著者

安田 知久 相馬 啓子 國弘 幸伸 安田 宏一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.39-42, 2019-02-28 (Released:2019-04-01)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

---

Ten healthy volunteers were spun passively on a revolving chair (0.5 Hz left-winded 7 rotation), asked to stand up immediately thereafter and take 30 steps with their eyes closed. The observations revealed that subjects having an anteverted posture turned to the right, whereas those with a retroverted posture turned to the left. To ascertain the reason for this directional switch, volunteers carried a 10-kg weight on their front or back while keeping their axis vertical. The front-weighted subjects turned to the right like the subjects with the anteverted posture, while the back-weighted subjects turned to the left like those with the retroverted posture. The results indicated that shifting of the center of gravity, and not the posture, was the reason for the difference. When the subjects kept their arms up forward horizontally and the legs high up as in Fukuda's stepping test, they turned to the right, because their horizontal arms and highly up legs set the weight forward. The neutral pose, with the arms hanging down along the side of the body and stepping low, was scarcely associated with any turning.

著者

北原 糺

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.41-51, 2007 (Released:2008-10-10)

参考文献数

26

---

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It was invented to amplify specific regions of a DNA strand in tissues, resulting in the tremendous development in biochemical and molecular biological fields. Nowadays, the PCR method is also quite available in inner ear researches as modified versions, because it needs just small amounts of samples in inner ear tissues. The modified versions are as follows: reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, in situ PCR, DNA subtraction, DNA microarray, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis for using mRNA and reporter gene assay, gel mobility assay for using genomic DNA. Here in this paper, we would like to introduce the PCR method from original to modified in our inner ear biological field.

著者

代田 文彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.159-162, 1977 (Released:2009-09-16)

著者

望月 文博 宮本 康裕 四戸 達也 笹野 恭之 荒井 光太郎 西本 寛志 稲垣 太朗 大原 章裕 鈴木 香 三上 公志 谷口 雄一郎 肥塚 泉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.6, pp.595-601, 2019-12-31 (Released:2020-02-05)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

---

Japan has become a super-aging society, and the number of elderly persons with dizziness is increasing. In addition, elderly persons with dizziness have a high risk of falling, and fractures caused by falls can decrease the life span. It is therefore necessary to take appropriate countermeasures. Treatments for dizziness are wide-ranging and include physical therapy, such as canalith repositioning, and pharmacotherapy. However, many patients do not improve even after these treatments. In this study, we compared the results of stabilometry examined before and after the use of a cane in 21 patients aged 65 years or older with a history of dizziness who visited our department (DHI score of 28 points or higher). The use of a cane improved the following measured parameters: total length of body sway, area of body sway, and unit area body sway length at the time of eye opening and closing. To prevent falling, somatic sense input and skeletal muscle input focused on the lower extremities are important. It is expected that these inputs decline in elderly persons, and based on the results of the current study, it is likely that the use of prosthetics, such as a cane, will play an important role in the future in supporting these subjects.

著者

加藤 保司 宮崎 眞佐男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.87-90, 2010 (Released:2010-06-01)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

---

Seventy-two patients with dizziness or vertigo having C4-7 cervical disk disease had their systolic blood pressure (BP) measured before and after the head-up test with tonometry. We demonstrated that significant depression of the systolic BP was seen in the patient group compared with the normal group during the head-up test. There were 11 patients in whom vertigo or dizziness was induced by each head-up test, and all of them showed a BP depression of 19 mmHg or more. However, 26 patients had a BP depression of only 9 mmHg or less, which was within normal limits, and none showed vertigo or dizziness. It was considered whether the main cause of vertigo or dizziness induced by the head-up test among the patients with cervical lesion was BP depression. The other causes of vertigo or dizziness among the patients who showed BP depression of 18 mmHg or less could possibly be blood flow insufficiency in the brain stem, acoustic nerve ischemia, Powers syndrome, carotid artery stenosis, platelet hyper-aggregation or psychosomatic factors.

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.5, pp.385-559, 2017-10-31 (Released:2018-01-01)

---

抄録集

著者

五島 史行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.4, pp.245-246, 2005 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

6

著者

重野 浩一郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.3, pp.115-122, 2016-06-30 (Released:2016-08-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

We investigated otolith function using the subjective visual vertical (SVV) in 54 patients with persistent geotropic positional nystagmus (Light cupula), 30 patients with persistent apogeotropic positional nystagmus (Heavy cupula) and 45 healthy subjects. To compare benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), SVV was also measured in 56 patients with posterior canal canalolithiasis (PC) and 38 patients with lateral canal canalolithiasis (LC). Patients attended the clinic within 1 week after the onset of vertigo, and the SVVs were examined prior to treatment. The affected sides of Light cupula and Heavy cupula were estimated based on the neutral position at which the horizontal nystagmus direction was reversed. The average SVV toward the affected side showed significantly higher values, in this order: Light cupula>LC/PC>healthy subjects and Light cupula>Heavy cupula. Otolith dysfunction could be demonstrated on the affected side in Light cupula, whereas Heavy cupula exhibited a lesser degree of otolith dysfunction. The average SVV value toward the affected side of 0.9 is recommended as a cut-off value for Light cupula (sensitivity: 0.75, specificity: 0.86). The average SVV value>1.4 toward the affected side is also recommended as a cut-off for the detection of otolith dysfunction in Light cupula, PC and LC (specificity>0.93).

著者

許斐 氏元 鈴木 衞 小川 恭生 大塚 康司 萩原 晃 稲垣 太郎 井谷 茂人 斉藤 雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.6, pp.502-511, 2014-12-31 (Released:2015-02-01)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 15

---

This study was performed to determine the frequency and degree of sleep disturbance in patients with dizziness using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Japanese Version (PSQI-J), and investigate the relationship between dizziness and sleep disturbance. Fifty-two patients (20 male, 32 female) with a chief complaint of dizziness visited the dizziness clinic of the Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical University, for 3 months in 2013. The patients' age (average ± standard deviation) was 54.4±17.0 years (range, 10-88 years). The average PSQI global score was 7.6±4.2 points, which exceeds the 5.5-point cut-off for insomnia. In total, 67.3% of patients scored >6 points, and 35.8% scored >9 points, indicating definite sleep disturbance. With respect to the demography of disease groups, patients with Meniere's disease scored an average of 7.9 points, those with autonomic imbalance scored 8.8 points, and those with psychogenic dizziness scored 9.7 points; all of these diseases were associated with high PSQI scores. Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and patients with no abnormal findings showed relatively low scores (6.7 and 5.3 points, respectively). Patients with suspected sleep apnea syndrome, restless leg syndrome, and parasomnias tended to show high scores (>10 points). A high rate and high grade of sleep disturbance were confirmed in patients with dizziness, indicating that sleep quality affects several types of dizziness and vertigo. Understanding sleep disorders is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness and provides a new perspective on the etiology of dizziness.

著者

高橋 正紘

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.3, pp.213-221, 2008 (Released:2008-08-01)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

---

From numerous clinical investigations and questionnaire surveys, I have obtained the following results regarding Meniere's disease. 1. Patients with Meniere's disease, as compared to the control population, differ little in lifestyles or daily anxieties, but possess significantly (p<0.01) stronger self-inhibition and engrossment. Meniere's disease may be caused by discontent with others' expression of gratitude or appraisal. 2. Low-tone sensorineural hearing loss, which resembles Meniere's disease except in not being associated with vertigo, is a milder form of Meniere's disease that occurs when the causative factors, both personal and environmental, are less severe or more transient. 3. Methods for prevention and therapy of Meniere's disease have been provided by our studies. Patients should be instructed (1) to understand the causative factors, (2) to decrease self-inhibition and not be concerned about others' expression of gratitude or appraisal, (3) to sleep well and to perform aerobic exercises, and (4) to enjoy chatting, singing or hobbies. 4. Long-lasting 60-dB hearing loss recovered to normal hearing in a 66-year-old patient with Meniere's disease after he performed aerobic exercises three times a week for several months. The results in this case suggest that the most important aspect in the treatment of Meniere's disease is increase of the local blood flow, which can be achieved by continuous aerobic exercises.

著者

花川 隆

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.115-119, 2012 (Released:2012-06-01)

参考文献数

17

---

The control of extraocular and neck movements relies on the information from the vestibular organs. The brainstem and cerebellum are in charge of these processes. Further, the higher-order processing of vestibular information is mediated by the posterolateral part of the thalamus (“vestibular thalamus”), which in turn projects to multiple cortical areas including the parieto-insular vestibular cortex and thus constitutes the “thalamo-cortical vestibular system”. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to visualize brain activity changes in the thalamo-cortical vestibular system in response to unilateral vestibular perturbation by means of electric or caloric stimulation. Clinically, neuroimging studies on peripheral vestibular disorders have shown abnormal responses of the thalamo-cortical vestibular system to vestibular perturbation. Studies have also revealed anatomo-functional reorganization of non-vestibular cortical areas (such as visual or somatosensory cortices) in peripheral vestibular disorders. Moreover, such reorganization may be correlated with functional recovery after peripheral vestibular disorders. Studies on cerebrovascular disorders involving the vestibular thalamus support the importance of this area for controlling posture. These imaging studies have begun to cast light on the otherwise unknown pathophysiology and compensatory mechanisms of vestibular disorders, although many issues still remain to be answered.

著者

三輪 徹 竹田 大樹 蓑田 涼生

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.6, pp.712-719, 2017

被引用文献数

3

---

<p> Genetic defects are a major cause of hearing loss in newborns. Numerous causative genes for genetic hearing loss have been identified. Most genes cause only hearing loss which is referred to as non-syndromic deafness. On the other hand, some genes cause not only congenital hearing loss but also vestibular dysfunction,<i> etc</i>., which is referred to as syndromic deafness. However, presently, there are no truly curative treatments for this condition. One of the feasible treatments for congenital inner ear disease is "gene therapy during the embryonic stages" before the expression of abnormal morphology and function of the inner ear. In 2008, Gubbles et al. reported on gene transfer by transuterine-mediated injection into the embryonic inner ear (otocyst) and electroporation at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5). We also utilized those methods, and performed electroporation-mediated transuterine gene transfer into otocysts (EUGO) for two models of congenital inner ear disease. One is the Connexin (Cx) 30 knockout (KO) mouse in which GJB6 gene coding Cx30 is deleted. The other is the pendrin KO mouse in which the SLC26A4 gene coding pendrin is deleted. The former is the model of non-syndromic deafness, the latter is the model of syndromic deafness. EUGO caused the vast expression of normal genes in the inner ear and successfully improved the hearing and vestibular function in both models. Although we utilized the otocyst at E11.5, this method must be demonstrated before the beginning of gene expression in the inner ear. Thus, the timing of embryonic gene therapy is important, because each gene has a different timing of expression in the inner ear. Herein, we describe state-of-the-art research on genetic inner ear disease treatment through gene therapy and discuss the obstacles to overcome in curative treatments of genetic inner ear diseases in humans.</p>

著者

時田 喬 宮田 英雄 青木 光広

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.4, pp.238-246, 2013-08-31 (Released:2013-10-01)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Frequency analysis of the sway of the body center of gravity appearing in the upright standing posture is important as one of the measurements in stabilometry. However, although analysis using the FFT method is now widely used, it is difficult to interpret the results. Therefore, using MEM method, we made a scatter diagram showing the frequency on the x-axis and the spectral peak area on the y-axis. In the scatter plot, we filled in the power law distribution curve and the approximate expression. This diagram (the peak-area spectrum) was the object of this study. The results obtained were as follows.1) In healthy cases, the area spectra showed the power law distribution. 2) In a case with labyrinthine failure, the spectrum showed an increase of the area of the maximum peak frequency. We considered the finding is caused by a disorder of the labyrinthine righting reflex. 3) In a case with cerebellum disturbance, irregularities were observed in the power law distribution of the peak areas. The findings are interpreted as due to a coordination disorder in standing posture regulation. 4) In a case of Parkinson's disease, the slope of the power law distribution curve became flat. The findings are interpreted as due to postural control disorder caused by muscle rigidity. Examination of the peak area spectrum is useful for quantitative assessment of the body sway in an upright standing posture.

著者

中山 明峰 浅井 友詞

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.298-303, 2018-08-31 (Released:2018-10-02)

参考文献数

10

---

One of the hazards in performing vestibular rehabilitation therapy is the lack of an adequate evidence base. McDonnell and Hillier reported a large cohort study that summarized all the available articles regarding evidence-based vestibular rehabilitation therapy and found that only 29 out of 1586 articles were actually evidence-based. This was a striking result, and unfortunately none of the 29 evidence-based reports were from Japan. However, several applications for vestibular rehabilitation have recently been accepted by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Thus, evidence-based vestibular rehabilitation therapy has just started. This report will discuss how to perform evidence-based vestibular rehabilitation therapy.

著者

中島 成人

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.4, pp.150-155, 2007 (Released:2008-10-10)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

---

Three patients suspected of having intractable Meniere's disease had shown no effect via the usual treatment of inner ear hydrops for 7, 13, and 15 years. They were re-evaluated and managed for neurovascular compression syndrome (NVC) of the 8th cranial nerve based on their distinctive vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus, followed by symptomatic relief with cinnarizine or a papaverine-containing drug. In addition to these symptoms, two of three patients showed ipsilateral displacement of the basilar artery (BA) on the axial view of MRI.Patients with NVC of the 8th cranial nerve may show rapid relief from sudden onset, recurrent vertigo with severe nystagmus, even in the case of canal paresis, marked fluctuating hearing loss with or without vestibular symptoms, and slowly progressive (unrecognized) hearing loss accompanied by tinnitus of a varying intesity. Patients have experienced symptomatic relief with carbamazepine, cinnatizine, or papaverine-containing drugs.Suspected cases of NVC have shown dolichoectatic ipsilateral convexity of the BA at the level of the internal auditory meatus on the axial view on MRI at a rate of 86.5%, which has been suggested to serve as a diagnostic feature of NVC.

著者

横田 淳一 太田 康 矢部 多加夫 霜田 里絵

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.7-15, 2016-02-26 (Released:2016-04-01)

参考文献数

30

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Opalski's syndrome is considered to be a variant of lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome) with ipsilateral hemiplegia. Although dizziness/vertigo or ocular motor abnormalities commonly occur in Wallenberg's syndrome, these abnormalities are scarcely encountered in Opalski's syndrome. In the present study, two patients with Opalski's syndrome experiencing vertigo/dizziness were evaluated by electronystagmography (ENG). The characteristic findings of ENG were as follows: (1) horizontal nystagmus beating toward the contralateral side of the lesion, (2) tonic conjugate deviation to the side of the lesion (case 2), (3) hypometric saccade toward the side of the lesion and hypermetric saccade toward the contralateral side, (4) smooth pursuit was impaired to the ipsilateral side of the lesion, (5) slow phase peak velocities of OKN were reduced bilaterally, while the steady-state velocities were preserved, and (6) impaired visual suppression (VS) of the slow phase of caloric nystagmus on the ipsilateral side. Among these features, (3) and (4) were the most remarkable findings in our patients. In our present cases, the characteristic directional preponderance of the saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movement disorders was just the reverse of those observed in Wallenberg's syndrome. Several lines of neurophysiological evidence suggest that in Wallenberg's syndrome, the impaired saccadic and smooth-pursuit movements are caused by dysfunction of the caudal fastigial nuclei. In contrast, after experimental lesioning of the posterior vermis (lobules VI and VII), the directional preponderance of the saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements is just the opposite. The findings in our cases were consistent with these observations. Consequently, the findings in our case were presumed to be originated from dysfunction of the posterior vermis. As for reduction of the bilateral slow-phase peak velocities of OKN, it appears to be derived from dysfunction of the flocculus/paraflocculus, and reduction of the ipsilateral VS may be derived from dysfunction of the flocculus or nodulus. MRI in our cases revealed lateral medullary infarction, but no lesions in the cerebellum. Therefore, it was assumed that the above ocular motor abnormalities in our cases may have been mainly derived from lesions of the inferior cerebellar peduncle disrupting the climbing fibers from the contralateral inferior olivary nuclei to the posterior vermis, flocculus/paraflocculus, and nodulus.

著者

山中 敏彰

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.27-29, 2016-02-29 (Released:2016-04-01)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

4

著者

中村 節子 (旧姓森中

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.3, pp.145-155, 2013 (Released:2013-08-01)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

1

---

There have been several reports about the relation between acid-base imbalance or arterial blood gas abnormalities and the occurrence of vertigo, including Meniere' disease. In animal experiments, respiratory acidosis induced by CO2 inhalation or metabolic acidosis induced by injection of NH4Cl has been shown to cause attacks of vertigo in rabbits with hemilabyrinthectomy. In clinical studies, approximately half of the patients with dizziness have arterial blood gas abnormalities when their dizziness occurs. An increase of HCO3- is found in many patients with dizziness, and the frequency of attacks is higher in patients who have arterial blood gas abnormalities during the remission period. These patients are thought to have unilateral vestibular dysfunction, and it is suggested that arterial blood gas abnormalities cause temporary vestibular dehabituation that increases the frequency of dizziness. It has also been reported from a study that the middle ear pressure difference between both ears, which is larger during periods of dizziness or recurrent dizziness than at the time of remission, might be related to blood gas abnormalities in Meniere's disease. In the same study, a difference of more than 50 decapascals was significantly more common in the patient group with blood gas abnormalities. In addition, metabolic acidosis has been reported in patients with Meniere's disease, and the base excess and bicarbonate levels were also found to be beyond the normal range in Meniere's disease. Arterial blood gas abnormalities might develop for various reasons, including underlying diseases and middle ear pressure differences. The endolymph in the endolymphatic sac is acidic (pH6.6-7). It has been reported that carbonic anhydrase, vacuolar H+-ATPase, pendrin and aquaporin may participate in the acidification process or homeostasis. The role of acid-base disturbance or arterial blood gas abnormalities in dizziness, and the relation in acid-base balance between inner ear and arterial blood gas need to be investigated further.

著者

竹村 文 河野 憲二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.95-103, 2011 (Released:2011-06-01)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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In everyday life, self-movement of an observer causes the image of the visual scene on the retina to slip. Visual acuity is severely impaired when the retinal image of interest moves excessively. Naturally, the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) compensates for the observer's own movements through a short neural pathway from the vestibular organs to the eyes. The amplitude of the VOR is almost equal to the observer's head movement, but not perfect, and the residual retinal image motions are compensated for by visually driven ocular tracking systems.Recent behavioral studies on primates have revealed that there are three visual tracking systems that function to stabilize the gaze of the moving observer as visual back-up. One of these systems, the ‘ocular following response’, helps to stabilize gaze when the observer looks off to one side. The other two systems generate ‘vergence eye movements’ to help maintain binocular alignment on objects that lie ahead when the observer looks in the direction in which he or she is heading. One responds to the change in binocular parallax (disparity) and the other to the radial patterns of the optic flow. All three operate in a machine-like fashion to generate eye movements with ultra-short latencies.We conducted electrophysiological and chemical-lesion studies to determine whether the medial superior temporal (MST) area of the cerebral cortex, which is known to participate in visual motion processing, plays roles in eliciting these tracking eye movements or not. Despite their ultra-short latencies, electrophysiological studies in monkeys revealed a close relationship between ocular and neuronal responses in the MST, and lesions of the MST in both hemispheres significantly reduced the initial part of the tracking responses. Overall the results strongly support the hypothesis that the MST area is a primary site for producing the three visual tracking eye movements at ultra-short latencies.

著者

正木 義男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本めまい平衡医学会

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.269-275, 2008 (Released:2008-10-01)

参考文献数

27

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[Introduction] I encountered a patient in whom signs of the vasovagal reflex (VVR) developed when the patient underwent the Schellong test , and I also published an article describing the appropriate safety measures for performing orthostatic tests in Equilibrium Research vol. 64(1): 22-28. Specifically, we proposed that an orthostatic test should be discontinued as soon as the patient's heart rate met the relevant diagnostic criteria for the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). This conclusion was based on the hypothesis that VVR can be considered equivalent to POTS. I then encountered another patient who demonstrated VVR while performing the Schellong test, as described in Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica:.100(5): 341-347. Therefore, the present study was performed to examine the proportion of VVR patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for POTS in the course of an orthostatic test. [Subjects] Six patients who were all diagnosed to have dizziness due to VVR. [Methods] The patients were assessed as to whether or not the maximum increase in their heart rate and the absolute maximum heart rate observed during the orthostatic test fulfilled the following two diagnostic criteria for POTS: (A) a 30/min or more increase in heart rate and (B) an absolute heart rate of at least 120 beats/min. [Results] The mean±S.D of absolute heart rate was 73.0±16.6 beats/min at rest and the maximum heart rate 95.7±18.7 beats/min. The mean±S.D. of maximum increase in heart rate was 22.7±7.7 beats/min. Only 1 (16.7%) of the 6 patients tested met the diagnostic criteria for POTS. [Discussion & Conclusion] As the remaining 5 patients failed to meet the diagnostic criteria for POTS, the hypothesis that "VVR can be considered equivalent to POTS" therefore remains questionable. It is thus considered inappropriate to use only the diagnostic criteria for POTS when assessing the safety in patients undergoing an orthostatic test.