著者

溝尻 真也

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.71, pp.87-105, 2007-07-30

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Japanese FM radio is now considered as a music media which is distinct from other broadcast media such as AM radio. However, FM radio was originally planned as an educational media. Many political and cultural factors influenced the process of the formation of FM radio as a music media. During this process, sound, not music, was an essential factor. This article discusses the functions given to FM radio with a historical description on how the main role of FM radio changed from educational broadcasting, during the end of the 1950s when its experimental broadcasting started, to music broadcasting in the early 1970s when its formal broadcasting began.

著者

細貝 亮

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.225-242, 2010-07-31

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Some of recent media studies pointed out the increasing of media effect in politics and public opinion. In what meaning, why and how has the media effect increased? The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the time-varying effect of media coverage on the cabinet approval rate by analyzing aggregate time-series data. I examine two hypotheses about factors that increased the media effect on the cabinet support rate in Japan. Hypotheses I; the growth of floating voter, what is called on "mutouha", who are sensitive to political information made the media effect increase. Hypotheses II; Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi who used media for getting support of electorate make the media effect increase, what we call "the Koizumi effect". In examining the relation between the media coverage and the change of the cabinet support rate, I introduced "the sentence-final modality" model as the new method of the contents analysis. The method is used for specifying positive/negative information about prime minister or cabinet in editorials of newspapers and converting its information into positive/negative score. In addition, I adopt the recursive regression method for analyzing time-varying effect of media. I can acquire three findings. First, the positive/negative evaluations in media coverage make a clear effect on the cabinet support rate. Second, the media effect has been significant after 1993 when floating voter grew rapidly. Third, "the Koizumi effect" is not able to confirm in this analysis.

著者

佐伯 順子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.221-222, 2015-07-31

著者

伊藤 守

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.15-28, 189-188, 1994-03-25

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Although a large number of studies have been made on Luhmann's social system theory and Habermas' Communicative social theory, little is known about the importance of these theories in terms of informatization and post-modern society. The purpose of this paper is to show the neccesity of a communicative approach in the conceptual analysis of post-modern society and to further develop the concept of communication. In order to advance this purpose, Foucault's historical analysis of discourse and power and Melucci's social movement theory provide helpful points. Their arguments throw new light on"vulnerability"in communication subject. Habermas, with his concept of communication action, creates a theoretical approach that is able to recognize the beginnings of an answer to the basic problem since within its framework, the structures of social domination can be explained as the result of processes of communicative agreement that underlie an internal claim to the fulfillment of inter subjective freedom that serves as the standard for a reflexive"critique of power."In the history of Marxism, communicative understanding is treated systematically as the paradigm of the"social."But his foundation is not sufficient for grounding a communication-theoretic concept of society. The process of formation and institutionalization of social norms is not abstractly conceived as a moral development in learning that the human species realizes as a whole, but as a process of will-formation that takes place between some groups in the form of struggle over the basis of validity of moral norms. I introduce Michel Foucault's theory of power as a conflict model. Foucault finds a productively new disclosure on the sphere of social interaction and conflict. It is very important that he conceives of social system, in general, as networks of social power in which knowledge formations assume the special function of augmenting power. Discourse is a system of social knowledge that owes its genesis to the strategic requirements of an established order of power even as they may in turn effectively act upon a given order of power. His point of view compensates a weak point of Habermas' theory. There is one further question that we must not ignore in Habermas' communication theory. His analysis of the process of communicative understanding is quite unsatisfactory, therefore the"force of negation"in his theory is decisively weak. In this sense, Melucci's theory about new social movement provides helpful points. Melucci insists that"to communicate thus signifies the need to depend on what is common in order to discover and affirm difference, the possibility of choice introduces contingency and risk into relationships and makes them a field of emotional commitment and self-reflection."There is an important suggestion here, if I interpret the author correctly, that communication subjects must not deny the ambivalence of social relationships in post-industrial society. It means"vulnerability"in subjects. In my opinion, vulnerability is one of the most important factors to develop communication theory following Habermas' model.

著者

佐藤 正晴

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, pp.157-170,221-22, 1995

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In this paper, the author described the development of propaganda for Afro-Americans after the outbreak of the Pacific War, from the viewpoint of Japanese foreign propaganda policies, and the relations with broadcasting of"Hinomaru Hour"in Japanese shortwave. This paper consists of three chapters. In chapter I, the author explained concerns about propaganda for Afro-Americans by the Foreign Office, particularly the information in 1942, on the press. Above all, the racial problem in America is the main theme in Japanese propaganda for Afro-Americans such as their states in the army and their riot in 1943. In chapter II, the author explained that propaganda for Afro-Americans was planned to arouse public opinions in America, "Negroes Strategy in Wartime", proposed by Hikita, the foreign officer, indicates the utility of Afro-Americans as prisoners in wartime. that almost coincided with foreign propaganda policy. Secondy, Japanese propaganda for Afro-Americans has some contradictions. The Japanese propaganda mentioned generality on the one hand, while mentioning particularism on the other. Essentially, racial equality and humanism were advocated in generality, while Japanese spirits, Japanese culture and Japanese jutice were stressed in particularism. In chapter III, the author explained that the realities and the effect of shortwave for Afro-Americans. The Japanese military carried out"Hinomaru Hour"made by prisoners for Afro-Americans. The message was adressed to their families by prisoners of War. In 1944, the program was reorganized as"Humanity Calls"and"Postman Calls"which ended in failure in military interference. Hence, the author chracterized propaganda for Afro-Americans as one of the foreign propaganda policies in wartime Japan. The contradictions of propaganda for Afro-Americans is symbolic of all all of Japanese foreign propaganda.

著者

金 相美

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.68, pp.97-114, 2006-01-31

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The purpose of this paper is to understand the behavior of simultaneous use of two forms of media. It seeks to analyze the characteristics of people who engage in such behavior and the factors regulating it. This analysis should provide a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the new medium of internet on the existing medium of television. The principle source of data for this study was a time use survey. According to this survey, 12.6% of home internet users made simultaneous use of both television and computer internet in the space of their home. The average daily length of time spent in such simultaneous behavior was 10.2 minutes. The main factor correlating with such simultaneous use was length of television viewing : when heavy television viewers also made use of the internet, there was a high likelihood that they would use the internet simultaneously with television. The proportion of people who used mobile internet simultaneously with television was 16.2%, and the average daily time spent this way was 8.2 minutes. Simultaneous use of mobile internet and television was greater among women, and tended also to be greater among younger people and heavy television users.

著者

三輪 仁

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, pp.97-116, 2008-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

36

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In the early 1950s, Himeji City aimed to establish a radio broadcasting station managed by the city. It was very unique in the history of Japanese broadcasting. Actually, however, this movement was not successful. Its failure was caused by the following factors: a political change in the broadcasting bureaus of Japan; technological constraints; and conflict of opinions between the local residents and the local bureaucrats leading the movement. By analyzing the movement, this article tries to elucidate the process that eliminated the possibility of diversification in the development of Japanese broadcasting industry.

著者

吉本 秀子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, pp.177-194, 2016-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

28

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This paper examined the original text of the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 to determine principles for United States public diplomacy and explored how the Smith-Mundt programs affected freedom of speech in Okinawa in the 1948-1952 period, critical decision years for the separation of Okinawa from mainland Japan. The Act authorized the Secretary of State, responsible for foreign information programs, and enabled the Secretary to use the national budget flexibly overseas, allowing the transfer of executive roles for international public relations to other federal agencies. Therefore, the Department of Army in charge of postwar Japan at the time was assigned as the executive agency of the Smith-Mundt programs for the Japanese. In Okinawa, the Civil Information and Education Department (CIE), under the Army administration established in 1948, launched information and education programs for the Okinawan people. The components of the CIE programs comprised "ECA information programs" financed by the Foreign Aid Appropriation Acts and coordinated by the Psychological Strategy Board of the Executive Branch. CIE conducted political campaigns for the 1950 Okinawa Gunto Governor election, attempting to acquire the people's support for the U.S. administration of Okinawa. CIE introduced American movies with Japanese subtitles, built five U.S. Information Centers, disseminated press releases, controlled incoming and outgoing news to the Okinawan media, and censored anti-American speech. As a result, the CIE campaigns temporally suppressed "Japanese reversion" speeches but social movements toward the reversion emerged as reactions to the CIE speech control. The Smith-Mundt Acts originally aimed to promote a better understanding of the United States on an international stage at the United Nations, and granted authorization to the Secretary of State responsible for the programs. However, the U.N.-centered ideal gradually changed during the latter half of the Truman administration as the Cold War began. This paper aims to clarify the process based on archival research.

著者

長谷川 一

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, pp.54-78, 2006-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, I seek to re-examine the significance of the digitalization of "writing". The mediation of "writing" by digital technology has become a normal and ever expanding aspect of contemporary society. My first task is to examine this condition on the meta-level. The specific subject matter of my inquiry is the Nihongo-wapuro (Japanese word-processor) whose history I have attempted to trace here. Written Japanese texts are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of different types of characters, including hiragana, katakana, and kanji. The vast number of characters required in order to produce such texts has rendered the mechanization process far more difficult in Japanese than it has been for European languages that use alphabetic scripts. When computers were introduced into the world of business in the 1970s, newspaper journalists continued to write by hand, despite the appearance of electronic systems for newspaper compilation and editing. The first word-processor for writing Japanese, the Toshiba JW-10, appeared in 1978. It then became possible to produce Japanese texts mechanically with the aid of electronic processing. The adoption of word-processors in Japan has spread rapidly since the mid-1980s. Besides being used in offices, they came to be employed in schools and in the home as well. People with no prior experience of using electronic devices quickly developed a keen interest in the Japanese word-processor. At first, word-processors were viewed primarily as devices for the production of "clean copies" or for printing. However, with time, many books came to be written extolling the Nihongo-wapuro as much more than a mere typewriter for the Japanese language. The Japanese word-processor, it was claimed, had brought about a "great revolution in intellectual production". The bodily action of typing had long been an unrealized dream of those who wrote in Japanese. The Nihongo-wapuro was the means that at long last brought this to reality. Nevertheless, the most widespread everyday use to which word-processors were put was the production of New-Year greeting cards (which according to Japanese custom are sent out in great numbers at the beginning of each year). At the same time, these mechanically produced New-Year cards were criticized as lacking in human feeling. In this paper, I examine the Japanese word-processor from the three perspectives of technology, the body and society. I investigate how the word-processor was able to provide a foundation for the digitalization of "writing" in Japan. In addition, I look at the significance of the Japanese word-processor's function as a machine for the production of "clean copies" and printed texts. This was related to the fact that "writing" always took place in relation to "editing". Thus, the adoption of the word-processor in Japan has brought to light the emerging problematic of "editing".

著者

向後 英紀

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.20-36, 2005-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

23

著者

高井 昌吏

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, pp.17-33, 2016-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

27

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This study focuses on popular songs concerning "the war and women" in post-war Japan. In particular, three songs were examined: Akiko Kikuchi's "Hoshi no Nagare ni" and "Ganpeki no Haha" released in 1947 and 1954, respectively, and Yuriko Futaba's popular remake of "Ganpeki no Haha" released in 1972. These songs were analyzed in connection with the societal background in which they gained popularity, including the influence of mainstream values as well as concepts of women and mothers that were held at the time. The results of this analysis suggested that directly after the war ended, many Japanese women were despondent and pushed into prostitution because of an impoverished society. The song "Hoshi no Nagare ni" conveys the sorrows of prostitution, and this theme is directly connected to its success. The 1954 hit "Ganpeki no Haha" has strong connections to the suspicion that Japanese citizens felt toward the Self Defense Force, which was established in the same year, as well as to the massive protests in 1960 concerning the US-Japan Defense Treaty. In particular, the general public tended to be influenced by stories about "mothers' sadness," particularly in terms of mothers and children being separated by war. This had powerful correlations with peace-oriented public opinion and anti-rearmament attitudes of the time. However, Yuriko Futaba's mid-1970s remake of "Ganpeki no Haha" gained mass popularity for several reasons. The 1970s witnessed the appearance of the "kyouiku-mama" (literally "education mama") -a type of mother who stressed on education for her children above everything else. The "kyouiku-mama" was considered to be a social problem during the time, and the completely different type of mother presented in "Ganpeki no Haha" produced feelings of longing for an "ideal mother" archetype that was perceived to be lost from the society. Therefore, "Ganpeki no Haha" was highly praised by the general public.

著者

本橋 春紀

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.181-182, 2017-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

著者

余 偉

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, pp.87-105, 2021-01-31 (Released:2021-05-18)

参考文献数

21

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The attribution of responsibility is a daily sight in the mass media and oneof the roles expected of journalism. While reporting on responsibility is perceivedas a routine event, this paper considers the next issue: the plurality of“responsibility” in the mass media. If the attribution of responsibility is determinedby certain rules, then the same result should always be achieved. However,more than one “responsibility” may be presented for a particular agendathat is controversial. The paper focuses on the plurality of “responsibilities” and conducts a theoreticalresearch of epistemology and methodology. The paper begins withShanto Iyengar’s work on the attribution of responsibility and identifies theproblems with this research. Next, the paper discusses the attribution theorydeveloped by Fritz Haider in social psychology to which Iyengar referred.Finally, in order to shift the perspective away from attribution theory, thepaper argue for the need to interpret the plurality of “responsibility” in a socialconstructionism way. The paper will explore specific methodologies from thisposition; for example, rhetorical analysis and framing analysis. As a result, the attribution of responsibility in the mass media is not simplydetermined by existing social norms and legal systems, but rather is a definingmovement of responsibility that is constructed through various interactions. Inthe defining movement of responsibility, the process of justifying specific attributionsof responsibility is an important subject of research. In terms of influencingthe attitudes of the audience, both rhetorical and framing analyses needto be conducted at the same time.

著者

鍵本 優

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.105-123, 2018-01-31 (Released:2018-05-10)

参考文献数

44

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Digital games occupy a big position in today’s media culture. The earlyJapanese culture of home digital games partly developed with content intendedto scare the player. The frightening experiences that are involved in playingsuch games have been often talked about by the players, even if the games werenot necessarily of the horror genre. However, conventional Japanese digitalgame studies cannot explain these social facts of the frightening experiencessufficiently. The purpose of this paper is to deal with the theoretical problem mentionedabove. By considering the frightening experiences in Japanese gamesconcretely, this paper submits a novel and effective theoretical and culturalinterpretation of the experience in digital games as media. It is a ‘fear not tofade away’ arising from gaming practices that this paper notices in particular. This paper is written with the following method and procedure. Firstly,this paper checks the framework of the conventional theory of experiences indigital games( Section 1). Secondly, the problem of this framework is examinedin detail by way of discussing the frightening experiences( Section 2). Then, inorder to manage this problem, this paper considers the concrete cases of playingAVGs(Adventure Games) and RPGs(Role Playing Games) in the Japanesegame culture (Section 3). Finally, conclusions are derived from the previousdiscussion and considerations( Section 4). The conclusions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, the media theory ofexperiences in digital games should pay attention to the player’s mental, bodilyand sensorial self-transfer to the media. Secondly, in Japanese society around1990, the cultural development of digital games with many narrative elements(in particular in AVGs and RPGs) necessarily produced the possibilities of“being shocked” experience.

著者

堀口 剛

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, pp.40-57, 2008-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

38

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The purpose of this paper is to understand the so called "Iwanami Culture" of reading. More particularly, I focus on the reception of the widely circulated Iwanami-Bunko pocket sized edition during World War II. This analysis utilizes Chartier's approach to the practice of reading. Until now the Iwanami-Bunko edition has been considered a vehicle for self cultivation(kyoyo). By focusing on personal accounts in reader's journals, this research came across another aspect of cultivation, national cultivation(nihon shugitekina kyoyo). Iwanami-Bunko's popular pocket sized classic series thus encompassed national as well as personal cultivation.

著者

藤森 研

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, pp.139-140, 2018-07-31 (Released:2018-10-13)

著者

瀬尾 華子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, pp.97-115, 2018-07-31 (Released:2018-10-13)

参考文献数

18

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This thesis investigates how the news and documentary program, “NNNDocument,” has reported the nuclear problem. This is important because previous studies have not clarified regional differencesand diachronic changes in programs produced by local broadcastingstations that represent how people feel where nuclear power stations werelocated. Seventy-eight documentaries about nuclear power from“ NNN Document,”which is produced by 29 local broadcasting stations of the NTV group, wereanalyzed. These sources were examined by analyzing changes in the way inwhich the stations represented people statements. This research discovered the following. From 1970 until the Chernobyldisaster, many different people appeared in the documentaries, but after theChernobyl disaster, the perspective of people living in areas suffering radiationdamage and depopulated areas close to nuclear power stations came to theforefront. During the 2000’s, the number of documentaries about nuclear powerdecreased sharply. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the lives ofthe refugees were portrayed from the point of view of their places of refuge.Thus, it is shown how “NNN Document” has come to more closely representthe opinions of citizens in the news about nuclear power generation.

著者

河津 孝宏

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, pp.59-77, 2008-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

21

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This article aims to describe the viewing experiences that white-collar women living in Tokyo go through when watching the American TV series "Sex and the City". The ethnographic approach used in cultural studies in the 80's has been adopted to analyze the subject. The audiences extract a realism from the textual world, and adopt a viewing position that aligns with their own life stage. Furthermore, the experience of viewing is linked to their life history and reflexively updates their self-identity. This article presents an alternative approach which discusses TV viewing in terms of diachronic experience of audience.

著者

澤 康臣

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, pp.3-17, 2021-01-31 (Released:2021-05-18)

参考文献数

26

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More and more interviews are conducted through video conferences as analternative to the ever falling number of press conferences in order to preventthe further spread of COVID-19. This paper mainly discusses interviews conductedwith journalism practitioners to analyze how their communication wereaffected by the pandemic in three aspects—namely, their communication withinterviewees, fellow journalists, and readers or the audience. The findings aresummarized as follows. First, reporters are hindered from conducting interviewsin person and depending on materials provided from intervieweesinstead. Second, unable to help each other at press conferences or in person,reporters are taken control of by interviewees. Third, scant coverage ofinfected people and bereaved families was noted, along with coverage that triggerson-line witch hunts targeting the infected, as well as a tendency amongofficials and medical experts disclosure and coverage based on effectiveness incurbing the pandemic, rather than the role of independent journalism.

著者

杉山 昂平 執行 治平

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, pp.97-114, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-09-11)

参考文献数

41

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In media studies, the term, “amateur” has attracted attention as a subject who creates media or as an object created by media. Previous studies on the latter aspect tend to fall into a short-sighted conclusion that “everyone can become an amateur with the advent of new media.” To tackle this problem analytically, we propose a perspective that sees people become amateurs as a result of learning. Based on this perspective, we arrange three research questions to be explored: (1) what is the function of media that enables learners to become amateurs? (2) what kind of amateurs can people become? and (3) what is the scale of people who can become amateurs? Taking up the related research from various disciplines, we insist on exploring these questions considering the relationships between them.