著者

山森 宙史

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.197-216, 2015-07-31

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This study aims to consider the historical process of establishing of Manga by focusing on Comic Book Sections in Japanese bookstores from the early 1970s to 1980s. Prior studies on Manga tend to focus on trades outside of regular distribution channels to emphasize peculiar characteristics of the emerging media. Consequently, the social process during the 1970s and 1980s to pervade Manga almost all of the retail bookstores through wholesalers has not been clarified. The article shows how Manga to be recognized as one of the established genre in bookstores by concentrating on the particular standard of shinshoban (pocket paperback edition) comics which became one of the best sellers in retail bookstores after the 1970s. The early spread of permanent section of shinshoban comics during the 1970s can be understood as a conflict between Manga and other genre of books, mostly literal arts, and through industrial change surrounding book business as a background. In the late 1970s, sale structure of the small and medium-sized retail bookstores became more dependent on the shinshoban comics. The situation forced booksellers to redefine the identity of their bookstore represented in the composition of sections. Accordingly, most booksellers decided to redefine the identity of their bookstores as a space for consumption from a space of cultural excellence. Booksellers defined Manga merely as a commodity and accepted shinshoban comics to make up a permanent section in their bookstores to compromise their ideals. However, constructing Manga sections in bookstores was nothing less than legitimizing Manga as one of the established genres of printed books. Therefore, the establishment of Manga in the 1970s and 1980s can be seen as a process of reconsidering the publication culture for the Japanese publication industry in a transitional period.

著者

團 康晃

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.82, pp.173-191, 2013-01-31

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This paper examines activities related to reading mobile phone novels (Keitai Shosetsu), which became a social phenomenon in the 2000s. Previous literature on readers or the audience of such texts has not focused on the specific local activities related to text, because existing models and theories of audience do not adequately help researchers conduct a comprehensive study of such topics. In addition, studies on mobile phone novels have overlooked the various related activities accompanying reading and instead focused exclusively on the originality of media usage and the novelty of the stories' plots. In contrast, my research approach focused on examining local activities - how students en-gage in reading, how they discuss the novels - through fieldwork, including participant observation and group interviews of middle school students. I found that most girls spent their recess time reading and talking about mobile phone novels not by means of mobile phones but instead by means of physical books, while boys attempted to become friends with the girls under the pretext of asking them about their favorite novels. These activities were analyzed using Sacks' notion of Membership Categorization Device (MCD) in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. My results revealed firstly that reading mobile phone novels presupposed the use of the category "girl." Further, while girls enjoyed reading these mobile phone novels as love stories, boys considered the content of the novels to be indecent, which, according to the girls, is because most boys read only the obscene sections of the novels. This difference in perspectives regarding reading mobile phone novels is the result of using MCD. Furthermore, students' behaviors were not driven by their culture, but accomplished by membership categorization. Therefore, as an exception a boy read content liked by girls. The above observations suggest that students are not readers or the audience of texts as a model, but instead behave according to the uses of membership categories.

著者

吉見 俊哉

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, pp.3-16, 2020-07-31 (Released:2020-09-26)

参考文献数

16

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This article focuses on the historical transformation of the concept of ‘mass’in the contemporary social sciences. First, the ‘masses’ is the collective object conceptualized in a specific historical context that had emerged in the early 20th century and disappeared by the end of the century. Before the emergence of this concept, the elite and intellectuals were struck with fear of the expanding images of crowds of poor laborers. After the W.W.I, the uncontrollable image of the crowd has changed to the image of the ‘masses’ who could be mobilized as soldiers and consumers. Especially after W.W.II, the concepts of ‘mass society’ and ‘mass communication’ were often discussed. The sociological theory of ‘mass society’ became a major discourse in sociology and the ‘mass communication’ theory became the hegemonic discourse in the field of media studies. The author also discussed the subtle difference of the concept of ‘mass’ in the different academic fields such as sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Finally, this article discusses the transformation of the concept of ‘mass’ in digital society from the 21st century onward. Today, ‘mass’ is more discussed with the expansion of the ‘mass data’ than the ‘mass society’. The author analyzes the structural transformation of our society with digital technology in this conceptual change. Today, we are facing the expansion of ‘mass data’ that seems to be uncontrollable for ordinary people. Although the society of ‘mass data’ is quite different from the society of ‘mass communication’, it is still a subject in the field of media studies. So, the major focus of the next generation of media studies should be the critical analysis of the relationship between our society and ‘mass data’ that has been appropriated with highly developed algorithms in digital society.

著者

小川 明子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.67-85, 2018-01-31 (Released:2018-05-10)

参考文献数

41

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The aim of this paper is to examine the Deliberative Organ (or Council)for broadcast programmes (Bangumi Shingikai), a statutory advisory bodyestablished by each TV and radio station in accordance with Japan’s broadcastact. Together with Programme Standards, the Deliberative Council is a significantpart of ‘Japan’s Regulation Model for Broadcasting’ that ensures the appropriatenessof the broadcast programmes. Designed to be self-regulatory, thecouncil enables broadcasters and audiences with high esteem to discuss thequality of the programmes and consider whether they are appropriate forbroadcasting. Despite its importance, little research attention has been given tothe practice of this system. In reflecting upon the history of the system and thegender and occupational ratio of committee members, this paper focuses onhow terrestrial commercial broadcasting stations have managed the council.Surveys were also conducted among these stations in 2016, and the results indicate that the system is not fully regarded as a system of self-regulation amongbroadcasters, although it is generally valued from the point of programmeimprovement.

著者

難波 功士

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.70, pp.29-39, 2007-01-30

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The term 'subculture' has been used with many different meanings. From the point of view what culture was supposed to be against the term 'sub-'culture, I try to classify the uses of subculture into three groups. 1) Subculture as an antonym of high culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to massmedia. 2) Subculture as an antonym of total culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to segmented media. 3) Subculture as an antonym of main or dominant culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to alternative media. Based on the typology, I try to survey recent treatises or books on 'media and subculture'.

著者

佐藤 研

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, pp.107-124, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-10-25)

参考文献数

15

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The Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association (JBA) BroadcastingStandards were established at the same time as the first commercial radiostarted in Japan in 1951. It was not legal at first, but independently establishedby commercial broadcasters in Japan born in the post-World War II democraticmovements. Thereafter, the revised Broadcast Law requires that broadcasters establishprogram standards and Japanese commercial broadcasters apply JBA BroadcastStandards to their program standards and revise them repeatedly in accordancewith changes in society and the media environment. This article explores the history and background of JBA Broadcast Standards,and the autonomous and independent attitude of commercial broadcastersin Japan that has always been criticized by both the politically powerful andthe general public based on various publications of JBA

著者

加藤 裕康

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.106-122, 2005-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

34

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This paper attempts to analyze communication space created by Japanese youth who flocks to video game arcades. I myself joined them for direct observation and checked their comments written in the notebooks at the arcades. This approach led to reveal the unique existence of communication space created through the fusion of two communication patterns: face-to-face and machinemediated. The negative image of young people, for example juvenile delinquency and self-isolation, is contrary to the reality. This kind of prejudice among the older generations is not reflecting their behaviors and interaction patterns.

著者

柴野 京子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.41-59, 2008-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

49

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This study aims to examine the impact of distribution systems on publishing and reading in modern Japan. In analyzing the formation of bookstores from the Meiji through Showa periods, this essay considers the two major spaces within those stores - the bookshelf and the table - within their distinct historical contexts. While the use of bookshelves came from the West and formed an intellectual, and constructed space, traditional Japanese books for commoners were sold on tables placed outdoors to provide easy access to the masses. The modern "bookstore" integrated these two spaces, resulting in the formation of an intermediate class of readers.

著者

是永 論

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.64, pp.104-120, 2004-01-31

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The aim of this research is to examine the practical understanding of commercial films. Conversation analysis was conducted on viewers watching films in foreign languages so that they would mainly retain visual information. The main findings are as follows: First, the viewers identified the actors in advertisements by using categorization (Sacks[1972]). Second, they mediate the actors according to the plot by "footing" (Goffman[1980]). Thus the viewers find the plot appealing, according to neutrality and universality of advertisng discourse.(C)日本マス・コミュニケーション学会:このデータは日本マス・コミュニケーション学会の許諾を得て作成しております。

著者

鈴木 麻記

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, pp.117-136, 2016-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

23

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This paper aims to reinterpret the activities of the Manga Artists' Association, the Tokyo-Manga-Kai, in terms of a movement attempting to improve the social position of manga, through a socio-historical consideration of the group's significance and limitations. This study seeks to overcome the limitations of conventional studies of manga history by avoiding the a priori assumption that "manga" was always a self-evident category. Rather, it aims to understand how it became possible for manga to be established as a cultural field and how artistic productions came to be consumed as manga. Additionally, the study aims to problematize these as historical phenomena in their own right. To clarify these points, this study focuses on an association of manga artists, rather than readers or the works themselves. Between the Meiji and Taisho periods, the referential category of "manga" encompassed a wide variety of representational forms, with only vague boundaries between manga and other representational media. To understand manga in contemporary terms as the category that oscillated between multiple boundaries, we need to question how manga artists had defined their own position by prioritizing their self-definition. Therefore, this study focuses on Japan's first association of manga artists, the Tokyo-Manga-Kai, and undertakes an analysis of the group's activities. The results of my analysis revealed that, in the Taisho period, without the establishment of manga as an autonomous and bounded field, manga artists were situated in a multi-layered and ambivalent position between the categories of art and journalism, and carried out various movements to define their position. While these movements may appear to have led to the promotion of manga and manga artists, they did not ultimately lead to the elimination of characteristic ambivalence.

著者

山本 昭宏

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, pp.9-27, 2014-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

20

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a hypothesis about the process through which the media builds up collective expectations concerning nuclear power (the Nuclear Dream) and the transformation of such expectations. We focus on the Asahi and Yomiuri Newspapers and study not only editorials, but also regular features that are likely to have affected public opinion as much as editorials. The period targeted in this paper is the 20 years from 1945 to 1965. We divide these 20 years into three periods based on changes in the Nuclear Dream: the dream of war deterrence (1945 to 1949) ; the dream of peaceful use (1949 to 1957) ; and the dream of nuclear power generation (1957 to 1965). Japanese newspapers were unknowingly trapped in the Nuclear Dream that they built up through their own discourse; while they detached themselves from the Nuclear Dream in the late 1950s, they expanded the dream again in the 1960s. By describing this process, we examine how it is possible to meet collective expectations built up by the media.

著者

宮﨑 悠二

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, pp.107-124, 2021-01-31 (Released:2021-05-18)

参考文献数

67

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This article focuses on how the term kuchi komi (meaning “word ofmouth”) came to be used in advertising theory in Japan in the early 1960s froma view of conceptual analysis. So far, little attention has been given to kuchi komi in media history andadvertising history. This is because kuchi komi is a medium that leaves nomaterial or institutional traces. This article aims to provide a history of kuchikomi by focusing on it as a concept, and analyzes how it came to be presentedas an advertising tool. We mainly analyze textual data that presented kuchikomi as an advertising tool in the early 1960s. As a result, we revealed:( 1) the Reading Social Survey conducted during1956 played an important role in the spread of the “opinion leader” concept inthe advertising industry, and( 2) the term kuchi komi was newly presented asan advertising tool in the early 1960s in relation to the “opinion leader” concept.

著者

守 如子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, pp.13-21, 2022-01-31 (Released:2022-03-29)

参考文献数

21

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The growth of social media has brought about an increase in so-called “flame wars” wherein people lodge protests against gender bias in media expression from feminist perspectives. The protests are widely circulated online, ending up as a “flaming” incident. This paper reviews the development in media studies, from “women and media” studies of the 1980s which mainly focused on biased depictions of women in mass media to “gender and media” studies prevalent today, thereby demonstrating current issues surrounding online “flame wars”.One of the characteristics of modern “gender and media” type of studies is that the focus is placed not only on the process through which media constructs the categories of “man” and “woman” but also on the diversity within these categories or intersectionality between gender and other categories (e.g., ethnicity, class, sexuality, disability). Among the various categories, this paper especially looks at sexual and gender minorities to discuss the importance of incorporating queer studies’ perspectives.As criticism towards gender biases in media expression continue to spread online and bring about frequent “flame wars”, studies that explore the issues arising from online communication as well as the potentials of such communication are necessary than ever before.

著者

奥山 俊宏

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, pp.73-91, 2019-01-31 (Released:2019-06-06)

参考文献数

18

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This research focuses on the U.S. Department of Justice’s investigation andprosecution of unauthorized disclosures of government information to themedia. Based on a review of 21 cases, the research shows trends in the frequencyof prosecutions. The investigations and prosecutions by the U.S. Department of Justice(DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with regard to leakshave gone through some transition. In the 20th century, only four cases wereprosecuted. However, the situation has completely changed in this century.Under the Obama administration, there were eight charges against allegedleakers between 2009 and 2013. On the other hand, no such charges were filedfrom October 2013 to September 2016. Despite President Trump’s pledge formore prosecutions, there have only been five cases since his inauguration. Thishas occurred notwithstanding the frequency of leaks being about to “explode.” Several factors contribute to this volatility. Among these factors are theDOJ and FBI’s internal codes or norms with which the investigators and prosecutorsmust comply. For example, between 2005 and 2006, the normal constraints were relaxed,both in terms of investigative procedures with regard to the news media andthe scope of the interpretation of the substantive law, such as the EspionageAct. As a result, the frequency of prosecutions increased between 2009 and2013. However, between 2013 and 2015, the constraints of investigations againstthe press strengthened significantly under the direction of President Obama.Therefore there was “downtime” between 2013 and 2016. The DOJ serving under the Trump administration announced in 2017 thatit was reviewing policies affecting media subpoenas. The announcement can beregarded as evidence of the fact that the change of the norms or internal codeshas played an important role in trends in the frequency of prosecutions.

著者

水出 幸輝

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, pp.201-220, 2022-01-31 (Released:2022-03-29)

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This study examined the experience of watching typhoons on television from the perspective of media history. Focusing on the Ise Bay Typhoon (1959) and the Second-Muroto Typhoon (1961), the study compared how each typhoon was reported on television and how the reports were evaluated by people. We referred to newspapers, broadcasting magazines, and meteorological magazines to gather a wide range of materials that described the media experience of the two typhoons. The two typhoons occurred during the transitional period of the media environment, when television was growing rapidly. When the Ise Bay typhoon hit, radio was the mainstream media; it was not common to obtain disaster prevention information on television. However, on television, weather experts provided people with typhoon risk reduction information. People who owned a television were able to watch weather maps and typhoon information on it. However, the typhoon disrupted signal transmission and brought massive blackouts, interrupting the TV broadcast of footage of the typhoon hitting cities. In the case of the Ise Bay Typhoon, television programs could only report on the damaged areas after the typhoon had left.In contrast, when the Second-Muroto Typhoon hit, many people were able to watch typhoon information on TV. We identified two kinds of viewing experiences on TV. The first was the same as in the case of the Ise Bay Typhoon: watching typhoon information delivered by experts on TV. The second was to watch the coverage of the typhoon hitting the cities, which was broadcast live via TV networks. As such, people in the areas where the typhoon would pass could watch it on TV. In other words, television enabled people to see typhoons with a predictive effect. This “predictive effect” allowed people to understand weather phenomena even without any knowledge of science.

著者

柳川 高行 菅谷 実

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.48, pp.271-272, 1996-01-31

著者

金 明華

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.187-204, 2010-07-31

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In recent years, audition programs such as "Super Girl" has become popular in China. Many idols of mainland China, playing an active part in the world entertainment, are created by these programs. Idols' fans are emerging as groups and are acting enthusiastically as an organization. This paper focuses on these new changes which have occurred in the phenomenon of idols/fans in China, and clarifies the generation and features of idols/fans, taking Li Yuchun (a popular idol, the winner of audition program "Super Girl") and her fans "Yumi" as one case. This paper also adopts qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews with 30 Yumi living in Beijing were made in 2007 and 2009. Referring to fans researches of Japan and the west, this paper analyzes interviews with Yumi and draws the following conclusions. For Yumi, Li Yuchun is not a symbol that can be replaced by other idols, and she embodies Yumi's values. Yumi do not consume Li's image as "play", keeping the identity of Yumi more seriously. From what lay behind the images such as "frankness" and "cleanliness" deciphered by Yumi, the anxieties about Chinese society, which has dropped into moral crisis and trust crisis despite high economic growth, can be seen. Yumi feel an idol's kindness from Li Yuchun, while maintaining a distance from her. They have created a sense of solidarity among a wide range of generations, mediated by the image of Li Yuchun. And they also have made a multilayered space of communication through the Internet. Especially, those Yumi who know each other in real life carry out more direct and close exchanges, though it is necessary to consider further whether these exchanges have created a gap among Yumi.

著者

池上 賢

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, pp.103-121, 2017-07-31 (Released:2017-11-07)

参考文献数

15

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In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the identity of audiencesand their experiences of manga. Firstly, from a theoretical perspective, we discussthe outcomes and problems of the constructivist view of audience research.Secondly, we point out that the notion of narrative identity and the idea ofmedia as a resource is effective. In addition, we argue that the process of positioningmanga experiences as an element of audience’s narratives while theytalk about their life stories is effective. We analyzed the data by using the lifestory method of dialogical constructionism. As a result of our analysis, we foundfollowing findings: first, in the narration of manga experience related to identity,manga experience was positioned in a certain role in an individual’s life story.Secondly, the construction of the identity using the manga experience as aresource was not done by an individual alone, but was carried out in participationwith others. Thirdly, the characteristics of manga as media were involvedin the construction of the narratives, specifically the fact that characters inshonen manga are often shown in their growth into adults, that shojo mangaoften includes transgender characters and that manga is made up of“ picturesand words” so that it is easy to share and has a high level of communicability.In contemporary society, media such as comics occupy an important position asa resource for audience’s identities, and an accumulation of research on the subjectis required in the future.

著者

土橋 臣吾

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.17-35, 2015-07-31

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The aim of this paper is to study today's information environments surrounding cellphones from local relationships between cellphones and humans. To this end, the authors first examined the characteristics of cellphones as objects - more specifically, the meaning of the mobility and variability of cellphones. Then the authors tackled the following issues: (1) developing a theoretical perspective for analyzing relationships between mobile and variable technology and humans; and (2) studying contemporary technological trends regarding design among agencies of cellphone users. To solve the first issue, the authors first examined the framework for studying the adoption of technologies in homes (fixed space) for comparison and showed the limitations of the framework with a view to developing a perspective for analyzing relationships between the mobile and variable cellphone technology and humans. The authors' study revealed that to analyze relationships between cellphones and humans, it is necessary to assume a structure of collaboration between technology and humans rather than confrontation between the two and that humans who use cellphones can be understood as bundles of agencies that continue to change in the structure. To solve the second issue, based on the perspective developed in the above analysis, the authors studied how agencies of cellphone users are being developed and designed in the following two technological trends in recent years: the introduction of ubiquitous technology and the widespread use of applications. The authors' findings revealed that while these two technological trends are separate from each other, they are similar in that they both capture people's activities and experiences in great detail and create information environments in accordance with the flow of everyday life. As a result, all areas of humans' daily lives will become targets of development and design. Based on these findings, the authors finally examined how they can view technology from a critical perspective in such information environments. The results of their study led them to believe that it becomes very difficult to view technology from a critical perspective in a structure that supports collaboration between technology and humans. In order to overcome such difficulty, it is necessary to change the notion of critique from what is projected from outside to what reorganizes an information environment from within its inner structure.

著者

北田 暁大

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.53, pp.83-96, 213, 1998-07-31

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Offering the proposition "Media is the messages, " Murshall McLuhan indicated that the modality of media consumption can define our kinetic sense and thoughts. The unfortunate acceptance of McLuhan's arguments invited the lack of the sociological scrutiny. This paper will rethink the theoretical implication of McLuhan's proposition from the viewpoints of social system theory developed by Niklas Luhmann. His theory clarifies the theoretical difference between face-to-face communication and mediated communication, and the concept of "observation" will give us the alternative idea of "Medialiteracy".