著者

Kenichi Komabayashi Junji Seto Yohei Matoba Yoko Aoki Shizuka Tanaka Tatsuya Ikeda Yoko Matsuzaki Tsutomu Itagaki Katsumi Mizuta

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.5, pp.394-397, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-09-24)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

2 18

著者

Alfonsus Adrian Hadikusumo Takako Utsumi Mochamad Amin Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa Anittaqwa Istimagfirah Rury Mega Wahyuni Maria Inge Lusida Soetjipto Edhi Rianto Juniastuti Yoshitake Hayashi

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.6, pp.493-499, 2016 (Released:2016-11-22)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

8

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Transgender people are at a high risk for sexually transmitted viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Moreover, Indonesia has a moderate-to-high rate of HBV infection and rapid epidemic growth of HIV infection; hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can co-occur with HBV and HIV infections. In this study, 10 of 107 individuals (9.3%) were positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or HBV DNA, whereas 19 of 101 individuals (18.8%) with negative results for HBsAg were positive for HBV core antibody (anti-HBc). Seven of the 107 individuals (6.5%) were anti-HCV positive, and 16 of the 100 tested samples (16.0%) were HIV positive. Genotype and subtype analyses of all 10 HBV DNA (6 HBsAg positive and 4 anti-HBc positive) strains showed that 3 were of the HBV genotype/HBsAg subtype C/adrq+, one was of C/adw2, and 5 were of B/adw2. The HCV subtype distribution showed that 33.3% were of HCV-1b, and 66.7% were of HCV-3k (n = 6). These distributions differed from those found in the general population of Surabaya, Indonesia. Interestingly, HIV subtype analysis showed a high prevalence of HIV, with possible recombinants of CRF01_AE and subtype B.

著者

Rafael Alves Guimarães Roselma Lucchese Inaina Lara Fernandes Ivânia Vera Aurélio Goulart Rodovalho Vanessa Alves Guimarães Gracielle Cristina Silva Rodrigo Lopes de Felipe Paulo Alexandre de Castro Priscilla Martins Ferreira

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2015.490, (Released:2016-06-30)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

5

---

Objective: to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with lifetime HIV testing in non-injection drug users (NIDU). Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted with 323 individuals in clinics for chemical dependency of the state of Goiás, Central-West region of Brazil. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with lifetime HIV testing. Results: The frequency of HIV testing was 48.9% (95% CI: 43.5-54.3%). HIV testing was associated with age, female gender, crack use, history of sexually transmitted infections, knowing people living with HIV/AIDS and/or someone who had died from AIDS, and having received some instruction on HIV/AIDS prevention methods. It was found that only 26.6% reported having access to the HIV rapid test. Conclusion: The determinants for HIV testing must be taken into account when planning prevention and programming strategies, including the widening of testing coverage among NIDU, educational health actions, links between sexually transmitted infections prevention services and addiction treatment services and the use of rapid tests to help people that are in contact with the virus learn about their HIV status, enter treatment, and improve their quality of life.

著者

Dimosthenis Chochlakis Elpis Mantadakis Stavros Thomaidis Yannis Tselentis Athanassios Chatzimichael Anna Psaroulaki

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2016.302, (Released:2016-10-31)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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This article has been retracted by the authors under the agreement between the Editor-in-Chief, Masayuki Saijo and authors.

著者

Fujio Kakuya Hitoshi Okubo Hiroaki Fujiyasu Iori Wakabayashi Masayo Syouji Takahiro Kinebuchi

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2020.181, (Released:2020-05-29)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

15

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, and has a high mortality rate. The disease emerged from Wuhan, China, in late 2019, and spread to Japan, including Hokkaido, in January 2020. In February 2020, three children were diagnosed with COVID-19 in Furano, Hokkaido, Japan. During this period, influenza and human metapneumovirus infections were prevalent among children in the Furano region. Two of the three cases experienced co-infection with other respiratory viruses, including influenza virus A or human metapneumovirus. To the authors’ knowledge, the cases described in the present report were the first pediatric patients with COVID-19 in Japan. In children with COVID-19, the possibility of co-infection with other respiratory pathogens should be considered.

著者

Alfonsus Adrian Hadikusumo Takako Utsumi Mochamad Amin Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa Anittaqwa Istimagfirah Rury Mega Wahyuni Maria Inge Lusida Soetjipto Edhi Rianto Juniastuti Yoshitake Hayashi

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2015.384, (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

8

---

Transgender people are at high risk of sexually transmitted viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Moreover, Indonesia has a moderate to high rate of HBV infection and a rapid epidemic growth of HIV. Because hepatitis C virus (HCV) can co-occur with HBV and HIV, it was also evaluated in this study. Ten of 107 individuals (9.3%) were Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and/or HBV DNA positive, whereas nineteen of 101 individuals (18.8%) with negative HBsAg were Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)-positive. Seven of 107 individuals (6.5%) were anti-HCV positive, and sixteen of 100 tested samples (16%) were HIV positive. Genotype and subtype analyses of all ten HBV DNA (six HBsAg positive and four anti-HBc positive) strains showed that three were HBV genotype/HBsAg subtype C/adrq+, one was C/adw2, and five were B/adw2. The HCV subtype distribution showed that 33.3% were HCV-1b, and 66.7% were HCV-3k (n=6). These distributions differed from those found in the general population of Surabaya, Indonesia. The HIV subtype analysis showed that, interestingly, a high prevalence of HIV, with possible recombinants of CRF01_AE and subtype B, were found.

著者

Ai Hori Bibha Dhungel Satsue Nagahama

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2022.614, (Released:2023-06-30)

参考文献数

15

---

In 2019, the Japanese government set up a scheme for rubella antibody testing during workplace health check-ups for men born between fiscal years 1962 and 1978. However, use of vouchers for rubella antibody testing remains low. Health check-up data analyses are needed to determine the reason rubella antibody testing is not widely used. In this research, we aimed to clarify how rubella antibody test-taking behaviour during health check-ups has changed over the first 3 years of the rubella catch-up campaign in Japan. The vouchers were sent in 2019, 2020, and 2021 (2020 in some areas) to men born in fiscal years 1972–1978, 1966–1971, and 1962–1965, respectively. We calculated the prevalence of men born between 1962 and 1978 having received rubella antibody testing during mandatory health check-ups under the Industrial Health and Safety Act. It was relatively high (approximately 15%) soon after the distribution of vouchers in all three age groups, and then declined to below 2% over the second and third years. A further population approach with continuous public engagement is required in workplaces to effectively promote and expand the rubella vaccination program in Japan.

著者

Koichi Hashimoto Hajime Maeda Kyohei Miyazaki Masahiro Watanabe Sakurako Norito Ryo Maeda Yohei Kume Takashi Ono Mina Chishiki Kazuhide Suyama Masatoki Sato Mitsuaki Hosoya

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.2, pp.154-156, 2021-03-31 (Released:2021-03-24)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 3

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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a late-onset, intractable, and fatal viral disease caused by persistent infection of the central nervous system with a measles virus mutant (SSPE virus). In Japan, interferon-α and ribavirin are administered intracerebroventricularly to patients with SSPE. However, as the therapeutic effect is insufficient, more effective drugs are needed. Favipiravir, which is clinically used as an anti-influenza drug, demonstrates anti-viral effects against RNA viruses. In this study, the antiviral effect of favipiravir against measles virus (Edmonston strain) and SSPE virus (Yamagata-1 strain) was examined in vitro. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of favipiravir (inhibiting viral plaque formation by 50%) against Edmonston and Yamagata-1 strains were 108.7 ± 2.0 μM (17.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL) and 38.6 ± 6.0 μM (6.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL), respectively, which were similar to those of ribavirin. The antiviral activity of favipiravir against the SSPE virus was demonstrated for the first time in this study.

著者

Mami Nagashima Ryota Kumagai Isao Yoshida Mamiyo Kawakami Miyuki Nagano Hiroyuki Asakura Emiko Kaku Yurie Kitamura Michiya Hasegawa Yukinao Hayashi Takashi Chiba Kenji Sadamasu Kazuhisa Yoshimura

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2020.137, (Released:2020-04-30)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 6

著者

Li Shen Xiaoxia Liu Geng Feng Fu Shixuan Hao Minghui Zhang Ting Wang Jing Yang Xiao Wu Lingxiang Mao

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2015.464, (Released:2016-06-30)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 9

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To investigate the epidemic of HIV, HCV and syphilis, HIV-1 subtype among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to measure factors that correlated with sexual transmitted infections (STIs), a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 657 MSM in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, during 2012-2013. Social-demographic characterization and risky behaviors were collected and blood samples were obtained. In this survey, the prevalence of STIs of HIV (5.3%), HCV (0.6%) and syphilis (19.2%) were measured. Of 35 HIV-infected MSM, 1 (0.2%) and 17 (2.6%) were co-infected with HCV and syphilis. Among 33 samples with available HIV-1 genomic fragments sequences, 6.1% B, 72.7% CRF01_AE and 21.2% CRF07_BC were indentified. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age>30 years (OR 2.002; 95% CI 1.144 to 3.502) and having had STIs symptoms in the past year (OR 11.673; 95% CI 3.092 to 44.078) were positively correlated with STIs positive, while consistently use condom when have sex with male partners (OR 0.621; 95% CI 0.408 to 0.945) was significantly associated with a low STIs rate. The worsening epidemic of HIV, HCV and syphilis, complex subtypes of HIV-1 and risk factors suggest that effective intervention strategies should be strengthened for MSM in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.

著者

Hiroyuki Wakiguchi Yasuhiro Okamoto Manaka Matsunaga Yuichi Kodama Akinori Miyazono Shunji Seki Naohiro Ikeda Yoshifumi Kawano

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2015.362, (Released:2015-11-13)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

4

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Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disease caused by Bartonella henselae. Atypical clinical presentations of CSD include prolonged fever and multiple hepatosplenic lesions, although these are rare. Furthermore, multiple renal lesions are extremely rare in CSD. The patient was an 11-year-old Japanese girl who had a prolonged fever of unknown cause after being scratched and bitten by a kitten. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple small, round hypodense lesions in both kidneys and in the spleen. Based on her history and the results of CT, a diagnosis of CSD was made; the diagnosis was confirmed with serological tests, which indicated antibodies against Bartonella henselae. After treatment with azithromycin, her fever immediately improved. Careful history taking and imaging are essential for the diagnosis of atypical CSD. In CT images, not only hepatosplenic lesions but also renal lesions are important features indicative of a diagnosis of atypical CSD. Subsequently, a diagnosis of CSD can be confirmed with specific serological tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported Japanese case of multiple renal and splenic lesions in a patient with CSD. Although atypical CSD is difficult to diagnose, an early diagnosis is important to prevent invasive examinations.

著者

Malay Kumar Saha Tanmay Mahapatra Subrata Biswas Piyali Ghosh Sanchita Mahapatra Aloke Kumar Deb Kshitiz Diwan

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2013.068, (Released:2014-11-25)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 4

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Men having sex with men (MSM) in India are mostly hidden due to stigma and discrimination and are at higher risk of HIV acquisition. HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) pointed rising HIV burden for Chhattisgarh, an important central Indian province, with the distinction of highest HIV prevalence among MSM in India and, therefore, warrants special attention to study the role of MSM in HIV epidemic. Cross-sectional analysis of latest (2010-11) HSS data for 227 MSM in Chhattisgarh revealed 14.98% HIV sero-positivity. Older age, unemployment and receiving money for sex with a man were associated with higher HIV risk. Participants were mostly young (mean age 26 years), school-level educated (51.98%), urban residents (99.56%), doing service (46.26%), not involved in heterosexual activities (97.36%) or paid sex (68.72%). None of the participants reported injecting drug use and almost all of them (98.68%) were Kothis. Some of the observed associations lacked statistical power due to sparse data in this initial surveillance among MSM in Chhattisgarh indicating the need for studies involving larger population to understand the role of MSM in the dynamics of HIV epidemic in this state for planning appropriate interventions as the epidemic probably being concentrated among MSM in Chhattisgarh.

著者

Fumi Kasuya Akane Negishi Ryota Kumagai Isao Yoshida Kou Murakami Takushi Fujiwara Michiya Hasegawa Sachiko Harada Arisa Amano Makoto Inada Sho Saito Shinichiro Morioka Norio Ohmagari Yoshiyuki Sugishita Hirofumi Miyake Mami Nagashima Kenji Sadamasu Kazuhisa Yoshimura

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2022.546, (Released:2023-03-31)

参考文献数

10

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Mpox, caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), produces symptoms similar to those of smallpox when transmitted to humans. Since 1970, this disease had been endemic mainly in Africa. However, since May 2022, the number of patients without a history of traveling to endemic areas has been globally and rapidly increasing. Under these circumstances, in July 2022, two different real-time PCR methods were used on specimens brought to the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, MPXV was detected in the skin samples, and it was inferred that the MPXV was of the West African strain. Furthermore, a more detailed analysis of the genetic characteristics of the detected MPXV using next-generation sequencing revealed that the MPXV detected in Tokyo this time was strain B.1, corresponding to the same strain as that prevalent in Europe and the USA. This suggests that the mpox reported for the first time in Japan was imported and related to outbreaks in Europe and the USA. It is thus necessary to continue monitoring the outbreak in Japan in conjunction with the global epidemic situation.

著者

Shintaro Shichinohe Yasuteru Sakurai Daisuke Hayasaka Eri Yamada Katsuaki Shinohara Yohei Kurosaki Kensuke Nakajima

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2022.475, (Released:2022-12-28)

参考文献数

12

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Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories are necessary to study microorganisms that are highly pathogenic to humans and have no prevention or therapeutic measures. Currently, most BSL-4 facilities have suit-type laboratories to conduct experiments on highly pathogenic microorganisms. In 2021, the first Japanese suit-type BSL-4 laboratory was constructed at Nagasaki University. Positive pressure protection suit (PPPS) is a primary barrier that protect and isolate laboratory workers from pathogens and the laboratory environment. Here, we developed a novel PPPS originally designed to be used in the Nagasaki BSL-4 laboratory. We modified several parts of the domestic chemical protective suit, including its front face shield, cuff, and air supply hose, for safe handling of microbiological agents. The improved suit, PS-790BSL4-AL, showed resistance to several chemicals, including quaternary ammonium disinfectant, and did not show any permeation against blood and phages. To validate the suit’s integrity, we also established an airtight test that enabled the elimination of individual differences for quantitative testing. Thus, our developed suit is sufficient as a primary barrier and allows for the safe handling of pathogens in our new BSL-4 laboratory.

著者

Yohei Matoba Yoko Aoki Shizuka Tanaka Kazue Yahagi Yuriko Katsushima Fumio Katsushima Kanetsu Sugawara Yoko Matsuzaki Katsumi Mizuta

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.5, pp.452-454, 2016 (Released:2016-09-21)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

4 15

著者

Kazuya Shirato Naganori Nao Harutaka Katano Ikuyo Takayama Shinji Saito Fumihiro Kato Hiroshi Katoh Masafumi Sakata Yuichiro Nakatsu Yoshio Mori Tsutomu Kageyama Shutoku Matsuyama Makoto Takeda

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2020.061, (Released:2020-02-18)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

336

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At the end of 2019, pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV) emerged in Wuhan city, China. Many airline travelers moved between Wuhan and Japan at that time, suggesting that Japan is at high risk of invasion by the virus. Diagnostic systems for 2019-nCoV were developed with urgency. Two nested RT–PCR assays and two real-time RT–PCR assays were adapted to local Japanese conditions. As of 8 February 2020, the assays developed have successfully detected 25 positive cases of infection in Japan.

著者

Lina Madaniyazi Xerxes Seposo Chris Fook Sheng Ng Aurelio Tobias Michiko Toizumi Hiroyuki Moriuchi Lay-Myint Yoshida Masahiro Hashizume

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2021.312, (Released:2021-08-31)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

12

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The nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on COVID-19 can impact current and future dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus infections (RSV). In Tokyo, RSV activity declined by 97.9% (95%CI: 94.8% - 99.2%) during NPIs. A longer period of NPIs could expand susceptible populations, enhancing the potential for larger RSV outbreaks after NPIs ends.

著者

Thana Khawcharoenporn Benjawan Phetsuksiri Janisara Rudeeaneksin Sopa Srisungngam Anucha Apisarnthanarak

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2016.480, (Released:2017-03-28)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

4

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Optimal testing strategy for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection and guiding isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is uncertain among HIV-infected patients. A 4-year prospective study was conducted among Thai HIV-infected patients who underwent simultaneous tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-tube Test (QFT-IT) at care entry. Based on baseline test results, patients were categorized into 4 groups: 1) QFT-IT-positive, TST-reactive 2) QFT-IT-positive, TST-non-reactive 3) QFT-IT-negative, TST-reactive, or 4) QFT-IT-negative, TST-non-reactive. The QFT-IT-positive patients were offered 9-month IPT and underwent yearly QFT-IT. Among 150 enrolled patients, there were 8, 12, 16 and 114 patients in group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Sixteen of 19 QFT-IT-positive patients (84%) completed IPT. The incidence of tuberculosis was significantly higher in patients who declined IPT than those completing IPT (11.11 vs. 0 case/100 patient-year; P<0.001). Among the 16 patients completing IPT, 11 (69%) and 2 (12%) had QFT-IT reversion at 1 year and 2 years after IPT, respectively. The remaining 3/16 (19%) had no reversion and their baseline interferon-γ levels were all above 1.2 IU/ml. Initial QFT-IT-guided IPT was effective in preventing tuberculosis. Serial QFT-IT for evaluating IPT effectiveness had limitations given delayed and no reversion, especially in those with high baseline interferon-γ levels.

著者

Yoshiyuki Sugishita Takuya Yamagishi Yuzo Arima Narumi Hori Naomi Seki

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.154-157, 2016 (Released:2016-03-23)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 9

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The number of notified syphilis cases in Tokyo has more than doubled in recent years. The number of reported primary and secondary syphilis cases increased from 108 cases (0.8 per 100,000 population) in 2007 to 245 cases in 2013 (1.9 per 100,000 population). During this period, the majority of cases was male (905/1,024), and the recent increase among primary and secondary syphilis cases was attributed to the increase among males (90/108 [83%] cases in 2007 to 218/245 [89%] cases in 2013); men aged 20–49 years contributed most to the increase, with those aged 30–34 years having the highest notification rate in 2013. Male-to-male transmission was the primary route of infection reported, and men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for nearly 80% of male cases in 2013. Syphilis appears to be reemerging in Tokyo, and reducing the risk of acquiring syphilis among MSM aged 20–49 years should be a public health priority in Tokyo.

著者

Minetaro Arita

出版者

国立感染症研究所 Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 編集委員会

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2016.356, (Released:2016-10-31)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

9

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Since the start of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) were drastically reduced to only 74 cases in 2 endemic countries in 2015. With established vaccine campaign, current limited PV transmission suggested the endgame of the polio eradication program. In the endgame, we have emerging challenges specific to the endgame; tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in the biorisk management. To overcome these challenges, several projects of PV study attract attention in the eradication program. Some of these emerging challenges/projects of PV study might arise as critical issues in the other eradication programs of the infectious diseases. Here, I will review state of the art of PV study and challenges that confront the polio eradication program.