real world, the case of the U.S.-China-Soviet relations in the early Cold War period is analyzed. In the late 1940s, Washington aimed to woo Beijing away from the Soviet orbit while Moscow tried to tighten its alignments with Beijing. After the U.S. wedge strategy failed to prevent the formation of the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1950, Washington continued seeking to divide the alliance in the 1950s by using coercion. The case analysis shows that the hypotheses derived from the theory effectively explain the three-way interactions among Moscow, Beijing, and Washington.

著者

福島 啓之

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_67-206_83, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

86

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This article explains historical transition of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by applying theoretical frameworks which combine the distribution of power in the world and the degree of threat. The explanation reveals the evolution of Japan’s alliance policy as a minor ally. It suggests that the minor ally’s adaptable behavior in order to respond to the threat and unite with the major ally contributes to the maintenance of the asymmetric alliance. This argument provides an implication to answer why the U.S.-Japan alliance has been maintained although it had unfair or unequal relationship for each ally.Theoretical frameworks to examine the asymmetric alliance rearrange four basic forms of the minor ally’s alliance policy. They are reflex balancing, buck-passing, hedging, and complementary cooperation. Reflex balancing is to counter a threat and to rely on a major ally. Buck-passing is to make a major ally accept the burden of an alliance. Hedging is to approach a target country while cooperation with a major ally is maintained. Complementary cooperation is to counter a threat and to assist a major ally.I argue that the combination of the distribution of power and the degree of threat affects the minor ally’s alliance policy as the member of the asymmetric alliance. Their causal relationships have following four patterns. First, if the distribution of power is decentralized and the degree of threat is high, a minor ally chooses reflex balancing. Second, if the distribution of power is decentralized and the degree of threat is low, a minor ally chooses buck-passing. Third, if the distribution of power is concentrated and the degree of threat is low, a minor ally chooses hedging. Fourth, if the distribution of power is concentrated and the degree of threat is high, a minor ally chooses complementary cooperation.Applying theoretical frameworks of balance of power and threat, I explain four basic forms of Japan’s alliance policy which were adopted by succesive administrations except for three short-lived ones. When war and confrontation were observed in the Cold War period, Japan relied on the U.S. and balanced against the Communist camp’s threat. When leaders’ talks and tension reduction were observed in the Cold War period, Japan depended on the U.S. When the sole superpower U.S. pursued unilateralism and exhausted in the Post-Cold War period, Japan cooperated with the U.S. as the ally while it approached China and Russia. When Senkaku islands problem fell into a territorial dispute in the Post-Cold War period, Japan decided to start collective self-defense with the U.S. Therefore, the implication of this article suggests that the adaptable nature of Japan’s alliance policy to the changes of international environment sustained the U.S.-Japan alliance.

著者

藤井 篤

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_84-206_100, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

64

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The Algerian War (1954–1962) accomplished a series of decolonization of the French colonial empire after World War II. Both France and Belgium, tied to each other by a historical friendship, were in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance, partners in the European integration, and imperial powers facing decolonization in their African territories. This study thus focuses on the Franco–Belgian relationships and analyzes the cooperation and its limits between both the parties around the issue of decolonization in Algeria.France tried in vain to make use of the NATO Council to gain international support just after the outbreak of the Algerian War. The United States refused the French proposal due to the fear that such an attempt would destroy NATO. France, on the contrary, continued to claim that the Algerian problem was an internal matter to avoid foreign intervention in the conflict during the war. France was fiercely opposed to submitting the problem to the agenda of the General Assembly of the United Nations, on the grounds that it was within the sphere of domestic jurisdiction as stipulated in Article 2(7) of the Charter of the United Nations (UN).Belgium firmly and consistently supported France in Algeria in the UN due to the fear that Belgian Congo might be debated there when it would be unstable and uncontrollable in the wave of nationalism. France was pleased to have Belgium on its side. While the Belgian UN delegation developed pro-French positions, the Belgian embassy in Paris implicitly had a pessimistic perspective in relation to French settlement of the conflict. Belgium sought diplomatic cooperation with France, and tried to avoid an increasing split of NATO that the prolonged war could bring about. When the French President Charles de Gaulle announced his new policy on September 16, 1959, allowing the Algerians the right of self-determination after peace had been restored, Belgium promptly decided to give this new position its unconditional support. That decision was due to an increasingly aggravated situation in Congo where Belgium nearly lost its administrative powers.While friction and discordance were not salient in the Franco–Belgian relations, Belgium’s vigorous pro-French attitudes could not help but cause Arabic countries to accuse it of being in collusion with French imperialism. Belgium therefore continued to struggle in achieving the three following incompatible goals, namely, cooperation with France, the continuing unity of NATO, and friendship with the Arab nations.

著者

三百苅 拓志

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_117-206_132, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

91

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As a part of the Japan-U.S. Alliance, the Japan-U.S. Security Consultative Committee (SCC) is situated at the top of the hierarchical channel for security talks. The SCC played a major role in the management of the Japan-U.S. Alliance during the post-Cold War era as it was reorganized into a “2+2” meeting structure in which two foreign ministers and two defense ministers participate. However, there have been no studies that have tracked the historical changes in the talks system or the talks process.This paper aims to track the historical transformations in the processes relating to how agreements are reached and to clarify the qualitative changes in these processes until the enactment of the “2+2” system. We will chronologically follow the historical transformations in the Japan-U.S. talks by focusing on the following two points: centered on the “2+2” meetings, how the consulted channels such as the Security Sub-Committee (SSC), the Mini-SSC, and the Sub-Committee on Defense Cooperation (SDC) were utilized in the process of strengthening the alliance; and how actors such as the politicians and the bureaucratic organizations in Japan and the United States spearheaded the agreement. The following became clear as a result of doing this.In the 1990s, the “2+2” meetings became increasingly important as a type of ceremony that demonstrated the strengthening of an alliance. They also transitioned to being a forum in which each of the channels of consultation was converted into a group of processes. The “2+2” meetings then came to play the role of controlling the deadlines for the targets to be met in each of the consultation channels and the channels themselves. In addition, the meetings were positioned as a part of a “comprehensive mechanism” through which Japan and the United States formulated operational plans during emergencies and critical situations in the areas surrounding Japan.In the 2000s, there was a change on the Japanese side, whereby the agreement process changed from being led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to being led by the Prime Minister’s Office. This strengthened the initiative of the cabinet ministers and expanded the role of the Ministry of Defense, in particular the uniformed members of the armed forces. As a result, the negotiations with the United States were held in the form of a joint team for foreign affairs and defense under the Prime Minister’s Office, allowing them to deal with the political issues that were difficult to coordinate. In addition, the uniformed personnel group within the Self-Defense Force (SDF) made use of it expertise to realign the bases as well as the units of the SDF and U.S. forces in Japan, thereby strengthening the military cooperation.In the 2010’s, the Japanese side proposed a revision of the 1997 Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation along with the consideration and coordination of the expansion of the Japan-U.S. roles, including the partial acceptance of the right to have a collective self-defense.It became clear that the qualitative changes in the “2+2” system as described above had gradually strengthened the framework of the Japan-U.S. Alliance. While “2+2” did not fully function right from the beginning, nevertheless, through the changes in the situation in East Asia post the end of Cold War and other factors, the two countries accumulated an experience of more than 20 years and qualitatively shifted towards more politically, militarily, and pragmatically important engagements.

著者

佐竹 知彦

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_133-206_148, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

73

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Since the end of the Cold War, the US allies in Asia such as Japan and Australia have enhanced their bilateral and trilateral security cooperation including the United States. Does it mean that, as some suggest, the US-led “hub and spokes” system—a bilateral alliance network centered on the US “hub” and regional allies as “spokes”—has transformed to a more “networked” alliance structure based on horizontal relations between the United States and regional allies?To answer this question, the paper first focuses on the asymmetric nature of the “hub and spokes” alliance system. Previous studies suggest that an asymmetric structure of the US alliance system in Asia—in a sense that regional allies do not assume defense obligations or burden which are equivalent to those of the United States—has prevented the emergence of the collective defense mechanism such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Europe. In particular, the US regional allies did not wish to establish a collective defense mechanism in Asia, so long as the United States continuously committed to regional allies’ defense bilaterally.This in turn suggests that, should the US security commitment become less credible, regional allies have greater incentives to enhance their mutual defense cooperation in order to prepare for the loss of security provided by the United States. Indeed, Japan and Australia began to enhance their security cooperation immediately after the Cold War, out of fear that the US military presence in the region would become weaken. In order to maintain the strong US military presence in the region, these two allies began to assume greater burden-sharing with the United States.Such cooperation continued after the 2000s, at which the rise of China became more prominent. In order to maintain the US strategic primacy in Asia, Japan and Australia actively contributed to the US-led global “war on terror”. Both countries also increased their roles in regional peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance and disaster reliefs activities. As a result, the trilateral security cooperation became institutionalized in the late 2000s. As such, trilateral security cooperation between Japan, the US and Australia have enhanced as Japan and Australia assumed greater burden and responsibilities in both regional and global security.This ostensibly suggests the transformation of the US alliance network from an asymmetrical “hub and spokes” system to a more symmetrical alliance network. In reality, however, these regional allies enhanced their security cooperation in order to maintain the US strategic primacy, so that they can continuously enjoy the US security commitment to them through bilateral alliance relations. This means that, quite ironically, the so-called “spokes to spokes” cooperation could help to endure, rather than transform, the existing hub and spokes system by maintaining its asymmetric alliance structure.

著者

川村 陶子

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_149-206_164, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

52

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In today’s world, cross-border movement of people, goods, and information causes instability of sovereign nation-state system and distrust in fundamental values. To attain security and creative development of international society, it is necessary to develop a policy which contributes to co-existence and -creation among people with different cultural backgrounds. Conventional research on cultural and public diplomacy suffers from multiplicity of terminology and difficulty in policy evaluation. A new conceptual framework is necessary, which allows comparative study across time and space, and enables analysis of broader policy process.This paper suggests two new concepts to meet the current needs: (1) management of international cultural relations (ICR-management), and (2) cultural relations policy (CRP). The first concept, ICR-management, refers to cultural resources management for the purpose of constructing better intercultural relations. The second concept, CRP, refers to commitment of a state to ICR-management.The paper consists of three parts. Part One sketches out the theoretical background of ICR-management, drawing on different approaches of IR-scholars (and also of practitioners) to cultural dimension of international relations. There are three main approaches: analytical, administrative, and combined. The combined approach explicitly pursues better cross-cultural relations by exploiting cultural resources. Researchers in other disciplines also take interest in ICR-management; recent works of Cultural Policy Research have especially a lot to offer.Part Two introduces the concept of CRP, i.e., a state’s policy which directly or indirectly promotes ICR-management. CRP consists of cultural policies in a broad sense with four interrelated dimensions: external (traditional cultural or public diplomacy), outward (nation branding and information), inbound (attraction of foreigners), and inland (intercultural education and diversity management). Planning and administration of CRP requires consultation and collaboration among many different actors – both public and private, domestic and foreign. Adopting the concept of CRP would make it possible to consider various “cultural policies,” which have conventionally been handled in different administrative sectors, within a single framework. The concept also enlarges the scope of policymaking in international cultural relations, thus facilitates a broader perspective in the analysis and evaluation of a cultural program.Part Three briefly examines the practices of CRP in Germany and Japan. Scope and content of a country’s CRP vary, according to the nation’s constitution and its history of cultural relations with internal and external “others”. While the CRPs of Germany and Japan contrast in their concepts and structures, the two countries share their historical principle of nation-building and the current issue of accepting migrant workers as a complement to aging society. For Japan, it is instructive that many German organizations with longtime experience in “external” cultural policy currently apply their know-how of ICR-management to new “inbound” and “inland” programs.

著者

毛利 聡子

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_165-206_179, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

49

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At the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris in 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached an agreement to combat climate change and set goal of holding temperature rises no more than 2°C. The Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016, and the ratified countries were expected to submit their intended nationally determined contributions. However, climate talks at COP 25 in 2019 ended with limited progress on emissions targets. The long-term climate talks among governments continue to fail to deliver commitment to cut greenhouse gases and to limit dangerous climate impacts.On the other hand, the global financers and investors have accelerated to shift their funds from fossil fuel industry to realize the de-carbonized economy. In practice large institutional investors and companies start to divest from the fossil fuel industry and re-invest renewable energy industry. According to the environmental NGO “Fossil Free”, over 1110 institutions have committed to policies black-listing coal, oil and gas, and assets committed to divestment have leapt from $52 billion in 2014 to more than $11 trillion in 2019. Why do the number of investors express commitment to divest their funds without international legal binding? It can be assumed that institutional investors have re-examined their thoughts through interactions with civil society actors. In order to answer to these questions, this article examines how and to what extent NGOs’proposals and strategies influence on decisions made by institutional investors in three aspects.First, this article explores how the small thinktank called Carbon Tracker’s Report Unburnable Carbon (especially the concept of ‘stranded assets’) could reframe the debate on climate change into financial term. Second, how do strategies taken by fossil fuel divestment movement campaigns impact and effect on finance and public discourse. A closer look is taken at the changing notions of ‘reputation risk’ and ‘fiduciary duty’ which have significant impacts on investors and companies. Third, this article analyzes how the information disclosure system, which is essential for investors to decide investment choice, has been constructed with a particular focus on the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project).In so doing, the article explores the process of non-state actors, particularly NGOs and institutional investors, contributing to create information-based private governance. In addition, the article addresses the conditions and lessons that empower private governance sustainable and democratic.

著者

三船 恵美

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_180-206_189, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

16

著者

山下 光

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_190-206_200, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

6

著者

浅野 豊美

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.206, pp.206_201-206_204, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-31)

著者

前川 一郎

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_157-205_166, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

24

著者

高原 秀介

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_167-205_176, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

5

著者

ロメロ イサミ

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_177-205_180, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)

著者

浜 由樹子

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_180-205_183, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)