著者

中野 佑一

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.33, pp.39-54, 2015-09-05 (Released:2016-10-09)

参考文献数

26

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the safety consciousness of Security Town residents in what is called a “Japanese gated community”. Gated communities, residential areas that limit the entrance to the inside by enclosing the area with fencing, using security guards and installing CCTVs, are widespread throughout the world. Recently, Security Towns are increasing in Japan, highlighting growing security needs. We investigated the consciousness of security of Security Town residents in survey and through interviews, and analyzed the data. This paper highlights the three findings. First, 76% of Security Town residents emphasize crime prevention in choosing their residence. However, residential motivations are different, and security is not considered the top motive. Second, Security Town residents have not eliminated their fear of crime, especially compared to national data. However more than eliminating their fear of crime, living in such an area serves as a warning to suspicious persons or strangers. Finally, Security Town residents put a certain confidence in the security, which is maintained by regional council.

著者

木田 勇輔

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.34, pp.106-123, 2016-09-03 (Released:2017-11-01)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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Populism is one of the most critical issues in Japanese urban politics. This case study examines urban populism through an urban regime analysis of the urban politics of Nagoya city, which has experienced populist politics since Mayor Kawamura took office in 2009.    The most crucial point of this case study is the disintegration of the urban regime of Nagoya in the late 1990s. During the 1980s, this regime restructured itself with developmental and distributive politics. Business leaders supported developmental policies such as the conducting of mega events and building of public facilities. City politicians practiced machine politics and influenced the mayors. Such an urban regime lasted from the early 1980s to mid-1990s.    However, the regime disintegrated in the late 1990s due to the weakening of machine politics. Politicians lost their power to mobilize voters, making voter behavior unpredictable. This created a power vacuum and made it easy for political leaders to get popular support through populist mobilization. In 2009, Mayor Kawamura was elected with over 500,000 votes (58.57%), and since then, Nagoya has experienced a political confrontation between the mayor and city politicians. This disintegration of the urban regime produced urban populism in the city.    Populism is often considered to be a driver of political changes. However, in this case study, a rearrangement of the city regime brought about urban populism. This study indicates a potential for studies comparing the urban politics of Japan through urban regime analyses.

著者

川野 英二 木田 勇輔 原田 謙

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.1-7, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

7

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At the 2021 annual conference of the Japan Association for Urban Sociology, we held a symposium on “Neighborhood Effects and Cities in Japan.” Although we planned this symposium as an international one, the pandemic of Covid-19 made it impossible to invite presenters from abroad. Thus we invited three leading researchers in this field living in Japan to the symposium. The three presenters referred to some important topics such as ethnographic research, urban subcultures, urban crimes, neighborhood disorder, health inequalities, and deprivation. The presentations and the discussion raise some important questions. (1) What contexts are important in the research of neighborhood effects? (2) What kind of social process works in neighborhood effects? (3) How can we measure neighborhood environments in the context of social research? We expect that this symposium stimulates theoretical and empirical research on neighborhood effects in the field of urban sociology.

著者

仙波 希望

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.34, pp.124-142, 2016-09-03 (Released:2017-11-01)

参考文献数

35

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Aioi Street in Hiroshima, also known as “Genbaku Slum”, used to be one of the largest squatter settlements in Japan. This street was never put on the map, but it expanded its scale as “Peace City” Hiroshima was gradually reconstructed. This paper examines the process how Aioi Street was named “Genbaku Slum”, seen as the object of elimination and replaced with the area of high-rise apartments called “New City”.    In 1964, the term “Genbaku Slum” first appeared in Chugoku Shinbun, the local newspaper in Hiroshima. Tsukasa Nitoguri, who was one of the key players for reconstruction of Hiroshima, invented the term and used it for the issue of the Atomic Bomb Survivors' Assistance actions. At that time, this term was used to describe 6000 wooden temporary houses scattered in the city, and not just in Aioi Street.    This situation changed in 1967. First, Chugoku Shinbun ran the feature stories about “Genbaku Slum” and defined Aioi Street as the only “Genbaku Slum” in the city. Those stories seemed to bruit tragic life there. Second, from 1966, the afforestation project along rivers was initiated by Hiroshima-city, that involved forcible eviction of residents in the squatter settlements. This afforestation nearly completed by 1967 except in Aioi Street. On the map in the blueprint in1967, Aioi Street was left blank in contrast to the other areas that were marked as the plan completed.    In conclusion, through both semantic reduction by Chugoku Shinbun, and leaving Aioi Street aside from the focused location of forcible eviction, Aioi Street became known as “Genbaku Slum”.

著者

大和 冬樹

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.158-173, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

41

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This paper examines the effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood on university enrollment in Japan. Since Wilson published “The Truly Disadvantaged” in 1987, the effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood have been recognized as neighborhood effects in sociological research on urban poverty. In Japan, many case studies have reported the existance of neighborhood effects on educational attainments in disadvantaged neighborhoods. On the other hand, due to shortage of quantitative studies, it has not been clear to what extent the neighborhood effects work in Japan, and whether this phenomenon can be confirmed in general throughout Japan. In this paper, I use a longitudinal study conducted in Japan and analyze the effect of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood using propensity score matching and stratification-multilevel model to examine the extent to which living in a disadvantaged neighborhood suppresses university enrollment rate and whether living in a disadvantaged neighborhood has heterogeneous effects. The results confirm that the neighborhood effects exist widely in Japan as well, and that living in a disadvantaged neighborhood suppresses the university enrollment rate by 12.3 percentage points, and that living in a disadvantaged neighborhood suppresses university enrollment to a greater extent for those who have characteristics that make them more likely to live in a disadvantaged neighborhood.

著者

栗原 真史

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2021, no.39, pp.40-55, 2021-09-04 (Released:2022-09-07)

参考文献数

22

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This paper examines how urban redevelopment has emerged in area T, Tokyo citycentre from the 1980s to the 2000s through the perspective of land transactions. Throughout the 1980s, due to the rapid rise in land prices, large-scale redevelopment boom occurred, and the city-centre faced many of land acquisition called “jiage” and a declining population. Although the bursting of the bubble economy in the 1990s temporarily overshadowed the redevelopment boom, it revived because of the “urban renaissance” policy and the deployment of neoliberal urbanism in the 2000s.     Previous research tends to focus on the redevelopment project without paying much attention to the agents who acted on the individual land transactions. Nevertheless, individual transactions are part of and essential to the overall changes in area T. As a result, some questions on land ownership and agents involved remain: To whom the land ownership changed to whom at which period? What was the connection between those transactions and the emergent of urban redevelopment? The paper sets out to examine the assemblages of those land transactions through the lens of “terrain.” It delineates the relationship between these neglected agents and the emergence of the urban redevelopment.     This paper analyzes all land transactions (823 cases) made since the 1980s in area T using the database created by 144 land real estate registries. Besides real estate capital and landowners, “dealers” entering the scene of “jiage” in the 1980s and “liquidation actors” who managed to act on freeze land in the 1990s were also actors in the urban redevelopment. These findings suggest that it is meaningful to examine urban redevelopment as a long-term phenomenon through the approach of land transactions analysis as land transactions are centre to the urban and regional restructuring process.

著者

浦野 正樹

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.34, pp.7-24, 2016-09-03 (Released:2017-11-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 1

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In this paper we focused on the settlement process and mobility after the Great East-Japan Earthquake 2011. The experiences of people affected by the tsunami just after the Great Earthquake which attacked especially one of the most depopulated areas in Japan show a lot of problems of evacuation for aged and/or handicapped people.    There the percentage of aged people over 65-year-old was much higher than the average throughout the country, and the death rate of aged people caused by the tsunami was much higher. This meant that the devastated situation after this disaster symbolize the future of disaster impact in Japan.    Based on the analysis of the evacuation process we can find what we ought to prepare in advance for natural disasters. In order to find the way to cope with the situation we have to pay more attention to the long-term forming processes of vulnerability and resilience and to the reduction cycle of the effects of natural disasters in the areas. That is because the difficulties of their evacuation processes are closely related to the difficulties they experienced in their everyday lives, their familyʼs living conditions and their social vulnerability. They might be reluctant to evacuate to the place where they didnʼt think they could keep their health and feel relieved. So we have to consider in advance what kind of care we could do and what situation would develop there. In regard to this point we may well think about the lifestyle of multi-habitation as one lifestyle people can choose pre/during/after the severe event.

著者

中谷 友樹

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.43-58, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

55

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This article introduces studies in health geography and social epidemiology about the geographical variations in health observed at the neighbourhood scales and the accumulation of neighbourhood effects research, particularly related to deprivation amplification in Japan. It is considered that, in Japanese society as in Western societies, neighbourhood effects, which occur through the geographical concentration of socioeconomic disadvantage, may work as a spatial-social process that contributes to the shaping of social inequalities in health. However, it is necessary to question what kinds of and how neighbourhood effects, have contributed to emerged social inequalities in health in the context of Japanese urban spaces. It is also crucial to deepen understanding of the mechanisms and historical processes by which they are established through selective migration and environmental changes for effectively tackling the urban problems of health inequalities. The main challenges are (1) to advance systematic analysis of the socioeconomic disparities or determinants of neighbourhood environments, which contribute to a large extent to social inequalities in health, and (2) to consider a temporal and spatial perspective of health inequalities due to neighbourhood effects within cities, with a view to the history of environmental change and residential mobility.

著者

町村 敬志

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2017, no.35, pp.5-22, 2017-09-05 (Released:2018-09-05)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3

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Why and how has Tokyo experienced a huge increase in the number of high-rise buildings, called “tower-block gentrification” by P. Waley, in a relatively short period? This article analyzes the historical process of the city's vertical expansion since the 1980s, by showing four step-by-step stages of speculation on real estate. During the 1980s, that is, “economic bubble” era, Tokyo witnessed a sudden big wave of redevelopment (Step 1). Inner-city working community with old factories and warehouses were invaded and destroyed by capital. Yet, after the burst of the bubble in the early 90s, a sharp downturn of land price hit real estate market. Alternately, local governments entered into high-rise construction, pushed by “crisis-driven” deregulation and neoliberal private-public partnership policy (Step 2). And then, a turning point was marked in the history of Tokyo's building construction. During the first decade of the new century twice number of high-rise buildings were finished as in 1990-99. Such a change was accelerated by the mixture of financialization of real estate market, state-led neoliberal policy, and making of ʻlivable city' image fitting to differentially gentrified high-rise buildings (Step 3). Global financial crisis in 2007-8 hit local market, resulting in the failure of nearly all independent agents for realestate financialization. In the 2010s, high-rise construction began to increase again after a break, pushed by back-to-city migration, state-led “special zone” policy, and the boom of 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. But the market structure has changed, becoming more oligopolistic (Step 4). Four top real estate company groups occupied more than a third of newly established high-rise buildings. It is unclear whether such a process of transformation might be unique to Japanese cities or not. Tokyo has to survive with a huge number of tower-block constructions.

著者

金 希相

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.93-108, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

26

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This paper examines how immigrants in metropolitan areas are assimilated into the local housing market. Most work on racial/ethnic disparities in homeownership draw from two different frameworks, spatial assimilation model and place stratification model, both of which were developed in the United States based on the relationship between social and spatial mobility. In Japan, however, it is said that immigrants move up the stratification ladder through homeownership rather than through migration, such as that to a higherquality location like the suburbs. Building on this perspective, this paper explores various factors that account for the ethnic inequality in homeownership and advances migration studies in Japan by dividing housing tenure into four categories–high– and low-quality owner–occupied, high– and low-quality rental–and presents alternative frameworks about housing trajectories, housing assimilation model, and stratified housing model. Analysis of anonymized census data for 2000 and 2010 indicates that the socioeconomic and life-cycle characteristics are associated with homeownership, showing a similar pattern of housing consumption between Japanese and immigrant group. However, for immigrant group, the education level does not account for the probability of attaining low-quality owner-occupied housing, presumably due to the low transfer of human capital in dual labor market in Japan. Marital status also has a large effect on homeownership, while the impact of intermarriage on homeownership attainment varies by head of household's nationality and housing tenure, revealing that an intermarriage premium in the housing market is higher for intermarried families with a native head of household. These findings suggest that there is indeed a homeownership hierarchy in Japan that are partly attributable to institutional barriers in housing and mortgage markets, although immigrants tend to be moderately assimilated into the housing market.

著者

林 浩一郎

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2020, no.38, pp.116-131, 2020-09-05 (Released:2021-09-16)

参考文献数

24

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In this study, “linear developmentalism” refers to the political-economic system and ideology aimed at economic growth, triggered by the linear shinkansen. Governmental market intervention in linear developmentalism differs from that of Keynesian developmentalism. Neoliberal state interventions assume that a “strong state” deregulates and liberalizes markets and privatizes public space in order to create an effective market economy. The current study aimed to explore the ways in which the community in the western area of Nagoya Station both resist and accept linear development. Renovation businesses in the area's shopping street are conceptualized as “entrepreneurial movements” that counters linear development by using neoliberal national interventions of deregulation, liberalization and privatization. This movement is positioned as “grassroots neoliberalism”.

著者

笹島 秀晃

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2014, no.32, pp.65-80, 2014-09-05 (Released:2015-12-03)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1 2

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This paper examines the artist-led gentrification of SoHo in New York City between the 1960s and 1980s. As creative city theories focus on the effect of the creative class on urban environments, municipal government policymakers have been creating cultural policies that birth urban regeneration projects utilizing the talents of creative people, such as artists. In spite of this situation, there is not necessarily much scholarship on the relationship between artists and urban spaces. Thus, this article deals with SoHoʼs artist-led gentrification as a typical case study, and then explores issues such as why agglomeration of artists leads to urban spatial transformation.

著者

山口 恵子

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1998, no.16, pp.119-134, 1998

著者

石原 多賀子

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2014, no.32, pp.7-23, 2014-09-05 (Released:2015-12-03)

参考文献数

19

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Kanazawa is an old and historical city that faces the Sea of Japan. Since Kanazawa has been immune from the horrors of wars and conflicts for 430 years, its historic and cultural resources are still preserved very well. People in Kanazawa believe their responsibilities to maintain and cultivate the characteristics in the history, tradition, and culture of Kanazawa. In addition to such circumstances, Kanazawa has been developed more attractively as a “creative city” over the last two decades.    This paper illustrates “Kanazawa World City Concept”: a key strategy for creating a new identity such as “glocalization” and “creativity” of Kanazawa.    The vision of this concept has made Kanazawa more attractive and dignified, which is evidenced by the fact that Kanazawa is cited in the League of Historical Cities and the Creative Cities Network.    For achieving such a national and international evaluation, however, we had to challenge the formidable tasks of overcoming such harsh issues as “financial bottleneck”, “legal limitation”, and “multi-stakeholdersʼ consensus building”.    So in this paper, we also describe this challenge, while introducing the three facts of embodiment of “Kanazawa World City Concept”.

著者

山本 崇記

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, no.27, pp.61-76, 2009 (Released:2011-10-07)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3 2

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This paper focuses on a squatter area in Kyoto City to clarify the conditions under which a residents movement can develop. My first purpose is to examine the difficulties of making residents' association in the underclass. In squatter areas, population fluidity is so high that it's difficult to make residents' association, so there are few research results about residents movements in lower class. Second is to approach minority and residents movements at the same time. The residents in the squatter area consist mainly of the Korean ethnic minority. For this reason, previous research has given more weight to ethnicity than to the viewpoints of the residents. This paper takes up a residents movement in a squatter area called ″40-banchi″ in Higashi-kujo. A marginal area, Higashi-kujo is located in south of Kyoto Station and is a Korean slum. Additionally, the slum is adjacent to a Buraku area. In fact, 40-banchi is lower than a slum or Buraku. Compared with these areas, it has stayed undeveloped and has been neglected by the local administration for a long time. 40-banchi is located in a river area between Takase and Kamo River, a substandard living environment where many shanties are squeezed together and which suffers damage from floods and fires frequently. The administration regarded 40-banchi as an illegal area. One could assume that making residents' association is difficult in such an area. But a powerful residents movement has risen up since the 1970s. In the 1990s, it made the administration build public housing that maintained characteristics of the community in the squatter area. The secretariat of the residents' association formed an NPO and is in charge of managing the housing. Thereby the practices in 40-banchi can be considered as an advanced reference point for community building of slums and Buraku.

著者

前島 訓子

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.31, pp.111-128, 2013 (Released:2015-01-25)

参考文献数

24

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The main goal of this essay is to explore the construction of sacred place in the multi-religious context based on a field study at Bodhagaya, India. Bodhagaya is generally regarded as the most significant sacred place for Buddhist believers mainly because it is the place the Buddha reached his enlightenment. This widely known site recognized for its Buddhist significance attracts a large number of pilgrims, tourists from different parts of the world to the religious-historical site currently called Mahabodhi Maha Vihar. But this popular conception of the site is established on a rather serious sociological neglect of the fact that the sacred place of Bodhagaya is a place located in a social environment composed of multiple religions. This essay will examine the actual construction of the sacred place in Bodhagaya from a sociological concern whether the sacred place of Bodhagaya is constructed solely from Buddhist conception of the site or it is the result of superimposed interaction, interpenetration or conflict between plural religious interests.

著者

島田 貴仁

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.25-42, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

61

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As with many other social phenomena, spatial patterns exist in crime and delinquency, and neighborhood contextual effects are known as its predictors. The exploration of neighborhood effects through quantitative methods, with multilevel analysis as a central pillar, has led to theoretical developments in criminology, providing a theoretical basis for social developmental crime prevention policies. The paper discusses the cartographic school, social disorganization theory, and systemic theory as ways to formulate neighborhood effects in criminological research, which focuses on spatial aspects. Section 2 discusses collective efficacy, multilevel crime opportunity theory, and devastation theory as important criminological theories that explain neighborhood effects using multilevel analysis. Section 3 introduces the development of empirical studies of neighborhood effects in Asia, including Japan, and Oceania. Section 4 presents examples of empirical research on the neighborhood effects on crime and crime insecurity in large Japanese cities through subregionally aggregable social surveys and systematic social observations. Finally, crime open data and collaboration between researchers and practitioners are presented as future prospects for the study of neighborhood effects of crime in Japan.

著者

平原 幸輝 橋本 健二 浅川 達人 妻木 進吾

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.76-92, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In this study, we created social maps based on socio-economic indicators and income-related indicators to clarify the commonalities and differences in the spatial distribution of income classes in the three major metropolitan areas. In the Tokyo metropolitan area, the high-income group concentrated area located in the center of the city is thickly established, and many low-income groups are seen in the outer periphery. In the Osaka area, high-income groups are concentrated in Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto, and highincome groups are concentrated in the north, creating a sector-type spatial distribution. In the Nagoya area, the sector-type spatial distribution is dominated by the concentration of high-income groups in the southeast and low-income groups in the northwest.

著者

西田 芳正

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.40, pp.8-24, 2022-09-05 (Released:2023-09-16)

参考文献数

23

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In America and European countries the interest in neighborhood effects has accelerated after the publication of W.J.Wilson's The Truly Disadvantaged. The purpose of this paper is to consider neighborhood effects in Japanese society. Based on researches in public housing areas and a wooden apartment area, I find local community culture which has a negative effect on residentsʼ life chances. At the same time, however, the culture has an important function to support the process of transition from childhood to adulthood in the strained circumstances.     By calling for more comparative studies of diversified neighborhoods and poverty, effective support measure can be found.

著者

高畑 幸

出版者

Japan Association for Urban Sociology

雑誌

日本都市社会学会年報 (ISSN:13414585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2014, no.32, pp.133-148, 2014-09-05 (Released:2015-12-03)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 4

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Japan's declining population is severely impacting rural areas and cities and causing shortages of care workers. In recent years, Indonesian and Filipino candidates are coming to Japan under the economic partnership agreement (EPA) program to take the country's certified care worker license (kaigo-fukushishi) exam after completing three years of on-the-job training at care facilities nationwide. However, Japan's initial attempt to import foreign care workers was far from completely successful; even though the government subsidized the costs for learning Japanese and taking the national exams, many candidates returned to their home countries. For the first batch of Filipino kaigo-fukushishi candidates who came in 2009, only around 30% passed the exam in January 2013. Based on follow-up research of 49 from the first batch of Filipino candidates, this paper answers the following two questions: What attributes of candidates ease settlement at rural care facilities? What attributes and working experiences are necessary for successful examinees? Our findings suggest that (1) Internet access at care facilities is crucial to ease the settling of candidates, and (2) candidates who are already qualified nurses in their home country but decided to become care workers in Japan have an advantage in taking the national exam because of their basic medical knowledge. On the other hand, since the international labor market demand for Filipino nurses is high, the possibility always exists that they might move to another country.