著者

吉村 浩一 佐藤 壮平

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, pp.87-105, 2014-10

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映画やアニメーションに滑らかな動きを知覚する理由を説明するのにいくつか異なる説がある。知覚心理学的観点から,われわれはこの問題に対し,仮現運動説に焦点を当てて検討する。2013年 8月 25日に著者らが計画して法政大学で研究会を開催したことが,本研究の出発点となった。研究会にはパネリストとして,知覚心理学者以外に,アニメーション教育に携わるアニメ映画制作者や画像工学者も招いた。われわれが主張した最重要な論点は,Braddick(1974)による,仮現運動を短いレンジと長いレンジに分けるべきだとする主張である。彼の考えを受けて,映像研究者のAnderson & Anderson(1993)は,映画における動きの知覚は,長いレンジではなく短いレンジの仮現運動によって生じると主張した。しかしながらこの二分法は,知覚心理学分野ではその後批判され,短いレンジの仮現運動の代わりに一次運動という新しい概念が提案されている。にもかかわらずわれわれは,一次運動と短いレンジの仮現運動がほぼ共通する処理であるとの証拠を指摘し,映画やアニメーションにおける動きの知覚は短いレンジの仮現運動によると結論づけた。最終節では,研究会において発言したパネリストや参加者による多くの示唆に富むコメントを引用した。

著者

牧野 英二

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.60, pp.37-52, 2009

著者

越智 啓太 木戸 麻由美

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, pp.113-124, 2011-03

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In the present study, relations between the criminal styles of mass murder cases and the attributes of criminals were examined. Following reviews of former studies on mass murder cases, the accrual mass murder cases in Japan were analyzed. Firstly, in the analysis, seventy-seven mass murder cases, which took place in the period between 1974 and 2009, were categorized on the basis of multidimensional scaling into three groups, that is, an "indiscriminate murder" type, a "suicide of an entire family" type, and an "atrocious crime" type.

著者

内藤 淳

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, pp.67-109, 2019-03-18

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John Stuart Mill endeavored to prove the principle of utility in his essay Utilitarianism. He argued that people’s social nature is the source of the sanction of the principle of utility and the fact that each person desires his or her own happiness is the basis of the goodness of general happiness, which is the object of the principle of utility. His arguments are concerned with human nature, specifically natural feelings and desires. However, his observation of human nature has two problems. Firstly, the principle of utility treats everyone’s happiness as equal. However, it does not coincide with people’s innate dispositions, because people tend to cherish themselves, their relatives, neighbors, and friends much more than strangers or acquaintances. It is our nature to treat people unequally. Secondly, Mill focuses on specific parts of our nature, especially social feelings like the desire to be in unity with fellow creatures, as the source of the sanction of the principle of utility. However, humans naturally have a variety of dispositions, including anti-social ones like egoistic desires or competitive spirits.We have to take into account the whole of the elements and workings of the human mind when we consider human nature. The human mind, as a whole, works to produce adaptive and beneficial behaviors according to present circumstances from the perspective of evolutionary psychology, and we can understand human nature egoistically with this perspective. This kind of view of human nature is named “absolute psychological egoism.”Some people may say that Mill’s proof is based on an egoistic view of human nature because he stresses the human desire for personal happiness as a ground for the principle of utility. However, his reasoning in connecting that desire with the principle of utility includes some fallacies. Some scholars are attempting to defend Mill in this regard, but they do not succeed in it, especially concerning the fallacy of composition. The principle of utility and Mill’s proof of it are based on some altruistic elements of the human mind and thus do not accord with an egoistic view of human nature.

著者

菅沢 龍文

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, pp.53-67, 2010-03-10

著者

黒田 眞美子

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.1-19, 2020-09-30

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Soseki Natsume (1867-1916) has written prolifically over 200 Chinese poetries. For the purpose of convenience, it is divided into four periods : the first is before studying in the UK, the second is the period of the great illness in Izu which was resumed via blank 10 years of writing Chinese poetries after returning to Japan, the third is the period of the novelist with the hobby to do the Nanga style painting, the fourth is the “Meian” period during which the posthumous work was written.The subject of this paper is the early psalms of the Matsuyama and Kumamoto period classified into the first period during which it was Soseki’s student days and which he was appointed as a teacher. Soseki’s Chinese poetries often target nature. The scenic descriptive expression will be discussed in three following parts: Chapter 1 “Water and Sky”, Chapter 2 “About Color Expression”, Chapter 3 “Fiction and Reality”. Due to space limitations, only Chapters 1 is listed in this paper, and Chapter 2 and 3 are discussed in the upcoming paper.In the Chapter 1, it showed that a vast space-time that could be called cosmic, was constructed on the basis of the correlation between water and sky by studying the characteristics of Soseki’s travel verses as his student days, and also showed that such space-time had its roots in Tang poetry, especially Li Po and Du Fu poetry, and pointed out its influence including rhetorical techniques through the verification of their poetic dictions and lines.

著者

小林 ふみ子

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.21-37, 2020-09-30

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This article introduces a manuscript recording one of the gatherings of a series of kyōka verse contests held for the first time in Edo in 1783. This record is known from a published edition, but that version lacks the scores and comments on each contest added by the judge Ōta Nanpo(1749-1823), a central figure in the kyōka boom of the time. Although this manuscript includes the results for only the last of ten kyōka gatherings, it provides useful insights into how poems were evaluated during this formative period of the kyōka movement. This paper attempts to clarify the various criteria used to evaluate kyōka poems of Nanpo by analyzing the points and annotations he added to each of the poems in the manuscript.The basic requirement for kyōka poems of the day seems to be the emphasis on choosing suitable vocabulary and expressions for the respective subjects in order to express consistent themes, while incorporating the use of punning and other kinds of wordplay. In addition, it seems to be important to avoid trite or commonplace expressions for which there were many precedents.This manuscript version is also noteworthy for including kyōbun (playful prose) by popular kibyōshi writer Koikawa Harumachi(1744-1789), which was inexplicably omitted from the published edition.

著者

木島 泰三

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.80, pp.47-63, 2020-03-13

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Previously, we have argued that Spinoza posited a form of agent-causation theory. This article applies this reading to Spinoza's theory of ideas to clarify how Spinoza's theory of ideas and his theory of conatus are interrelated and unified.After reviewing our reading of Spinoza's theory of causation and action, we asked the question, "What is it like for a human mind to be the idea of its body?" To answer this, we considered the essence of ideas in general in Spinoza's Ethics. According to this book, the essence of ideas is affirmation. Spinoza also says that conatus is the essence of every particular thing and that a human mind's first conatus is the affirmation of its body's existence. In another passage of Ethics, Spinoza says conatus is given to us as will, appetite, or desire. From there, it seems to follow that our will, appetite, or desire constitute the empirical content of the affirmation that our minds perform as the ideas of our bodies.However, it is still unclear how the "affirmation" that constitutes the essence of our minds as ideas, is related to the affirmation that constitutes the essence of the particular ideas we possess. To clarify this matter, we consider Spinoza's earlier writing, "Metaphysical Thoughts (Cogitata Metaphysica)," which will be referred to as CM below. In this writing, Spinoza argues that our mental affirmation (or negation) is an "action of thought," and this concept corresponds to the "idea-formation" in his Ethics. Although CM mainly attempts to explicate Cartesian metaphysics, it implies a non-Cartesian conception of volition. Its non-Cartesian element is a thesis according to which volition does not merely approve or disprove of an idea given by intellection but rather volition forms an affirmative or negative idea.This conception of volition or affirmation as idea-formation and "action of thought" allows us to apply Spinoza's theory of causation and action to his theory of ideas. First, we can conclude that the affirmations of ideas that we make in our mind are our actions to form ideas, which are "affections of our minds" as well as the "ideas of the affections of our bodies." These "actions of thought" follow from both our conatus as immanent cause together with external determinants as transitive causes. Thus, we can consider the affirmations of ideas in our minds as the consequents from the conatus of our minds.Subsequently, we have clarified how our minds as ideas are related to the ideas in our minds. Nevertheless, it is still not very clear how "aboutness" or intentionality of ideas or its affirmations plays a role in our minds. We shall deal with this problem in our next article, "idea and conatus in Spinoza: III."

著者

牧野 英二

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.1-20, 2017-03-30

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Today wars and conflicts remain ongoing on a global scale, and the political situation in East Asia is as tense as it was before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894. The current world situation appears to require a re-emergence of the perpetual peace envisioned by Immanuel Kant in 1795. However, his philosophy and theory of perpetual peace are no longer valid in their current form against the background of today's globalization and the resulting intricate intertwining of international relations. Accordingly, this paper reviews the theory of perpetual peace from the perspectives of (1) ascertaining whether the theory predicted the general trends observed in modern society, and (2) identifying contemporary issues that extend beyond the frame work of the theory. The paper first elucidates the significance and roles of the theory in philosophical studies in Japan, with focus on those of Kant. This is followed by a discussion on the history of controversies over the theory in Japan and a look at their historical significance in relation to social and ideological backgrounds. The paper then clarifies the significance of studies on the theory of perpetual peace in Japan in the present context and outlines related challenges.The following major points of discussion are addressed here: (1) whether Kant's argument regarding a world republic in the theory of perpetual peace contradicts that regarding the philosophy of perpetual peace described in his other treatises, particularly "The Metaphysics of Morals"; (2) whether Kant was philosophically convinced of the feasibility of perpetual peace or whether such feasibility was an expression of religious hope; (3) the question of what guarantees the realization of perpetual peace: (a) God or providence, (b) the intention of nature (Naturabsicht) or natural mechanisms, or (c) moral practice by humans; (4) why in the theory of perpetual peace Kant proposed a league of nations as the negative surrogate of a world republic, and whether the argument is rational; (5) how the relationship between the theory of perpetual peace and issues of justice should be interpreted; and (6) whether the views expressed in the theory are still useful today. Lastly, the paper clarifies the significance of the theory of perpetual peace in the present context as follows: First, the theory is inseparable from today's theory of justice. Second, ideas about the theory do not allow holy war - which destroys peace in the name of justice - from the perspective of global justice. Third, a theory of justice has been examined from a variety of perspectives, which has in turn made the subject a battlefield for discussions. In any case, studies and assessment of the theory of perpetual peace offer some important ideas for the peace and stability of the international community.

著者

結城 英雄

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, pp.33-45, 2008-10-10

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.74, pp.21-33, 2016

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.13-25, 2016-09-30

著者

日中 鎮朗

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.72, pp.89-113, 2015

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In his work Die Romantische Schule (1836) Heinrich Heine criticized the German romanticschool because of its tendency to the anti-reason and anti-enlightenment which led the school to the mysticism and the irrationalism. This study investigated the discrepancy between the intention of the romantic school and the demand of the bourgeoisie, i.e., the substantial recipient of books. With the industrial development in the 19th century in Europe, the cultivated readers expected realistic description of the contemporary real-life, and consequently rejected the school's admiration for the medieval or the medievalism as in the case of Friedrich de la Motte Fouqeu's Undine.The social and political movement in western Central Europe in the mid-nineteenth-centuryis characterized by the Revolutions of 1848, while Heine focused on the protest of the Silesian weaver in his poem Die Schlesische Weber so as to show that women in the lower working classes suffered from poverty and socio-economic oppression. This paper also aimed to illustrate how the female or the female sexuality was oppressed both in her family and in a society where she belongs. Women in a bourgeois family were, for instance, normally deprived of their chance to write literary works, but the women in the lower working classes were far more remarkably oppressed. The present study gave an analysis of the structures of how women or the female sexuality in the lower working classes were regarded as "Outsider" or "The Marginal" of the community, and also showed that they were apt to be despised and discriminated because they went beyond the conventional social norm as having illegitimate children or prostituting. Particularly after they sought for their suffrage, they became a kind of menace to the bourgeois class. According to Hans Mayer, in the era from the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, European society admitted an equality of gender and even the rights of "Outsider", but the bourgeoisie transformed the principles of the social hierarchy, because its principles were based on the economic unequality. As a result of the European overseas exploration and estab lishment of colonies, Europe had to face the problems of the different ethnic people. By focusing on the characteristic narrative structure and the form of "confession", this paper showed thatProsper Merimee's Carmen (1845) could be interpreted as an attempt to exclude the minor race (the Roma/Romani/Kale, Gypsy). Merimee also made a Kale-Carmen, who was traditionally interpreted as a so-called "Femme fatale", overlap with the women in the lower working classes through the manipulation of the readers and intended to eliminate them both from society. As the result of the research, the exclusion structure of the female sexuality in the bourgeois society could be traced.

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.67, pp.13-25, 2013

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本論考は,『精神現象学』「序説」の「Ⅰ 現代哲学の課題」の「〔 3〕原理は完成ではないこと,形式主義に対する反対」の前半部を扱う。ここでは,『精神現象学』とりわけ序説執筆時のヨーロッパの歴史との関係が簡潔に語られている。

著者

菅沢 龍文

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.70, pp.13-29, 2014

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Kant hat in seiner im Jahr 1791 veröffentlichten Abhandlung „Über das Mißlingen aller philosophischen Versuche in der Theodizee" das Buch Hiob (Ijob) des Alten Testaments erwähnt und sein Verständnis für Hiob gezeigt. Was ist das Glück, das Hiob verloren hatte und ihm danach gegeben worden ist? Nach Kants Begriff des höchsten Guts ist man wegen seiner Tugend würdig, glücklich zu sein, und man kann die Hoffnung hegen, der seiner Tugend angemessenen Glückseligkeit dereinst teilhaftig zu werden. Was ist denn diese Glückseligkeit? Wie liest Kant dazu die Theodizee im Buch Hiob? Kant legt das Buch Hiob in seiner philo sophischen Sicht aus. Nach Kant nämlich zeigt das Buch Hiob allegorisch Kants authentische Theodizee.Unsere oben gestellten Hauptfragen und sonstigen Nebenfragen beantwortend werden wiram Ende darüber nachdenken, welche Sinne Kants Auslegung hat, was die Buße Hiobs vom Standpunkt Kants aus bedeutet und welche Tragweite die Theodizee Kants: die authentische Theodizee und der Gedanke Kants: das höchste Gut haben.

著者

越智 啓太

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, pp.87-99, 2007

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本論文では、子供に対する性犯罪についての研究のうち、防犯に関するものと矯正に関するものについてレビューした。防犯についての研究としては、環境犯罪学的な対策やGPSなどのテクノロジーを使用した手法について検討した。矯正については、子供に対する性犯罪者への心理療法とその成果について検討した。最後に子供に対する性犯罪の矯正は不可能であるとう考え方に基づいた、社会防衛のためのいくつかの手法について検討した。In the present paper,researches on the prevention of sex criminals against children were reviewd. Concerning the previention of crimes,some measures proposed in researches on enviromental criminology and some techniques with information technologies such as GPS were examined. Concerning the correction of criminals,the methods and the effects of psychotherapies applied to sex criminals against children were examined. Finally,several methods for social welfare were examined on the assumption that the correction of sex criminals against children were impossible.

著者

越智 啓太

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.175-181, 2010-10

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In the present study, behavioral patterns of financial robberies who broke into banks and post offices in Japan were analyzed. The analysis was based on the newspaper database resources. The results of the analysis showed that the typical type of robbery, in which the criminal threatened a counter staff with a knife, accounted for only 60 percent of all financial robberies, and that atypical types of robberies had happened more frequently than expected. As the results of more detailed analysis in MDS (Multi Dimensional Scaling), it was found that the criminal could escape most easily when the criminal struck and robbed a bank customer who appeared to use a night-deposit safe. Finally, the method of the crime prevention in financial institutions was discussed based on the results above.

著者

米家 志乃布

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.41-53, 2023-03-03

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本研究では,江戸東京の代表的な名所図会および案内本に記載された名所とその分布傾向を比較し,各史料の違いを明確にしたうえで,近代東京における人々の名所体験を論じることを目的とした。その際,東京における行政区画,山の手と下町という地形的特徴,近代交通網の整備・発展という観点から,名所体験と東京の地域性との関係について分析・考察した。その結果,近代東京における人々の名所体験は,明治・大正・昭和を経て,より高密度に,より広範囲に展開し,名所風景の近代化という側面だけでなく,名所体験として多様化したことを論じることができた。

著者

梅澤 亜由美

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.60, pp.1-17, 2009

著者

島宗 理

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, pp.119-148, 2022-03-10

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This study investigated the effects of extinction on response variabilities in transition states among university students playing MIDI drums. Each of the 4 × 4 tiles on a screen were turned by hitting a drum pad on a variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI 3s). None of the hits caused the tiles to turn when after 17-32 reinforcement (Extinction). Subsequently, changes in response frequency, inter-response time, response strength in terms of velocity, response location, and variabilities in these response dimensions were simultaneously measured and monitored for the next experimental phase. For each participant, the response dimension with the highest increase in variability due to extinction was chosen for differential reinforcement. Reinforcement criteria for each participant were determined by visual inspection of ongoing data and reversed to examine the effects of reinforcement contingencies. The results of eight participants who completed the experiment were then reported. Temporal increases in response strength and/or its variability were observed in four participants, and those in response location and/or its variability were observed in two participants. None of the participants showed clear temporal increases in response frequency, which is often described as “extinction burst.” In the differential reinforcement phase, the responses of six participants changed according to the reinforcement conditions without the participants’ awareness. Conceptual issues about the temporal effects of extinction were discussed and future research is proposed.