著者

目崎 憲司

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.1-32, 1969-10-25 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

33

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1. The meanings and characteristics of some terms used in this paperKonzern is a kind of industrial combination which relates to its structure, being a weak capital-concentration. We may include vertical, horizontal and circular combinations as well as conglomerates in the vector combination, which indicates not only the direction of the combination, but also the quantity of industrial operations to be combined. The heavy industry is an industry or enterprise which produces iron and steel or manufactures iron-and steel-products.2. Industrial combination and heavy industryIndustrial combination can accomplish the increase of profits, while heavy industry plays, as a key industry, an important part in promoting the prosperity of the community, and may, as well, affect the development of individual enterprises. Furthermore, industrial combination facilitates the enlargement and growth of a firm operating iron and steel production. Thus, industrial combination is deeply connected with the heavy industry.3. The fundamental inducements underlying the development of the industrial combination in heavy industry of several countriesAmong many inducements for industrial combination, a few are conceived as being worthy of mentioning here. Entrepreneurs or managements resort to industrial combination as a device for achieving the rationalization of their firms or to realize the monopoly of markets. So far as these activities are concerned, industrial combination brings forth a Gesellschaft described by F. Toennies, as a society formed for the purpose of promoting the interest of its members. German cartels may be regarded belonging to this kind of society. On the other hand, most of its members exhibit comradeship-spirit attitudes, which places emphasis on the entity of the group concerned, sometimes even regardless of individual interest of the member. The latter state of the group, fraternitas, leads to building up a society Gemeinschaft called by Toennies, a society which has no particular or formal purpose, existing, so to speak, as natural process. Thus, the German cartel is likely to have contained a synthesis of two characteristics of the society, and this particular feature might have intensified the controlling power of the German cartel before World War I.

著者

森本 矗

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.55-84,iii, 1970-07-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 is the most important document for analysing the economic conditions of the monasteries in England on the eve of their dissolution.The information contained in this material, however, does not tell us the whole story. Especially, coal-mining, which was an important activity of the monasteries in northern England during this period, is almost entirely neglected in this document.Therefore, the author has investigated the economic conditions of Durham Cathedral Priory at the time of its dissolution through its own documents, and has thrown some light on the coal-mining operations in this priory.The details of its management have been elucidated from the 14th century through the first half of the 16th century.

著者

宮本 又郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.85-107, 1970-07-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

竹中 靖一

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.1-23,i, 1970-07-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

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Ishida Baigan (1685-1744), who sought to develop a set of business ethics for merchants, asserted “to obtain business profits fairly is the proper practice of merchant living, ” and that this was legitimate because “merchants are vassals (social servants) of the street.” Then, he stressed that the merchants ought to establish their own viewpoint about the social meaning of commercial transactions. Furthermore, asking what the true meaning of a transaction should be, he maintained that “true merchants are those who satisfy their customers as well as themselves, ” -in other words, the transactions had to benefit both parties in buying and selling. Merchants, therefore, must respect their customers' interest. Thus, Baigan said that merchants had to cultivate the mind of the people in the realm. On the other hand, the thought of Baigan is characterized as “a philosophy of frugality, ” which he developed from his experience in a merchant house. This way of living was named “shimatsu” which implied the maintenance of a ballance between beginning and end. While shimatsu means economic rationalism in business philosophy, Baigan, having conceived the idea of frugality in a higher sense, recognized it as the basis of all moral virtues, and identified it as honesty. He said that one could lead a frugal life naturally when he was honest, and that he could recover the genuine honesty which was innated to every one whenever he put frugality into practice. Behind such a thought was the idea of “mottai-nai”, a sort of national sentiment. This word implies literally the loss of appearance or manner proper to its nature, that is intolerable because it is contrary to the blessing offered by an invisible God. Then, Baigan explained, in brief, that frugality was “to abide by a law of existence.” In such a thought, frugality is nothing but rationalization itself.

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.92-94, 1969-10-25 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

田杉 競

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.80-83, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

西川 純子

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.28-55, 1968-12-20 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

59

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The making of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 implies an important role played by public utility holding companies in the development of the bull stock market in the late 1920's. A holding company, whose aim is to hold other companies' securities in order to get controlling power, first appeared in the field of manufacturing industry around 1890. But, under legislative regulations such as Sherman Act or Clayton Act, holding companies were deprived of chances to flourish in the manufacturing industry, and were replaced by some other legal means of capital concentration. They found themselves again, however, in the newly developed industry, public utilities, in the 1910's, and this was the place for their full activities all through the prosperity decade of the 1920's. Why in public utilities, not in other fields ? Who created holding companies in public utilities ? The author attempted in this paper to answer these questions by illustrating the development of major holding companies in the 1910's.

著者

吉原 英樹

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.56-82, 1968-12-20 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

34

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Representative theories of innovation developed for business history studies by such scholars as J. A. Schumpeter, F. Redlich and T. C. Cochran, have mostly emphasized the innovative behaviors of business firms or business executives in order to explain the economic growth and or economic development. They can be grouped under the category of “a macro theory of innovation”.In order to make an analysis of innovations generated within business organizations themselves, Business History needs “a micro theory of innovation”. This micro theory of innovation does not aim to answer macro economic questions, but is primarily designed to explain the innovations within individual business firms.“The behavioral theory of organizational decision-making”, developed by Chester I. Barnard, Herbert A. Simon, and James G. March, have its main research interests precisely on this “innovation” in its organizational context, and eventually there 'evolved a “behavioral theory of innovation”. Applying it, Business History's micro analysis of innovation would surely make great strides.

著者

荒井 政治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.8-23, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

中川 敬一郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.39-54, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

16

著者

井上 忠勝

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.24-38, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.84-101, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.55-79, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

栗田 真造

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.1-7, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

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On November 9th and 10th, 1968, the Business History Society of Japan had her fourth annual meeting at the University of Osaka. On the first day twelve papers were read on “free topics” and on the second day the meeting was devoted to the common topic, “Comparative Studies of Entrepreneurship”.In the opening address, Kurita explained that all the speakers had common understanding that the international difference of entrepreneurship could be perceived in its relations with social and cultural factors as well as economic conditions.The first speaker, Professor Masaji Arai of Kansai University analysed the stagnation of the English economy during the Great Depression. and explained it by the conservatism of the English businessmen. After pointing out some of the handicaps of the leader country, he also emphasized the adverse effect of the imperial market which allowed English entrepreneurs to enjoy high rates of profit without drastic rationalisation of their business. Professor Tadakatsu Inoue of the Kobe University confirmed the proposition that in the era of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the cultural, social, and economic conditions of the United States operated for encouraging the flow of the ablest members of the society into business and for making them devoted businessmen. The proposition was testified by the moves of some individual American businessmen.Professor Keiichiro Nakagawa of the University of Tokyo expounded that the lack of “acquisitive attitudes” and “functionalism” in the Indian society, which he considered to be the outcome from both the Hinduism and the “joint-family” system, had been the major obstacles against the emergence of aggressive entrepreneurship. He also emphasized that the political unstability, originated from the racial, linguistic and religions diversities, had greatly hindered in India the entrepreneurial development with long term horizon. After elucidating the rise of some non-Hindu business groups, he made some comments on Morris W. Morris's interpretation of the Indian development.Professor Tien-yi Yang of the Kyushu Industrial University elaborated that the traditional Chinese society was structured primarily on the basis of kinship, local community, ancestor worship, hierarchical and particularistic pattern of conduct. This whole structure fitted completely with the well-known “familism” of Chinese society. Kinship and territorial community played the pivotal parts in the whole network of social solidarity there, characterizing the entrepreneurship in Modern China by the supreme collective interests and business organization exclusively by such personal. relations.Professor Kisou Tasugi of the Kyoto University maintained that the twentieth century entrepreneurship in Japan was more motivated by “promotion profit” rather than nationalism. He verified his theme by some pioneering “engineer entrepreneurs” in the chemical and electric manufacturing industries, such as Jun Noguchi, Seita Kumura and Namihei Kodaira.After these six reports a panel discussion on this common topic was presided by Professor Mataji Miyamoto of the University of Osaka.

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.83-93, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

岩田 龍子

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.94-101, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

安岡 重明

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.1-27, 1968-12-20 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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The limited liability system of all partners was permitted in Japan first by the Bank of Issue Act (Kokuritsu-Ginko Jorei) of 1872. Business Companies in general started to adopt the limited liability system when the first Commercial Law was enforced in 1893, and the joint-stock company with limited liability in its strict sense was not materialized until the amendment of the Commercial Law in 1899. Before then, however, the House of Mitsui had managed to introduce into its subsidiaries the effect of limited liability system by making full use of the Family Registration Law, and tried to avoid the unlimited responsibility for its subsidiaries.In this article I tried to elucidate these elaborate means and make it clear that the primary objective of the reorganization in 1909 of the Mitsuis subsidiaries on the basis of joint-stock system was not the establishment of limited liability but was rather the rationalization of management in its own way.

著者

遠藤 輝明

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.60-82, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

23

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Prof. D. S. Landes and other American scholars who did pioneering research on French business history studied the reasons for the economic stagnation of France since the turn of the century. They discovered that most of the business enterprises in France were family-owned, small in scale, and managed conservatively.By contrast, Prof. B. Gille and other French business historians emphasized the success of national economic planning since the end of the World War II, and tried to make it clear that the economic development in this period stemmed from various phenomena of the late 19th century : the corporation system, the joint-stock deposit and investment banks, and the technological innovations in the steel industry. For the purpose of clarifying contributions of 19th century entrepreneurs to the economic development in France, French scholars have published two journals, Histoire des Enterprises and Revue d'Histoire de la Siderurgie.The author reviewed the papers appearing in the above two journals, and outlined the development of the banking and the steel-making businesses in France.

著者

下川 浩一

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.25-59, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

39

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During the 1920' s, the structure of the American automobile market changed from that of a simple growth market to that of a replacement market. An examination of that period has some importance to the business history of the American automobile industry. This article will point out some of the characteristics of the structure of the American automobile industry in the twenties. Model changes were regularized during this period through a transformation of the market structure. Competitiveness in market shares was achieved by big firms through improvements in the efficiency of passenger cars and through the establishment of a demand-sliding schedule. Third, the demand for automobiles was saturated after 1925 and the automobile industry was chronically in a state of oversupply, thus investment was financed exclusively from retained profits.During the twenties, Ford and GM developed contrasting managerial policies. Ford was able to reduce the production costs significantly by a technological rationalization of assembly processes, while GM adopted a decentralized managerial scheme to deal with changes in the market structure. After 1925, GM succeeded in surpassing Ford in the production of automobiles. GM also had a superior system of financial controls, and was ready for an administered pricing system, by means of objective rates of return and standard volumes.Finally, the twenties were a turning point for the American automobile industry. During this period, price competition was severe, preventing the establishment of a monopolistic control. New managerial techniques were adopted to develop advanced marketing and pricing policies geared to perpetual model changes. Thus the twenties may be regarded as preparatory to the oligopolistic era of the thirties.

著者

コール アーサー

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.1-24, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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The author emphasizes the need for the studies in “meso-economics, ” a new field of the research concerning entrepreneurship. The other-supporting institutional relations which lie between the economic development and entrepreneurship have been discarded by both macro-and micro-economics. But the development of such a business system, or “structural innovation” is considered by the author to be a primary source for economic development. A full text in English of this paper will be published in Tradition, the German journal of business history.