著者

川又 伸彦

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.164, pp.97-109, 2021

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はじめに1.条約を契機とする国内の人権保障の進展2.子の連れ去りについてのハーグ条約の概要3.子の連れ去りについての日本の状況と課題4.考察 ─子の連れ去りについての憲法学的試論─おわりに

著者

植林 茂

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, pp.57-76, 2012-11

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山形県では, 三隣亡の年は1年間を通して家を建てることを避けるべきであるという迷信が, 現時点においても広く浸透している。この地域的なアノマリーについて分析すると, 山形県の年間三隣亡は住宅投資(持家の新設住宅着工) への負の効果が認められ, 簡単な計量分析を行えば, 三隣亡の年には住宅着工が平均的に15~20%程度減少している。また, その影響は, 庄内地域だけではなく, 山形県全体に及んでいる一方で, 近隣他県においてはみられない。さらに, 三隣亡という迷信が住宅着工に影響を与えるというアノマリーは, プロスペクト理論を使えば, ある程度説明できる。In Yamagata prefecture, we can find the anomaly that most people avoid building residential houses in the Sanrinbou year which exists three times in 12 years (one circle of the signs of the zodiac in Chinese astrology). Econometric analyses show that the dummy variable of "Annual Sanrinbou" of the estimation equation has a 15~20% negative effect on residential investment. This negative effect spreads to all areas of Yamagata prefecture, but the phenomenon can't be found in other prefectures. The mechanism of this anomaly can be explained mostly by the Cumulative Prospect Theory.

著者

結城 剛志

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, pp.117-129, 2013

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This is a fragmental note for studying the theory of Credit Money and Cartalism. This note includes three fragments. The first fragment summarizes the theoretical understandings of the system of modern inconvertible bank notes. The second fragment describes the precedence studies in the theory of Cartalism. The third fragment introduces and considers the examination of ‘the theories of standard of money’ in “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy” (Marx [1859]). How to understand the modern inconvertible bank notes is a very hot issue: It has been debated whether the notes are credit money or state paper money. The ‘inconvertible bank notes debate’ proposed a critical point of the theory of credit money that cannot explain the connection of gold money and inconvertible paper money. Traditional money-credit theory explains the credit money as convertible bank notes based on gold money, but the theory does not explain the inconvertible bank notes based on gold or any commodities consistently. The state money theory seems to explain the inconvertible bank notes successfully, but this theory has some theoretical inconsistency, too. In order to understand the modern system of money, this note summarizes the debate and picks up three issues, the concept of commodity, the interpretation of national bond as commodity, and the understanding of convertibility. The second fragment describes other doctrines explaining the inconvertible bank notes named cartalistic money, that is paper money which is not a commodity and contains no metal. The famous cartalist Birmingham school in the 19th century is criticized as ‘inflationist’ by Hawtrey [1928] or determined as ‘the doctrine of the ideal measure of money’ by Marx. The third fragment examines the definition of ‘the doctrine of the ideal measure of money’ and another version of cartalism, ‘the theory of the nominal standard of money’. The former theory is represented by Attwood and other Birmingham school theorists, the latter theory is represented by Steuart. Their considerations imply that these ideal money theories include three conditions of the ideal money: proportion to value, invariability of value, and arbitrariness of fixing a standard. However, we cannot approach credit money theory on this theoretical level, and we still have few clues between simple commodity circulation and the level of credit theory.

著者

宮﨑 雅人

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.157, pp.1-6, 2019

著者

許 憲春 李 潔 作間 逸雄 谷口 昭彦

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, pp.55-67, 2006

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本稿では、中国サービス業の範囲および生産面のGDP推計におけるその分類の変化を考察し、中国サービス業統計に存在する問題を検討し、国家統計局によるサービス業統計の改善措置について述べる。

著者

植林 茂

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, pp.57-76, 2012

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山形県では, 三隣亡の年は1年間を通して家を建てることを避けるべきであるという迷信が, 現時点においても広く浸透している。この地域的なアノマリーについて分析すると, 山形県の年間三隣亡は住宅投資(持家の新設住宅着工) への負の効果が認められ, 簡単な計量分析を行えば, 三隣亡の年には住宅着工が平均的に15~20%程度減少している。また, その影響は, 庄内地域だけではなく, 山形県全体に及んでいる一方で, 近隣他県においてはみられない。さらに, 三隣亡という迷信が住宅着工に影響を与えるというアノマリーは, プロスペクト理論を使えば, ある程度説明できる。In Yamagata prefecture, we can find the anomaly that most people avoid building residential houses in the Sanrinbou year which exists three times in 12 years (one circle of the signs of the zodiac in Chinese astrology). Econometric analyses show that the dummy variable of “Annual Sanrinbou” of the estimation equation has a 15~20% negative effect on residential investment. This negative effect spreads to all areas of Yamagata prefecture, but the phenomenon can’t be found in other prefectures. The mechanism of this anomaly can be explained mostly by the Cumulative Prospect Theory.

著者

永田 智成

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.164, pp.51-67, 2021-06

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君主制は世界最古の統治制度である。そしてこの制度は21 世紀においても存在し続けている。直感的には君主制はデモクラシーと矛盾するように思われるかもしれない。 本稿は、スペインの事例を概観しながら、なぜ依然として君主制が存在しているのかを明らかにする。具体的には、①君主制は優れた国家形態なのか、②崩壊した君主制と維持される君主制はどう異なるのか、という点について先行研究の議論を整理したうえで、スペインの事例と突き合わせることで得られる知見を提示し、比較政治学の理論に貢献する。 本稿での検討の結果、以下の知見が得られた。スペインの事例を見る限り、君主制から共和政への移行は、かなりの困難を伴い、前近代にどのような統治形態が採用されていたかという点が共和政の成否を左右すると考えられる。また、君主制そのものに疑義が唱えられないためには、国民との対立が決定的になる前に、君主が亡命するなどの国から立ち去ることが重要であるということがわかった。 The monarchy is known as the oldest system of governance, and this system still exists in the 21st century. If you make an intuitive judgement, you may perhaps think that the monarchy is in contradiction to democracy. This article gives an overview of the Spanish case and clarifies why the monarchy still exists. Specifically, after organizing the discussions of previous studies on (1) whether or not the monarchy is an excellent form of state, and (2) how the collapsed monarchy differs from the maintained monarchy, I will present the findings obtained by making comparisons with the case of Spain, through which I hope to contribute to the theory of comparative politics. As a result of the examination in this paper, the following findings were obtained. As far as the case of Spain is concerned, the transition from a monarchy to a republic is quite difficult, and it is thought that the success or failure of the republic depends on what form of governance was adopted in the pre-modern period. It was also found that it is important to leave the country, such as when the monarch goes into exile, before the confrontation with the people becomes decisive, so that the monarchy itself cannot be questioned.

著者

柴田 仁夫

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.164, pp.111-135, 2021-06

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Places like Chichibu, where light anime fans1 make pilgrimages to sacred places, have already established five place brands: destination brands, geographic brands, the thematic brands, community brands, and economic development brands, based on the history of the contents and places, such as nature, shrines and temples, festivals, parks, food, and traditional crafts. Large amounts of time and money have been spent, and as a result of the dissemination of these brands, light anime fans are able to recognize the place brands and contents. In order to encourage light anime fans to make a pilgrimage to a sacred place, there are five place branding factors: "casualness," "climate," "presence of multiple contents," "something exciting," and "coexistence". These five place branding factors are necessary to attract light anime fans.1 Light anime fans are fans who watch anime but do not buy goods or attend anime events.

著者

松本 正生

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.164, pp.5-32, 2021-06

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小泉政権当時の2005 年に、無党派層に代わる、新たな概念として筆者が措定した「そのつど支持」は、その後、日本人の政治意識として広く定着した。「そのつど支持」とは、「特定の支持政党を持たず、(選挙のたびに)そのつど政党を選択する」態度を意味する。2009 年の民主党への政権交代以降は、とりわけ、中高年層の「そのつど支持」化が顕著であった。いわゆる無党派層や浮動票とは、若年層の政治意識や投票行動を表象する概念として用いられてきた。こうした意識や態度は、むしろ、中高年層の特性へと転化している。 有権者の「そのつど支持」化は、また、「選挙ばなれ」と表裏の関係にあった。2012 年に自民党が再び政権に復帰してからは、地方選挙で先行してみられた「選挙ばなれ」が国政選挙にも波及してきた。投票率の低落には、政治不信や政党不信と通称される一票のリアリティの消失に加え、社会の無縁化に起因する地域社会の変容も介在している。 本小論の論述スタイルは、仮説-検証の演繹的手法は採用せず、各種の調査結果や統計データの単純比較を通じた経験的解釈に終始する。諸兄のご批判を請いたい。 The term "sonotsudo-shiji" (new independent voter) that I defined at the time of the snap general election in 2005, now seems to have become widely generalized as the political mindset of the general Japanese population. The "sonotsudo-shiji" tendency is significant, especially among middle-aged and elderly voters. The term "independent voter" or "swing voter" has been used to describe the political attitude and voting behavior of young people. However, it is now better used to describe the middle-aged and elderly voter. Their tendency of being "sonotsudo-shiji" is inextricably associated with apathy toward elections. The general election in 2012 showed us that disinterest in local political elections has now spread into the national elections. The decrease in voting turnout in the 2012 general election was caused by a lack of involvement with the local society, and the feeling that a single vote did not count. This is reflected in a distrust of politics and political parties, born out of indifference toward other people. In this report, I present data in support of this hypothesis. I would like to thank you in advance for your comments on this report.はじめに1.政党支持の流動:無党派層の多数派化2.55 年体制の政党支持3.政党支持の融解:「そのつど支持」の登場4.政党支持から内閣支持へ5.「選挙ばなれ」の位相まとめにかえて

著者

三宅 雄彦

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.139, pp.181-196, 2013-06

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Vermutlich wäre es widersprüchlich, mit der Integrationslehre Rudolf Smends (1882-1975) die normative Kraft der Verfassung zu begründen. In Smends Theorie wird der Staat als ein mit dem freiwilligen Verhalten der Individuen sich immer erneuernder Integrationsprozeß aufgefasst, in dem nur der psychische Moment der realen Menschen vorhanden ist und die Normativität der Staatsverfassung total verdrägt wird. Deshalb gilt nach der herrschenden japanischen Meinung die Verfassungslehre Smends als schon abgetan durch dem normativistischen Rechtswissenschaftler Hans Kelsen (1881-1973). Von der echt geisteswissenschaftlichen Smendschen Perspektive aus betrachtet, besteht jedoch der Staat als eine geistige Wirklichkeit nicht nur aus realen, sondern auch aus idealen Elementen. Soweit die Staatswirklichkeit eine stetige wechselseitige Verschränkung zwischen Realität und Idealität ist, darf man sie weder einseitig nur realistisch/soziologistisch beschreiben, noch idealistisch/normativistisch anschauen. Vor allem in seinem noch nicht publizierten kleinen Aufsatz ,,Nicht in eigener Sache" (1930) aus seinem Nachlass in der Göttinger Universitätsbibliothek widersprach Smend nachdrücklich Kelsen, der die Integrationslehre als nationalsozialistisch oder faschistisch bezeichnet hatte. Kelsen habe zusammen mit seinen Schülern ihn, Smend, politisch und unwissenschaftlich angegriffen und diese parteiische Haltung der Wiener Schule habe die traditionelle deutsche Wissenschafts- und Universitätskultur tief verletzt. Auch ohne diese Schrift könnte die normative Seite des Göttinger Staatsrechtslehrers aus seinen anderen Aufsätzen an sich rekonstruiert werden, weil seine Theorie bereits das Normative als ein Element des geistigen Wirklichen enthält. Darüber hinaus müsste das Normative hier aber viel kräftiger als in der normativistischen Reinen Rechtslehre geschützt werden, weil die Normativitat der Verfassung ohne die reale Unterstützung des Willens der Bürger zur Verfassung nicht auskommen kann, wie einer der Schüler Smends, Konrad Hesse, schon in seinem Freiburger Antrittsvortrag ,,Die normative Kraft der Verfassung" (1957) vorbildlich betont hat.

著者

李 潔

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.139, pp.197-214, 2013-06

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1.はじめに2.SNAに勧告される持ち家住宅サービスの推計2-1 GDPに持ち家住宅サービスの計上について2-2 帰属家賃に関する2つの推計方法3.日本における帰属家賃の推計3-1 平成12年基準改訂前の推計3-2 平成12年基準改訂後の推計3-3 推計方法変更前後の帰属家賃の比較4.中国における持ち家住宅サービスに関する推計4-1 SNA導入初期の推計4-2 第1回経済センサス後の推計5.GDP統計からの日中比較5-1 供給側GDPからの日中比較5-2 需要側GDPからの日中比較6.おわりにImputation is a unique concept important in national accounts, and also a controversial one. For owner-occupied dwellings, the rent charged to accounts is considered to be paid just like in the case of rental dwellings. This way of recording is called imputed rents, and it is the largest imputation for GDP. Imputed rent is recorded on both sides of the output of the real estate, on the production side, and the household final consumption expenditure on the expenditure side.When the Japan 2000 standard was revised in 2005, the ESRI (Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan) reviewed the estimation methods on imputed rents. Due to this revision to 59.64 trillion yen (about 12.2% of GDP) from 69.15 trillion yen (about 14% of GDP), Japan's value-added real estate in 2003 at current prices has been revised down about 16%.Almost at the same time, after the 1st China economic census was conducted in 2004, the NBS (National Bureau of Statistics, Government of China) also reviewed the estimation methods on imputed rents. Due to this revision to 617.3 billion yuan (about 4.5% of GDP) from 237.8 billion yuan (about 2% of GDP, 3.33 trillion yen in the exchange rate), China's value-added real estate in 2003 has been revised upward 2.6 times.Most of output real estate is a service related to dwelling, including owner-occupied dwellings. China's population is about 10 times that of Japan. Japan's value-added real estate before the revision is about 20 times that of China. This means that on a per capita basis, Japan's valueadded real estate is 200 times that of China. These statistics had been presented by the Government of Japan and China by 2005. However, there was also a time when China's GDP statistics was suggested to have been overestimated by academia and media around the world.This paper describes the historical background and the estimation methods of imputed rents in Japan and China. The paper also makes a detailed comparison of the two countries for the relevant statistics. The comparison shows the possibility that China's imputed rents had been seriously underestimated by 2005, and compared to Japan are still being underestimated now.In this paper, the authors speculates that the NBS will introduce the market rent approach for the estimation of owner-occupied dwellings, such as in Japan, instead of the cost approach that has been used so far, after the 3rd economic census for 2013. Along with this, China's GDP will be further revised upward.

著者

三宅 雄彦

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.136, pp.69-99, 2012-06

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In diesem Jahrzehnt zieht die Reine Rechtslehre die Aufmerksamkeit der deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer auf sich. Im Mittelpunkt der Kelsen-Renaissance steht Matthias Jestaedt. Nach dem Herausgeber der ,,Hans Kelsen Werke" (2007ff.) liegt der Kern dieses ,,konsequenten Rechtspositivismus" in der ,,Autonomie des Rechts und der Rechtswissenschaft", die zur doppelten Rechtsdogmatik, d. h. zur Rechtserkenntnisdogmatik und Rechtserzeugungsdogmatik führen sollte. Aber bei Jestaedt geht es eigentlich um die Grundlegung der Verwaltungsreform und Verwaltungsrechtsreform, und zwar im Rahmen seiner auf Kelsen beruhenden Rechtsgewinnungstheorie. In Wirklichkeit ist ist es jedoch unmöglich, die neueste Rechtspraxis mit der altmodischen Rechtslehre zu begründen, die m. E. mindestens zwei methodologische Probleme hat. Erstens ist das Konzept des Unterschieds zwischen Recht und Rechtswissenschaft erst im ,,späten Kelsen" oder in seiner amerikanischen Zeit entfaltet, in der die ihm eigentliche neukantische Haltung durch die amerikanisch-positivistische Haltung ersetzt worden ist. Zweitens fehlt der Rechtserzeugungsdogmatik, die die Rechtfertigung der verschiedenen Reformbewegungen voraussetzt, die exakte Wissenschaftlichkeit, wie die heutige andere Kelsen-Autorität, Horst Dreier schon betont. In der Gegenwart ist es nicht die naturwissenschaftliche Wissenschaftlichkeit, sondern die geisteswissenschaftliche Wahrheit des Menschen und des Rechts, die in der Tat der deutschen und japanischen Staatsrechtslehre unentbehrlich ist. In diesem Sinn muss man einerseits gegenüber der ,,Renaissance" skeptisch sein, andererseits die exsistenzialistische Rechtsphilosophie ernst nehmen.

著者

Pontell Henry N. Geis Gilbert 小西 暁和

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.123, pp.49-63, 2008-01

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日本では, 強盗・脅迫・不法侵入のような街頭犯罪は賞賛すべき低い率にあるが, ホワイト・カラー犯罪は高い率にある。日本文化の諸特徴が日本社会に見られる違法行為の水準を説明してくれると期待している者達は, 二つの犯罪率の食い違いによって試されている。本稿は, 日本社会の上層にいる者達の犯罪に関するエピソードを概観し, 街頭犯罪を抑制している共同体主義のエートスがこの国の商業や政治の領域にまでは及んでいないことを示す。The discrepancy in Japan between the admirably low rate of street crimes, such as robbery, assault, and burglary, and the elevated rate of white-collar offenses challenges those who look to the characteristics of Japanese culture to explain the levels of law-breaking in the society. The article reviews episodes of upperworld crime in Japan and suggests that the communitarian ethos that inhibits street offenses does not carry over into the country's commercial and political realms.

著者

戸田 裕美子

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.154, pp.15-44, 2018

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In this paper, the author investigates the philosophical development of Dr. Seijji Tsutsumi's theory of distribution industry and criticism of consumer society. Dr. Tsutsumi was a president of Seibu Department Store and was a founder of the huge Seibu Distribution Group (later renamed as Saison Group), which consisted of approximately 200 companies in numerous industries. He also wrote many economic articles and books on the Distribution Revolution in Japan, in addition to poems and novels. He had a rare distinction of having a high reputation as a practitioner and also as a writer and novelist. This study illustrates his business background as a leader in the retail sector in Japan, dating back to the mid-1950s. Further, the author analyses his writings, including Tsutsumi (1963, 1976, 1977, 1979a, 1979b, 1985, and 1996) and interprets the significant elements of his unique theory of distribution industry. As a conclusion, the author discusses that the Muij business, which is one of the businesses created by Dr. Tsutsumi, has inherited the core concept of his theory and philosophy based on ‘logic of humanity’.

著者

杉山 敏啓

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.167, pp.7-29, 2022

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預金取扱金融機関の国内有人店舗数の推移を過去半世紀にわたって振り返ると,およそ期央にピークがあった。店舗数は下り坂に入って四半世紀が経ち,近年では減少ペースを強めている。金融機関の店舗配置行動に影響する要因は複数あるが,かつては銀行店舗行政が強力なコントロールを発揮していた。しかし店舗通達が撤廃された頃には,金融機関の出店意欲は停滞しており,店舗規制緩和が出店を喚起した示唆は過去データ分析からは得られなかった。他方,金融機関合併が店舗数減少に影響していた有意な示唆が得られた。これは近年,地域金融機関の再編と店舗削減が同時並行的に進んでいる事実と整合的な結果であった。1.研究目的と先行研究2.金融機関数と国内有人店舗数の長期推移3.店舗行政と規制緩和4.国内有人店舗数の変化の要因5.業態別の店舗配置行動6.店舗増減数に影響を及ぼす要因分析7.まとめ The aim of this paper is to review the changes in the number of domestic bank branches in the past half century and to study the factors that influenced the number of bank branches. The number of bank branches was formerly controlled by bank regulations, but by the time the regulations were completely abolished, the activity by Japanese banks in opening new branches had already stagnated. Historical long-term data suggested the significant effect that the merger of banks affects the reduction in the number of bank branches. These are consistent with the fact that regional banks have been reorganized and the number of bank branches has been reduced in recent years.

著者

松本 正生

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.164, pp.5-32, 2021

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小泉政権当時の2005 年に、無党派層に代わる、新たな概念として筆者が措定した「そのつど支持」は、その後、日本人の政治意識として広く定着した。「そのつど支持」とは、「特定の支持政党を持たず、(選挙のたびに)そのつど政党を選択する」態度を意味する。2009 年の民主党への政権交代以降は、とりわけ、中高年層の「そのつど支持」化が顕著であった。いわゆる無党派層や浮動票とは、若年層の政治意識や投票行動を表象する概念として用いられてきた。こうした意識や態度は、むしろ、中高年層の特性へと転化している。 有権者の「そのつど支持」化は、また、「選挙ばなれ」と表裏の関係にあった。2012 年に自民党が再び政権に復帰してからは、地方選挙で先行してみられた「選挙ばなれ」が国政選挙にも波及してきた。投票率の低落には、政治不信や政党不信と通称される一票のリアリティの消失に加え、社会の無縁化に起因する地域社会の変容も介在している。 本小論の論述スタイルは、仮説-検証の演繹的手法は採用せず、各種の調査結果や統計データの単純比較を通じた経験的解釈に終始する。諸兄のご批判を請いたい。 The term “sonotsudo-shiji” (new independent voter) that I defined at the time of the snap general election in 2005, now seems to have become widely generalized as the political mindset of the general Japanese population. The “sonotsudo-shiji” tendency is significant, especially among middle-aged and elderly voters. The term “independent voter” or “swing voter” has been used to describe the political attitude and voting behavior of young people. However, it is now better used to describe the middle-aged and elderly voter. Their tendency of being “sonotsudo-shiji” is inextricably associated with apathy toward elections. The general election in 2012 showed us that disinterest in local political elections has now spread into the national elections. The decrease in voting turnout in the 2012 general election was caused by a lack of involvement with the local society, and the feeling that a single vote did not count. This is reflected in a distrust of politics and political parties, born out of indifference toward other people. In this report, I present data in support of this hypothesis. I would like to thank you in advance for your comments on this report.

著者

泉 正樹 結城 剛志

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.146・147合併号, pp.43-58, 2016

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This study analyses the major approaches to frameworks for understanding money. These approaches include those taken by the Marxian, post-Keynesian, and neo-classical schools, and sociologists. The theory of money and credit involves deeply controversial issues. Since the 1970s, financial speculation has been spreading more deeply within global capitalism. The sub-prime mortgage loan problem in the United States was one consequence of this phenomenon. The situation demands an inquiry into the basic question, ‘What is money’ ? In the 2000s, the journal Economy & Society presented an interdisciplinary exchange of opinions and criticism with respect to the traditional understanding of money in mainstream economics, that is, money as the medium of exchange. From a sociological viewpoint, Zelizer(2000) emphasises that money has ‘special’ implications when viewed with regard to different situations, thus it cannot be encapsulated by any single concept. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of post-Keynesian economics, Ingham(2001, 2004) insists that money is the social relation between debts and credits as represented by the money of account. However, from a Marxist viewpoint, Lapavitsas(2005b) understands money as the ‘monopolization of the ability to buy’. Thus, the concept of money has been interpreted in various ways by researchers in different disciplines. Nevertheless, these researchers all conclude that ‘fiat money’ is one of the conditions of money. However, some Japanese Marxian political economists have developed an alternative view which states that pure ‘fiat money’ cannot be explained in principle and does not exist in practice. On the basis of these Japanese studies, we analyse the relationship among these views and attempt to unravel the basic question, ‘What is money’ ?

著者

金子 秀

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.146・147合併号, pp.59-73, 2016

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This research examines the relationship between target costing and profit management. Target costing is very closely linked with a company’s long-term profit and product planning. Target costing is a comprehensive strategic profit management system. To accomplish this research, we chose to analyze the case of Fanuc. Target costing is introduced as a technique that aims to manage product costs throughout the design stage. Since a large portion of costs are incurred in the design stage, manufacturers are advised to focus on the design process to lower the costs. When manufacturers need to focus on the profitability of products, ROS(Return on Sales) provides a better measure. The desired profit is determined on the basis of the company’ s desired ROS. ROS includes break-even point ratio. Therefore, we divide total costs into variable costs and fixed costs. In Fanuc,“Weniger Teile”(which means to reduce component parts) is a tool for reducing variable costs. The ratio of variable costs is 50% and the ratio of fixed costs is 15%. Fanuc sets 35% for ROS and 30% as its break-even point ratio. Thus, the second set of ratios should be realized if one to accomplish the first set. Fanuc succeeds in combining target costing with profit management.

著者

加藤 拓巳

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.163, pp.13-20, 2021

著者

土川 信男

出版者

埼玉大学経済学会

雑誌

社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)

巻号頁・発行日

no.142, pp.99-110, 2014

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This paper examines the attitudes of the Minseito Party towards issues concerning the emperor and the imperial household at the time of the TANAKA Giichi Cabinet when the party was an opposition party. The paper takes this theme as part of the study of party politics during the period of party cabinets, and intends to rebalance the evaluation of the Seiyukai Party and the Minseito Party.At the beginning of the TANAKA Cabinet, the Minseito Party advocated the parliamentary government and the party cabinet, and it maintained that the emperor should not take practical part in politics. The party also criticized the political influence of the house of peers and the privy council.Later, the Minseito Party took issues concerning the emperor and the imperial household to attack the TANAKA Cabinet. The basic logic used by the party coincided with the attitude of the party at the beginning, though the manner of arguments was rather restrained. The party also sided with the house of peers and the privy council when they blamed the cabinet with issues concerning the emperor and the imperial household.