著者

横田 陽子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.293, pp.1-17, 2020 (Released:2021-01-24)

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This paper examines controversy during the safety examination of the first commercial nuclear power plant (NPP) in Japan, the Tokai Nuclear Power Plant, focusing on the issue of major accidents. Politicians, bureaucrats, business leaders, and engineers generally pushed for the plantʼs construction, while scientists̶mainly physicists̶opposed it. At the time, nuclear power technology was a rapidly growing field, with the knowledge of its safety yet to be established. The controversy revolved around four key issues: 1) how to develop NPP technology; 2) how to mitigate the risk of a major accident; 3) how to estimate the potential effects of such an accident on people; and 4) how to determine the "safety" of NPPs. In addressing these issues, scientists consistently upheld the three basic principles on nuclear research and development in Japan, namely democracy, independence, and public disclosure, emphasizing the importance of free discussion and rigorous scientific standards. By contrast, advocates of power plants opposed such an approach and supported the approval of the construction plan on the basis of administrative procedures. In this way, the knowledge on reactor and radiation safety offered by scientists was intentionally and politically disregarded.

著者

中村真悟、杉本通百則、永島昴、藤谷麻菜、山崎文徳、兵藤友博、高橋信一、田口直樹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.295, pp.215-221, 2020 (Released:2021-01-24)

著者

中村 邦光

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.234, pp.124-126, 2005-06-24

著者

山根 伸洋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.238, pp.115-117, 2006-06-01

参考文献数

11

著者

廣川 和花

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. [第Ⅲ期] = Journal of history of science, Japan. 日本科学史学会 編 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

no.271, pp.293-295, 2014-10

著者

山口 歩

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.181, pp.9-18, 1992-03-25

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

2

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In japanese power plants, water-tube boilers had been used since the end of nineteenth century. By 1910, water-tube boilers for japanese battleships had come to be manufactured in Japan. But most of boilers in the japanese power plants were made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. in United States or England. In this paper, the author has analyzed what the most important factor was for Babcock & Wilcox boilers to be equipped in japanese power plants, and has examined the reason why few boilers made by japanese factories used in the power plants. Babcock & Wilrox Co. got the first patant for the water-tube boiler in 1867, and worked out main technical problems in their boilers before 1880. So the boilers made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. were spreaded widely in United States by the end of nineteenth century. One of the merits of the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the good water circulation system, but some other water-tube boilers, the Heine boiler or the Miyahara boiler for example, had also the same merits. A more impotant merit peculiar to the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the high durability during to the absence of deteriorating strains, and so the boilers seldom required repairs.

著者

長岡 一夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.142, pp.88-97, 1982 (Released:2021-05-13)

著者

住田 朋久

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.301, pp.71-77, 2022 (Released:2023-11-17)

著者

加藤 夢三

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.303, pp.199-214, 2022 (Released:2023-11-17)

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1930 年代、それまで専門知の探究に力を注いでいた職業科学者たちが、同時代論壇への参入を通じて社会参画の意思を志すようになった。この動きは、高尚な人格と洞察能力を持つ総合的知識人としての科学者像を確立する一方で、結果的に科学振興を目論む統治権力に迎合する側面を持つものでもあった。戸坂潤の批評活動は、こうした科学者と統治権力の協働関係に向けられたものとして理解できる。科学者による公共意識の高まりが、批判精神を欠いたままに帝国日本への国策貢献と接続してしまう事態に対して、戸坂は警鐘を鳴らしていた。このような共犯関係を回避するためには、公共的な有用性とは異なる個別具体的な視点を持つことが重要であり、ゆえに巷間の科学者に「文学」に携わることを積極的に奨励していた。戸坂は「文学」の解釈・吟味を通じて認識論的な思索を深める企てを「文藝学」と呼び、そこに時局の政治力学とは異なる知的対話の契機を探ろうとしていた。

著者

雨宮 高久

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.302, pp.105-121, 2022 (Released:2023-11-17)

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Within the general history of fusion research in Japan regarding the decision for the A-B plans dispute during 1959, the B-plan (promptly building medium-sized devices that had obtained some success in foreign countries) was postponed. Furthermore, it was decided that the national policy for fusion research in Japan would start with basic research using the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (MoE) budget. Accordingly, it was decided that the Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) at Nagoya University would bear the responsibilities and consequences of the A-plan (promoting the basic research to develop the original ideas). However, our research concludes that the IPP is related to not only the A-plan but also the B-plan. Kodi Husimi, the chairman of Kakuyugo Tokubetsu-Iinkai [Special Committee for Nuclear Fusion (SCNF)], and Eiichi Kawasaki, the secretary of SCNF, were planning to reconcile the opposing opinions regarding the B-plan. To find a solution, they planned an informal gathering of researchers which was held on June 21, 1959. After an informal gathering, the opposing plan of B-plan was to establish the institute under the jurisdiction of the MoE proposed by Kawasaki. Kawasakiʼs plan was a reasonable compromise, because the institute included assumptions about the construction of the medium-sized devices under the MoE budget. Many researchers agreed to this plan; however, some supporters on the B-plan did not agree inwardly and distanced themselves from the IPP.

著者

須賀 隆

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.301, pp.18-26, 2022 (Released:2023-11-17)

著者

遠藤 次郎 中村 輝子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.229, pp.13-21, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

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Nagoya Gen'i(1628-1696) is known as a pioneer of the Koho-ha School of Japanese Kampo. This research examined his medical system and established that his medical theory was based on the following five features : (1) Medical Philosophy, (2) Pathology, (3) Theory of Formula Construction, (4) Theory of the Effects of Individual Herbal Medicines and (5) Attitudes toward Treatment. Gen'i authored numerous books on features 1-4. He emphasized the medical theories in 1, Medical Philosophy, but numerous contradictions were found upon a comparison of the medical works he authored. People of the Gosei-ha School at that time selected a basic formula that suited them from among a variety of formulas and tried to organize their own medical systems on its basis. While Gen'i argued against this stance late in his life, he tried to organized a medical system by combining the five features with the medical philosophy and the formula theory from "Shanghanlun ". Medical studies from his later years are noted as the forefront of the Koho-ha School of Japanese Kampo.

著者

中野 浩

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.178, pp.138-146, 1991 (Released:2021-08-27)

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Kenji Miyazawa (1896-1933) is the most popular poet among the modern Japanese. Because his literary works had been incorporated the nature. That is, his views of nature calls forth many modern Japanese responses. And as his views of nature was based on the science on Taisho Era in Japan, we can recognise that his views of nature had included an element of scientific one. Therefore, we may point out that many of modern Japanese whose have acquired science education have scientific views of nature common with Kenji Miyazawa's one. Now, this study tries to definite the concept "scientific views of nature" on Kenji Miyazawa. Especially, this study analyzes the teaching materials for Kenji Miyazawa's science lecture at RASUTIJINKYOKAI which was his personal association on agricalture. The materials are composed of some fields of science; the outline on chemistry, botanical physiology and some essential knowledges on soil and 49 scientific sketches for teaching. From the result, on the things of nature which are chemical substances, plants and minerals, Kenji Miyazawa had strongly believed that those all are made up of "ATOM"

著者

菊池原 洋平

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.217, pp.24-34, 2001 (Released:2021-08-17)

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As a physician and a natural philosopher in the Renaissance, Paracelsus discusses in his works the structure of this world and individual things as well as the human body. All things in this world consist not only of four elements which Aristotle and his followers advocated, but also of three substances (sulfur, mercury and salt) which can be regarded as the offspring from the Arabic alchemical tradition. The aim of this paper is to consider a structural relationship between four elements and three substances form the viewpoint of the "life" concept, which was prominent in the Renaissance. My paper puts emphasis on the following items : 1. Every thing is given material body by just one element, not by four elements, in which qualitative difference can be discerned; four elements do not mutually transform as they do in the Aristotelian theory. 2. Four elements are the mother's womb bearing all things, and give to each of them nourishments for its activity. 3. Three substances are vital activities in the body, not a soul as assumed in the traditional Western thought. 4. An individualization of a thing is determined by both the activity of inherent three substances as a seed and their quantitative and qualitative differences. 5. A creation of this world is a process in which four elements are so fertilized by three substances as in biological fertilization. Therefore, a structural relationship between four elements and three substances is derived from an idea of the generative function based on the "life" concept. Accordingly we can safely say that four elements and three substances are theorized by his empirical thought which has "life" concept as an indispensable ingredient. It is not until four elements and three substances are combined each other that all things become of matter and life. In regard to the organization of a thing, it is not composed of just three substances; three substances do not in turn dominate four elements; rather, both need each other.

著者

平井 正人

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.299, pp.218, 2021 (Released:2022-08-01)

著者

河村 豊 林 真理 山崎 正勝 兵藤 友博 千葉 庫三 横井 謙斗 千葉 紀和

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.297, pp.31-65, 2020 (Released:2021-10-06)

著者

山崎 正勝

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.193, pp.24-26, 1995 (Released:2021-08-27)

著者

中村 邦光

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.234, pp.97-101, 2005 (Released:2021-08-12)

著者

成家 徹郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.225-236, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

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Three water clocks of Han dynasty production are still in existece. All of them are made of bronze. In this treatise, I study them in detail and speculate on the circumstances of their actual use in the time of their production. Then, on the basis of these existing water clocks and related documentary records, I examine the origin and the course of development of water clock. Though, I don't specialize in the study of Japanese history, I additionally presents in this treatise a secondary review of Asuka water clock. For Asuka water clock, which was excavated recently from the ruins of Mizooch (水落)in Nara prefecture, a national institution has prepared a replica. I, however, believe that this peplica is not accurate. I therefore suggest an alternative water clock model which I think fits to the characteristics of the ruins.

著者

吉田 元

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.25-31, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Hiire, low temperature sterilization process of Japanese sake brewing, was first studied by European scientists in the late 1870's. To their surprise the process had widely been carried out for more than 300 years, and it is now believed to be the oldest "pasteurization" in the world. The author described the historical development of the process in Japan. Sterilization of sake may have first been recorded by the early 16th century, several decades earlier than previously believed. The process then became popular by the late 17th century and heating temperature was as low as pasteurization. In China sterilization of alcoholic beverages was first recorded in Beishan Jiujlng (1117). Here two sterilization methods are described, but heating temperature was much higher. The possibility that this Chinese process had an effect on hiire is still uncertain. Although low temperature sterilization was invented in Japan, hiire was not a perfect process. It was invented as a result of long experience and perception, not from microbiological research as pasteurization. So scientists from Europe pointed out defects of the process and suggested improvement of the equipments and addition of salicylic acid, respectively. It took many years to make the process perfect and the author thinks that hiire is overestimated in these days.